本文選題：有機(jī)資源 + 產(chǎn)量　； 參考：《中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：農(nóng)業(yè)有機(jī)物料是重要的資源,而有機(jī)物料與無(wú)機(jī)肥配施被認(rèn)為是未來(lái)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中進(jìn)一步增加產(chǎn)量,減少化肥施用,保護(hù)環(huán)境的重要農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)模式。然而,有機(jī)肥與無(wú)機(jī)配施的農(nóng)業(yè)模式的增產(chǎn)增效潛力及其對(duì)作物生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)可持續(xù)性的影響仍有待檢驗(yàn)。本文首先基于我國(guó)32個(gè)長(zhǎng)期田間定位試驗(yàn)的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù),研究不同管理模式(有機(jī)肥,化肥,有機(jī)肥和化肥配施)對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量和土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)(SOM)的影響,然后利用華北平原小麥-玉米輪作系統(tǒng)不同有機(jī)物料(秸稈(S),堆肥(C),沼渣(BgR),牛糞(M)以及生物碳(BC))及其與化肥配施的長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn),研究不同管理模式的農(nóng)田凈溫室效應(yīng)(Net-GWP)和溫室氣體排放強(qiáng)度(GHGI),旨在闡明不同質(zhì)量有機(jī)物物料及其與化肥配施下華北平原小麥-玉米輪作農(nóng)業(yè)系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)性。取得主要結(jié)果如下： 1)通過(guò)總結(jié)全國(guó)32個(gè)長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),有機(jī)肥和化肥配施模式能比對(duì)照(不施肥處理)增產(chǎn)53%(小麥),40%(玉米)和8%(水稻)；相對(duì)于單施有機(jī)肥或化肥模式,三大作物產(chǎn)量平均增產(chǎn)29%和8%。對(duì)玉米和水稻來(lái)說(shuō),與單施化肥處理相比,有機(jī)肥和化肥配施處理的產(chǎn)量獲得更大TR ratio值(各個(gè)處理下,歷年產(chǎn)量或SOM相對(duì)于初始年值的變化量)；對(duì)小麥作物,有機(jī)肥和化肥配施處理的產(chǎn)量獲得比玉米(40%)和水稻(7.5%)更高的TNMR ratio值(化肥處理,有機(jī)肥處理和配施處理的TR ratio與對(duì)照處理TR ratio的差值)(52%)。因此,有機(jī)肥和化肥配施比單施化肥或者是有機(jī)肥的模式提高了作物生產(chǎn)力,促進(jìn)了作物系統(tǒng)的可持續(xù)性。 2)32個(gè)長(zhǎng)期定位試驗(yàn)結(jié)果同時(shí)表明：所有土地利用類(lèi)型下,與對(duì)照處理相比,單施化肥平均增加SOM含量8%,單施有機(jī)肥增加18%,有機(jī)肥和化肥配施增加23%。相對(duì)于單施化肥處理,有機(jī)肥處理以及有機(jī)肥和化肥配施處理導(dǎo)致了更高的SOM TR ratio值,并且在早地和水旱輪作系統(tǒng)中差異顯著。而與單施有機(jī)肥相比,在早地條件下,有機(jī)肥和化肥配施增加SOM含量和獲得更高的SOM TNMR ratio,但在水早輪作田和水田條件下,兩者并沒(méi)有差異。總之,有機(jī)與無(wú)機(jī)的配合能獲得比化肥處理更高,而與單施有機(jī)肥處理類(lèi)似或更高的SOM含量。 3)小麥-玉米輪作下不同有機(jī)物料的試驗(yàn)表明：土壤N20的排放具有明顯的季節(jié)變化性,冬小麥季節(jié)土壤N20排放水平低于夏玉米季。在整個(gè)輪作周期中,土壤N20的排放高峰主要出現(xiàn)在關(guān)鍵的農(nóng)事操作(施肥灌溉)十天后,各處理平均累積排放量占總排放量的46%。不同質(zhì)量有機(jī)物料與化肥配施對(duì)N20累積排放量的影響不同：與單施化肥的處理(Fopt)相比,堆肥和牛糞與化肥配施(Copt和Mopt)顯著提高了土壤N20累積排放量,秸稈與化肥配施(Sopt)降低了N20累積排放量,而黑炭和沼渣與化肥配施(BCopt和BgRopt)則與Fopt沒(méi)有差異。 4)單施各種有機(jī)物料,均能獲得負(fù)的Net-GWP,但小麥玉米產(chǎn)量低。單施化肥的處理,盡管能獲得比單施有機(jī)物料較高的產(chǎn)量,小麥平均增產(chǎn)95%,玉米平均增產(chǎn)32%,但是其N(xiāo)et-GWP是正的,表明單施化肥的條件下小麥-玉米輪作是一個(gè)凈的溫室氣體排放源。而各種有機(jī)物料與無(wú)機(jī)配施系統(tǒng),能獲得類(lèi)似或比化肥處理更高的小麥和玉米產(chǎn)量,同時(shí),有機(jī)物料與化肥配施的系統(tǒng),能比單施化肥的處理,大幅度降低Net-GWP和GHGI。 5)對(duì)于不同物料而言,Copt和BgRopt處理的產(chǎn)量更高,同時(shí)Net-GWP表現(xiàn)為碳匯；BCopt處理具有高的SOC截留量和碳匯效應(yīng),但產(chǎn)量與化肥處理類(lèi)似；而Mopt和Sopt,盡管也能獲得與Copt和BgRopt類(lèi)似的產(chǎn)量,但是整個(gè)系統(tǒng)表現(xiàn)為碳源。 6) BCopt, BgRopt和Copt處理表現(xiàn)為碳匯,主要原因是由于這些有機(jī)物料顯著的增加SOC的累積,可以將土壤N20排放,氮肥的生產(chǎn)和運(yùn)輸過(guò)程中以及農(nóng)事操作過(guò)程中能耗等產(chǎn)生的碳源抵消,最終造成系統(tǒng)對(duì)大氣中碳的吸收。
[Abstract]:Agricultural organic materials are important resources, and the combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers is considered to be an important agricultural production model to further increase yield in future agricultural production, reduce the application of chemical fertilizer and protect the environment. However, the potential of increasing the yield and increasing efficiency of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer and its effect on the sustainability of crop production system It is still to be tested. First, based on the literature of 32 long-term field location tests in China, the effects of different management models (organic manure, fertilizer, organic manure and chemical fertilizer) on crop yield and soil organic matter (SOM) were studied. Then, the different organic materials (straw (S), compost (C), BgR) in the wheat maize rotation system of the North China Plain were used. The net greenhouse effect (Net-GWP) and greenhouse gas emission intensity (GHGI) of different management models were studied by the long-term localization test of M and BC and their chemical fertilizer application. The aim of this study was to clarify the sustainability of different mass organic materials and the agricultural system of wheat maize rotation in the North China Plain with chemical fertilizer. The results are as follows:
1) by summing up the national 32 long-term location tests, it was found that the organic fertilizer and fertilizer application model could increase 53% (wheat), 40% (corn) and 8% (rice) compared with the control (no fertilizer treatment). Compared with the single application of organic fertilizer or chemical fertilizer, the yield of the three big crops increased by 29% and 8%. The yield of the fertilizer combined treatment was greater TR ratio value (the annual yield or the variation of SOM relative to the initial annual value); the yield of wheat crops, organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer treatment was higher than that of Maize (40%) and rice (7.5%) (fertilizer treatment, organic manure treatment and combination treatment of TR ratio and control). The difference in dealing with TR ratio) (52%). Therefore, the combination of organic manure and fertilizer with fertilizer or organic fertilizer improves the crop productivity and promotes the sustainability of the crop system.
2) 32 long-term location test results also showed that, under all land use types, compared with the control treatment, Dan Shi fertilizer increased the average SOM content by 8%, the single application of organic manure increased 18%, organic manure and chemical fertilizer added 23%. relative to the single fertilizer treatment, organic manure treatment and fertilizer and fertilizer application treatment resulted in higher SOM TR rati. The o value was significant in the early land and water and drought rotation systems. Compared with the single application of organic fertilizer, the organic manure and chemical fertilizer added the SOM content and the higher SOM TNMR ratio under the early soil condition, but there was no difference in the water early wheel field and the paddy field. In a word, the organic and inorganic coordination could be higher than that of the chemical fertilizer treatment. And similar to or higher SOM content with single organic manure.
3) the experiment of different organic materials under wheat and corn rotation showed that the emission of soil N20 has obvious seasonal variation, and the N20 emission level of soil in winter wheat season is lower than that of summer corn season. In the whole rotation period, the peak of soil N20 emission is mainly in the ten days after the key farming operation (fertilization irrigation), and the average cumulative row of each treatment. The effects of 46%. on the cumulative emission of N20 were different: compared with the single fertilizer treatment (Fopt), compost and cow dung combined with fertilizer (Copt and Mopt) significantly increased the cumulative emission of soil N20, and the combination of straw and fertilizer (Sopt) reduced the cumulative emission of N20, while black carbon and biogas residue were reduced. Combined with chemical fertilizer (BCopt and BgRopt) had no difference from Fopt.
4) the single application of various organic materials can obtain negative Net-GWP, but the yield of wheat and corn is low. In spite of the high yield of single application of chemical fertilizer, the average yield of wheat is 95% and the yield of corn is 32%, but the Net-GWP is positive, which indicates that the wheat corn rotation is a net greenhouse gas under the condition of single application. A variety of organic materials and inorganic application systems can obtain similar or higher yield of wheat and maize than chemical fertilizer treatment. At the same time, the system of organic material and chemical fertilizer can greatly reduce Net-GWP and GHGI. than the treatment of single fertilizer.
5) for different materials, the output of Copt and BgRopt is higher, while Net-GWP is carbon sink; BCopt treatment has high SOC interception and carbon sequestration effect, but the yield is similar to that of chemical fertilizer; while Mopt and Sopt can also obtain similar output to Copt and BgRopt, but the whole system is carbon source.
6) BCopt, BgRopt and Copt treatments are carbon sequestration. The main reason is that these organic materials significantly increase the accumulation of SOC, which can offset the soil N20 emission, the production and transportation of nitrogen fertilizer, and the carbon source of the energy consumption during the farming operation, and eventually lead to the absorption of carbon in the atmosphere.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：S147.2

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