本文選題：喀斯特森林 + 演替階段　； 參考：《中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：本文基于生態(tài)化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)理論,借助以空間替代時(shí)間的方法,以茂蘭喀斯特森林自然恢復(fù)過程中的草本群落階段(HS)、灌木灌叢階段(SS)、喬林階段(AS)和頂極常綠落葉闊葉混交林階段(CS)等為研究對象,對各演替階段的植物葉片、凋落物和土壤的C、N、P、K含量和化學(xué)計(jì)量特征以及N、P養(yǎng)分重吸收率、群落多樣性指數(shù)和比葉面積等進(jìn)行了研究。主要結(jié)果如下:1.植物葉片C、N、P、K含量及化學(xué)計(jì)量特征的總體分布(1)茂蘭喀斯特地區(qū)68種優(yōu)勢植物葉片C、N、P、K含量的變化范圍分別為309.57～573.21 g·kg-1、5.01～41.62 g·kg-1、0.56～5.79 g·kg-1 和 2.50～39.11 g·kg-1;變異系數(shù)分別為10.16%、29.61%、52.33%和62.72%,其中;C含量屬弱變異性,N含量屬中等變異性,而P、K含量均屬強(qiáng)變異性。C:N、C:P、C:K、N:P、N:K和P:K的變化范圍分別為11.06～57.39、58.20～886.69、9.94～217.80、3.57～30.88、0.38～6.31 和 0.04～0.56;變異系數(shù)分別為 31.11%、39.58%、54.86%、35.06%、49.18%和 50.71%,除 C:K 和 P:K 屬強(qiáng)變異性以外,其余均屬中等變異性。(2)植物葉片的C、N、P、K含量以及與化學(xué)計(jì)量特征之間的相關(guān)性因生長階段的不同而存在一定差異;但總的來看:其C與N含量之間呈極顯著的負(fù)相關(guān)(P0.01),但與P含量的相關(guān)性不顯著(P0.05),而N與P含量之間則呈顯著的正相關(guān)(P0.05),除P:K以外,植物葉片各養(yǎng)分含量與其余化學(xué)計(jì)量特征之間基本均為顯著(P0.05)或極顯著(P0.01)的負(fù)相關(guān);且通過進(jìn)一步的函數(shù)模型擬合發(fā)現(xiàn),它們之間均為二次函數(shù)、指數(shù)函數(shù)或冥函數(shù)的非線性耦合關(guān)系。(3)植物葉片的C、N、P、K含量及化學(xué)計(jì)量特征因其生活型、系統(tǒng)發(fā)育類型以及生長階段的不同而存在較大差異,其中:草本植物較灌木和喬木具有較高的N、P含量以及較低C:N、C:P和N:P,符合生態(tài)化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)的“生長速率”理論;而各功能(類)群植物不同生長階段的C:N和P:K基本都保持一個(gè)較穩(wěn)定的水平,則可能是“內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)”理論的體現(xiàn)。另外,通過冗余分析(RDA),結(jié)果表明:以生活型對其化學(xué)計(jì)量特征影響最大,解釋程度高達(dá)61.86%;植物比葉面積(SLA)和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育類型次之,分別為16.67%和12.43%;生長階段最低,僅為9.04%。2.不同演替階段植物葉片-凋落物-土壤的養(yǎng)分含量及其化學(xué)計(jì)量特征(1)不同演替階段植物葉片、凋落物和土壤的C、N、P、K含量及化學(xué)計(jì)量特征隨演替的進(jìn)展,其變化趨勢因群落層次、凋落物分解層次、植物生長階段以及土層深度的不同均存在一定差異;其中:除SS以外,其余各演替階段不同群落層次植物葉片的養(yǎng)分含量及化學(xué)計(jì)量特征的變異系數(shù)基本均屬弱變異性,在一定程度上也是“內(nèi)穩(wěn)態(tài)”理論的體現(xiàn);而SS的灌木層較其它演替階段的主要群落層次(HS的草本層、AS和CS的喬木層),其植物葉片具有較高的N、P含量以及較低的C:N、C:P和N:P,則可能是為了應(yīng)對其物種組成及群落結(jié)構(gòu)的變化而形成的一種養(yǎng)分利用策略,也是“生長速率”理論的一種體現(xiàn)。(2)各生長階段不同演替群落“植物葉片-凋落物-土壤”的C、N含量均表現(xiàn)為:植物葉片凋落物土壤;C:P、C:K、N:P、N:K和P:K則均表現(xiàn)為:凋落物植物葉片土壤;而P、K含量和C:N則由于生長階段或演替階段的不同而不同。3.不同演替階段的限制性養(yǎng)分因子通過比較各演替階段主要群落層次植物葉片的N:P、N:K和P:K,結(jié)合其閾值范圍,對其限制性養(yǎng)分因子進(jìn)行了判別,結(jié)果表明:各演替群落不同生長階段存在不同的限制性養(yǎng)分因子;在生長階段Ⅰ,演替前中期(由HS至SS)群落易受N素限制,演替中后期(由AS至CS)群落傾向于受N、P和K素的共同限制,且越至演替后期受P素的限制越強(qiáng);在生長階段Ⅱ,各演替群落均主要受N素的限制。而K:P臨界值可能并不適合作為對該地區(qū)限制性養(yǎng)分因子進(jìn)行判別的依據(jù)。當(dāng)然,要想更加科學(xué)、合理的判別其養(yǎng)分限制性,必須輔以施肥實(shí)驗(yàn)來進(jìn)行。4.不同演替階段的N、P養(yǎng)分重吸收特征生長階段Ⅰ和Ⅱ,不同演替群落的N重吸收率分別為15.82%～55.06%和12.35%～61.14%,P重吸收率分別為51.19%～75.69%和54.72%～71.31%,且隨演替的進(jìn)展基本上均呈降低趨勢。從不同生長階段來看,HS和AS的N重吸收率均表現(xiàn)為ⅡⅠ,SS和CS的則均表現(xiàn)為ⅠⅡ;除CS以外,其余演替階段的P重吸收率均表現(xiàn)為ⅠⅡ。另外,各生長階段不同演替群落的P重吸收率均要高于N重吸收率。綜合各演替階段的限制性養(yǎng)分因子,進(jìn)一步論證了受N(或P素)限制的群落并不一定就具有高的N(或P素)重吸收率。5.不同演替階段植物葉片-凋落物-土壤間的相互作用(1)各生長階段不同演替群落凋落物和土壤各養(yǎng)分含量與C植物含量基本均為負(fù)相關(guān),且Ⅰ的相關(guān)性均達(dá)到顯著(P0.05)或極顯著(P0.01)水平。生長階段Ⅰ的P凋落物和Ⅱ的C凋落物分別與N植物含量存在極顯著(P0.01)和顯著(P0.05)的正相關(guān);而土壤各養(yǎng)分含量與N植物含量均無明顯相關(guān)性。P凋落物與P植物含量均為正相關(guān),且Ⅱ的相關(guān)性達(dá)到顯著水平(P0.05);TP土壤與p植物含量均為負(fù)相關(guān),但相關(guān)性均不顯著(P0.05)。K凋落物和TK土壤與K植物含量均無顯著相關(guān)性(P0.05),但SOC和TP土壤與K植物含量則均存在顯著(P0.05)或極顯著(P0.01)的負(fù)相關(guān)。C凋落物和P凋落物含量與N:P植物均為負(fù)相關(guān),N凋落物和K凋落物含量與其均為正相關(guān),且Ⅰ的C凋落物和N凋落物含量與N:P植物的相關(guān)性均達(dá)到顯著水平(P0.05);土壤各養(yǎng)分含量與N:P植物均為正相關(guān),且Ⅰ的相關(guān)性均達(dá)到顯著(P0.05)或極顯著(P0.01)水平。另外,N:P凋落物與N:P植物均存在極顯著的正相關(guān)(P0.01);N:P土壤與N:P植物均為負(fù)相關(guān),但相關(guān)性均不顯著(P0.05)。(2)植物葉片與凋落物、凋落物與土壤以及土壤與植物葉片養(yǎng)分含量及化學(xué)計(jì)量特征間的相關(guān)性,在一定程度上也體現(xiàn)了養(yǎng)分含量間的傳承性與共變性;而由于研究區(qū)域、研究尺度、植被類型以及生長階段等因素的不同,導(dǎo)致“植物-凋落物-土壤”養(yǎng)分含量及化學(xué)計(jì)量特征之間相關(guān)性的差異,則可能是植物對環(huán)境變化的一種彈性適應(yīng)機(jī)制。(3)綜合演替階段、生長階段、群落多樣性指數(shù)、凋落物現(xiàn)存量、土壤水分物理性狀等影響因子,通過RDA分析其對不同演替階段植物葉片、凋落物和土壤化學(xué)計(jì)量特征的影響程度,結(jié)果表明:以SLA、P凋落物含量和P重吸收率對植物葉片的影響最大,解釋程度分別為41.78%、17.84%和17.54%;對凋落物影響最大的因子分別是N重吸收率和P植物含量,解釋程度分別為49.65%和14.62%;而不同土層深度和演替階段對土壤的影響最大,解釋程度分別為32.82%、32.19%,占了總解釋程度的65%以上。
[Abstract]:Based on the theory of ecological stoichiometry, by means of spatial substitution time, the herbaceous community stage (HS), shrub Shrub Stage (SS), Jolin stage (AS) and the top evergreen deciduous broad-leaved mixed forest stage (CS) in the course of natural restoration of Karst forest in Maolan were studied, and the leaves, litter and litter of plants in each succession stage were studied. Soil C, N, P, K content and stoichiometric characteristics as well as N, P nutrient reabsorption, community diversity index and specific leaf area were studied. The main results are as follows: 1. the total distribution of C, N, P, K content and stoichiometric characteristics of plant leaves (1) 68 dominant plants in Maolan region, C, N, and 309.57, the range of variation is 309.57, respectively. 573.21 G. Kg-1,5.01 ~ 41.62 G. Kg-1,0.56 ~ 5.79 G. Kg-1 and 2.50 ~ 39.11 G. Kg-1; variation coefficients were 10.16%, 29.61%, 52.33% and 62.72%, respectively. The C content belonged to weak variability, N content was of moderate variability, while P, K content was 11.06 to 886.69. The coefficients of variation were 31.11%, 39.58%, 54.86%, 35.06%, 49.18% and 50.71%, respectively, from 9.94 to 217.80,3.57 to 30.88,0.38 to 6.31 and 0.04 to 35.06%, 49.18% and 50.71%, except for the strong variability of C:K and P:K. (2) the correlation between the C, N, P, K content and the chemical metrology characteristics of plant leaves existed because of the different growth stages. In general, there was a significant negative correlation between C and N content (P0.01), but the correlation with the content of P was not significant (P0.05), but there was a significant positive correlation between N and P content (P0.05). Except P:K, there was a significant negative (P0.05) or extremely significant (P0.01) negative between the nutrient content of plant leaves and the other chemical measurements. Correlation; and through further functional model fitting, it is found that both of them are two functions, exponential functions or nonlinear coupling relations of the Pluto function. (3) the C, N, P, K content and chemical measurement characteristics of plant leaves differ greatly from their living types, phylogenetic types and growth stages, among which herbaceous plants are more than shrubs and shrubs. The tree has higher N, P content and lower C:N, C:P and N:P, which conforms to the "growth rate" theory of ecological stoichiometry; while the C:N and P:K in different growth stages of plant groups are basically a stable level, which may be the embodiment of the "internal steady state" theory. In addition, the result of redundancy analysis (RDA) shows that: The life type had the greatest influence on its chemometric characteristics, and the explanation was as high as 61.86%; the plant specific leaf area (SLA) and the phylogenetic type were 16.67% and 12.43%, respectively, and the lowest in the growth stage, only the nutrient content and stoichiometric characteristics of plant leaves litter and soil in different stages of the 9.04%.2. succession stage (1) the plant leaves of different succession stages The variation trend of C, N, P, K content and chemical measurement characteristics of litter and soil with succession, the variation trend of the soil layer, the litter decomposition level, the plant growth stage and the depth of the soil layer were different, among them, the nutrient content and stoichiometry of the leaves of different community levels except for SS. The variation coefficient of the sign is basically a weak variation, and to a certain extent it is also the embodiment of the "internal steady state" theory; while the SS shrub layer is higher than the other succession stages (HS's herb layer, AS and CS tree layer), and the plant leaves have higher N, P content and lower C:N, C:P and N:P, which may be to cope with their species group. A nutrient utilization strategy formed by the change of the community structure was also a manifestation of the "growth rate" theory. (2) the content of C, N content of plant leaves litter and soil in different stages of growth, were all: plant leaf litter soil; C:P, C:K, N:P, N:K and P:K were all: leaf soil of litter plants; The limiting nutrient factors of P, K and C:N in different succession stages of.3., due to the different stages of growth or succession, were identified by comparing the N:P, N:K and P:K of plant leaves at the main community level in each succession stage, and the limiting nutrient factors were judged by the threshold range. The results showed that the different growth stages of the succession communities were different. There are different limiting nutrient factors in the segment. In the stage of growth I, the community before succession (from HS to SS) is easily restricted by N, and the community in the middle and late succession (from AS to CS) tends to be limited by N, P and K, and the more the limit of P in the later stage of succession; in the stage of growth, each succession community is mainly restricted by N element. And K:P critical value It may not be the basis for discriminating the restrictive nutrient factors in the region. Of course, in order to be more scientific and reasonable to discriminate its nutrient constraints, it must be supplemented by fertilization experiments to carry out N in different stages of.4. succession, P nutrient reabsorption characteristic growth stage I and II, and the N reabsorption rate of different succession communities is 15.82% to 55.06, respectively. % and 12.35% ~ 61.14%, P reabsorption rates were 51.19% ~ 75.69% and 54.72% ~ 71.31%, respectively, and the N reabsorption rate of both HS and AS showed II I from different growth stages, and SS and CS were all I II. Except for CS, the reabsorption rate of P in the residual succession stage was I II. The P reabsorption rate of different succession communities in each growth stage was higher than that of N reabsorption rate. The limiting nutrient factors of each succession stage were further demonstrated that the communities restricted by N (or P) did not necessarily have high N (or P) reabsorption rate.5. in different succession stages of plant leaf litter and soil interaction (1) each growth order The contents of litter and soil nutrients in different succession communities were negatively correlated with the content of C plants, and the correlation of I was significant (P0.05) or extremely significant (P0.01). The P litter and C litter of the growth stage I was positively correlated with the content of N plants (P0.01) and significant (P0.05), respectively, while the soil nutrients were contained. There was no significant correlation between the content and the content of N plants,.P litter and P plant content were positively correlated, and the correlation of II was significant (P0.05); TP soil and P plant content were negatively correlated, but the correlation was not significant (P0.05).K litter and TK soil and K plant content had no significant correlation (P0.05), but SOC and soil and plant content The negative correlation.C litter and P litter content were negatively correlated with N:P plants, and the content of N litter and K litter content was positively correlated with the content of N litter and K litter, and the correlation of C litter and N litter content to N:P plants reached significant level (P0.05), and the contents of soil nutrients and N:P plants were all positive. Correlation, and the correlation of I was significant (P0.05) or extremely significant (P0.01) level. In addition, there was a very significant positive correlation between N:P litter and N:P plants (P0.01); N:P soil was negatively correlated with N:P plants, but the correlation was not significant (P0.05). (2) plant leaves and litter, litter and soil, and soil and plant leaf nutrient content and The correlation between stoichiometric features also reflects the inheritance and covariance of nutrient content to a certain extent, and the difference in the correlation between the nutrient content and the chemical measurement characteristics of the plant litter soil may be the plant due to the different factors such as the study area, the study scale, the vegetation type and the growth stage. An elastic adaptation mechanism for environmental changes. (3) the influence factors of the comprehensive succession stage, the growth stage, the community diversity index, the litter size, the soil moisture physical properties and so on, through the RDA analysis of the effects on the plant leaves, litter and soil chemical measurements in different succession stages. The results show that the contents of SLA, P litter content And P reabsorption rate has the greatest impact on plant leaves, which are 41.78%, 17.84% and 17.54% respectively. The most influential factors for litter are N reabsorption rate and P plant content, respectively 49.65% and 14.62%, while different soil depth and succession stage have the greatest influence on soil, and the interpretation degree is 32.82%, 32.19%, respectively. More than 65% of the total interpretation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S714

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3 劉e，

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