氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型遺傳群體水稻株系的基本特點
發(fā)布時間:2018-07-14 08:42
【摘要】:我國地少人多,糧食安全問題日益緊迫,傳統(tǒng)的增施氮肥促進水稻增產(chǎn)的方式已引起氮肥利用率降低、稻米品質(zhì)下降、水稻病蟲害加劇、稻田生態(tài)環(huán)境惡化、甚至危害人類健康等一系列問題。通過遺傳改良選育氮高效水稻品種,充分利用水稻自身氮素利用潛力,提高氮素(肥)利用率,促進水稻持續(xù)增產(chǎn)是目前最為經(jīng)濟、有效的方式。前人已明確了不同基因型水稻品種間存在較大的差異,初步分析了影響氮素吸收利用的一些因素。但目前評價水稻氮素吸收利用的指標太多,從植株自身角度分析較少。我們認為從植株自身角度評價氮素吸收、氮素利用的指標可分別用成熟期總吸氮量、氮素籽粒生產(chǎn)效率來表示,高效與高產(chǎn)相結(jié)合才凸顯高效的價值。因此,氮高效水稻至少可以分為氮高效吸收(高產(chǎn))水稻、氮高效利用(高產(chǎn))水稻兩種類型。目前關(guān)于氮高效吸收水稻已有一些研究,但供試材料多數(shù)是年代跨度大,遺傳背景復(fù)雜,一些對氮素吸收利用有顯著影響的農(nóng)藝性狀如株高、生育期和穗重等差異較大,增加了對氮素吸收利用的研究與評價的難度。為此,本研究于2011-2013年在水培、大田條件下,以遺傳背景相似的染色體單片段代換系114個遺傳群體水稻株系為供試材料,分析了不同氮效率水稻源庫、物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)與分配、產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素,以及氮、磷、鉀等養(yǎng)分吸收利用、根系等性狀的差異,明確氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻主要性狀的基本特點及其影響因素,以期為氮高效水稻的遺傳改良、氮高效水稻高產(chǎn)栽培提供參考依據(jù)。主要結(jié)果如下:1.供試遺傳群體株高、生育期和穗重分布的特點,株高在120-140 cm區(qū)間內(nèi)占總株系數(shù)的83.33%,全生育期天數(shù)在140-150 d區(qū)間內(nèi)占90.35%,穗重在4-5 g區(qū)間內(nèi)占87.72%。從本研究群體來看,上述三個性狀雖有差異,但分布比較集中。2.產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素方面:供試遺傳產(chǎn)量差異較大,單位面積產(chǎn)量變幅為311.74-763.35kg·666.7m-2(大田)和358.18-800.16 kg·666.7 m-2(大田),最大株系是最小株系的2.45(大田)和2.35(水培)倍。隨著植株吸氮量的增加,產(chǎn)量總體呈增加趨勢,但產(chǎn)量與吸氮量兩者之間關(guān)系并不總是一條直線,產(chǎn)量除了受到總吸氮量的影響外,還受到氮素籽粒生產(chǎn)效率等因素的影響。吸氮量與氮素籽粒生產(chǎn)效率均是影響供試群體水稻產(chǎn)量的因素,提高兩者均可提高產(chǎn)量,前者作用略大于后者。氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻具有單位面積穗數(shù)大,每穗穎花數(shù)多,結(jié)實率高,產(chǎn)量高的特點。3.源、庫方面:氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻株系源足、質(zhì)量高。具體表現(xiàn)為:抽穗期總?cè)~面積系數(shù)(包括有效和高效葉面積系數(shù))、成熟期總?cè)~面積系數(shù)和結(jié)實期葉面積系數(shù)下降比例及單莖葉面積、結(jié)實期凈同化率明顯高于其它類型水稻;氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型水稻庫大、質(zhì)量高。具體表現(xiàn)為:庫容量形成速率快,抽穗期單位葉面積、單位干重和單位氮素形成庫容能力強,單莖庫容量大,群體庫容量大;氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型水稻株系流暢:即單位葉面積穎花數(shù)和單位葉面積籽粒產(chǎn)量均高于其它類型。這些源庫性狀對吸氮量、產(chǎn)量均有不同程度的影響。4.物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)與分配方面:氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻株系生物產(chǎn)量大,經(jīng)濟系數(shù)中等。在物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)量中,抽穗期和抽穗后群體干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)量及抽穗后比例也顯著大于其它類型,抽穗后的優(yōu)勢更突出;氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻株系成熟期單莖干物質(zhì)積累量顯著高于其它類型;氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻株系抽穗期莖鞘、葉片干重比例較大,穗干重比例較小,成熟期各器官干重比例均無明顯優(yōu)勢,但各器官干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)量均明顯大于其它類型水稻。5.氮素吸收利用方面:供試遺傳群體吸氮量差異較大,成熟期總吸氮量的變幅,大田11.53-27.66 g·m-2,水培為19.13-54.52 g·m-2,最大株系是最小株系大田為2.40倍,水培為2.85倍。氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻株系抽穗期吸氮量、結(jié)實期吸氮量、成熟期吸氮量、成熟期單莖吸氮量、(群體和單莖)吸氮強度均大于其它類型水稻,但植株含氮率低或較低;氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻株系抽穗期葉片氮素比例大,成熟期莖鞘和綠葉吸氮比例較其他類型有優(yōu)勢,而黃葉和穗的吸氮比例沒有優(yōu)勢;氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)水稻株系成熟期氮素干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)效率、氮素籽粒生產(chǎn)效率和氮素收獲指數(shù)中等或較小。影響成熟期吸氮量的五組因素中,抽穗后吸氮量、穗吸氮量、單莖吸氮量、群體干物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)量、群體吸氮強度對成熟期總吸氮量的作用分別大于抽穗期吸氮量、莖鞘吸氮量和葉片吸氮量、單位面積穗數(shù)、全株含氮率、全生育期天數(shù)對成熟期總吸氮量的作用。6.磷素吸收利用方面:氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型水稻成熟和結(jié)實期群體吸磷量、成熟期單莖吸磷量,抽穗和成熟期莖鞘吸磷比例、成熟期群體和單莖吸磷強度、結(jié)實期穗磷素增加量均大或較大,成熟期穗和全株含磷率中等,而磷素利用率無優(yōu)勢。氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型水稻成熟期的群體、個體磷素吸收量和吸收強度優(yōu)勢較大,結(jié)實期磷素轉(zhuǎn)運能力強。7.鉀素吸收利用方面:氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型水稻抽穗、成熟和結(jié)實期群體吸鉀量,成熟期單莖吸鉀量、抽穗和成熟期莖吸鉀比例、成熟期穗吸鉀比例、成熟期群體和單莖吸鉀強度、抽穗期莖和全株含鉀率,成熟期莖、綠葉、穗和全株含鉀率,結(jié)實期穗鉀素增加量和成熟期鉀收獲指數(shù)均大或較大。氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型水稻群體和個體吸鉀量優(yōu)勢明顯,吸鉀強度和結(jié)實期轉(zhuǎn)運量亦是如此,這主要得益于其莖鞘和全株中較高的鉀濃度。8.根系性狀方面:氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型水稻單株(不定根數(shù)、不定根總長和不定根干重)、單莖(不定根總長)、單條(不定根總長、不定根干重和不定根粗)根系性狀和冠根比(抽穗和成熟期)均大或較大,而單株根系活力指標(總、活躍吸收面積和或與吸收面積比)中等。依據(jù)相關(guān)分析與通徑分析的結(jié)果,明確了影響供試遺傳群體吸氮量的主要根系性狀是單株根干重、抽穗期冠根比、最長根長和單株不定根總長。9.氮高效品種種植資源篩選方面:結(jié)合大田和水培試驗結(jié)果,篩選出氮素吸收利用、產(chǎn)量、根系等性狀差異明顯的不同氮效率水稻,氮高效吸收高產(chǎn)類型有L23、L68、L111等3個株系,氮低效吸收低產(chǎn)類型有L2、L3和L57等3個株系。這為氮高效水稻的后續(xù)研究提供了極其重要的種質(zhì)資源。
[Abstract]:In this paper , we found that the high efficiency and high yield of rice could be divided into two types : high efficiency and high yield . The results showed that the high efficiency and high yield of rice could be divided into two types : high yield , high yield and high yield . The results showed that the total leaf area coefficient ( including the effective and efficient leaf area coefficient ) , the total leaf area coefficient in the mature period and the leaf area coefficient of the strong period and the leaf area of the single stem were higher than that of other types of rice .
The yield of high - yield nitrogen is high and the quality is high . It is shown as follows : rapid rate of formation rate , unit leaf area in heading stage , unit dry weight and unit nitrogen formation capacity , large capacity of single stem and large population capacity ;
The results showed that the yield of high - yield and high - yield rice plant was higher than that of other types .
The content of dry matter accumulation in the mature period of high - yield and high - yield rice was significantly higher than that of other types .
Nitrogen absorption and utilization of high - yield rice plant were obviously higher than that of other types of rice . 5 . The nitrogen uptake was 2.85 times . The nitrogen content in the mature period was 11.53 - 27.66 g 路 m - 2 , the maximum strain was 19.13 - 54.52 g 路 m - 2 , the maximum strain was the minimum plant - plant field , the nitrogen content in the mature period , the nitrogen content in mature period , the nitrogen content of the mature period , and the nitrogen content of the plant were lower or lower .
The nitrogen proportion of leaves at heading stage of high - yield and high - yield rice plant was higher than that of other types , while the proportion of nitrogen - uptake in mature stem sheath and green leaf was more advantageous than that of other types .
Nitrogen - efficient absorption of nitrogen in high - yielding rice plants with high yield , high yield of nitrogen and nitrogen in mature period , high yield of nitrogen in mature period , and higher yield of total nitrogen in mature period . In this paper , three lines , such as L23 , L68 , L111 and so on , were screened from three lines , such as L23 , L68 , L111 and so on .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:揚州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2016
【分類號】:S511
本文編號:2121099
[Abstract]:In this paper , we found that the high efficiency and high yield of rice could be divided into two types : high efficiency and high yield . The results showed that the high efficiency and high yield of rice could be divided into two types : high yield , high yield and high yield . The results showed that the total leaf area coefficient ( including the effective and efficient leaf area coefficient ) , the total leaf area coefficient in the mature period and the leaf area coefficient of the strong period and the leaf area of the single stem were higher than that of other types of rice .
The yield of high - yield nitrogen is high and the quality is high . It is shown as follows : rapid rate of formation rate , unit leaf area in heading stage , unit dry weight and unit nitrogen formation capacity , large capacity of single stem and large population capacity ;
The results showed that the yield of high - yield and high - yield rice plant was higher than that of other types .
The content of dry matter accumulation in the mature period of high - yield and high - yield rice was significantly higher than that of other types .
Nitrogen absorption and utilization of high - yield rice plant were obviously higher than that of other types of rice . 5 . The nitrogen uptake was 2.85 times . The nitrogen content in the mature period was 11.53 - 27.66 g 路 m - 2 , the maximum strain was 19.13 - 54.52 g 路 m - 2 , the maximum strain was the minimum plant - plant field , the nitrogen content in the mature period , the nitrogen content in mature period , the nitrogen content of the mature period , and the nitrogen content of the plant were lower or lower .
The nitrogen proportion of leaves at heading stage of high - yield and high - yield rice plant was higher than that of other types , while the proportion of nitrogen - uptake in mature stem sheath and green leaf was more advantageous than that of other types .
Nitrogen - efficient absorption of nitrogen in high - yielding rice plants with high yield , high yield of nitrogen and nitrogen in mature period , high yield of nitrogen in mature period , and higher yield of total nitrogen in mature period . In this paper , three lines , such as L23 , L68 , L111 and so on , were screened from three lines , such as L23 , L68 , L111 and so on .
【學(xué)位授予單位】:揚州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2016
【分類號】:S511
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