本文選題：噴頭 + 噴霧助劑　； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：本文從影響霧滴飄移的因素入手,通過理論研究分析霧滴粒徑、霧滴運動速度、助劑溶液特性、施藥機具等因素對霧滴飄移的影響,建立霧滴飄移能量模型;繼而通過PDIA以及風(fēng)洞室內(nèi)測試研究霧滴粒徑、霧滴運動特性及飄移特性;然后針對噴桿噴霧機和植保無人機兩類施藥機具分別建立霧滴飄移測試系統(tǒng)與方法,并進行田間霧滴沉積飄移田間試驗研究;最后綜合室內(nèi)和田間試驗結(jié)果分析影響農(nóng)藥有效利用率的因素,確定了適用于小麥植株上的田間施藥技術(shù)。主要結(jié)論如下:通過分析室內(nèi)實驗數(shù)據(jù),得到以霧滴動能為自變量,霧滴飄移潛在指數(shù)DIX為因變量的數(shù)學(xué)函數(shù),結(jié)合霧滴飄移理論和動能定律,建立霧滴飄移潛在指數(shù)與能量模型,經(jīng)PDIA和風(fēng)洞試驗驗證,可依據(jù)霧滴粒徑和運動速度有效預(yù)測出霧滴飄移潛力。利用可控風(fēng)洞條件研究噴霧助劑類型、濃度、密度等助劑溶液特性對霧滴飄移潛力指數(shù)DIX的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)添加噴霧助劑能在一定程度上減少霧滴飄移,防飄移助劑Silwet DRS-60,Break—thru Vibrant,Greenwet 360體積濃度分別為0.8%、0.4%和0.3%時防飄效果最好;3種助劑相比,助劑SilwetDRS-60防飄效果最佳;3種助劑均應(yīng)用在空心圓錐霧噴頭TR80-015上時防飄效果最為顯著;助劑Silwet DRS-60和Greenwet 360均對離心噴頭有防飄效果,而Break-thru Vibrant對其無防飄效果;溶液密度的增加在一定程度上可以降低霧滴飄移潛力指數(shù)DIX。利用Spraytec和PDIA測試研究霧滴粒徑和霧滴運動速度對霧滴飄移特性的影響,結(jié)果顯示霧滴飄移量與細(xì)霧滴的體積百分比密切相關(guān),霧滴粒徑越大,VMD75μm體積百分比越小,霧滴飄移潛力越小,防飄效果越好;噴霧霧化后產(chǎn)生的霧滴主體部分的運動速度與霧滴粒徑成正相關(guān),增加噴霧壓力能夠增加霧滴的運動初速度;噴霧扇面組合應(yīng)用時,噴霧扇面疊加不會對霧滴運動速度產(chǎn)生影響,但是能夠增加霧滴粒徑從而增加霧滴的運動動能,因此可以減少霧滴飄移。噴頭縱向排列,噴霧扇面前后重合疊加相較于噴霧扇面交錯疊加減飄效果更明顯;將噴頭扇面組合疊加噴霧能夠減少霧滴飄移,在一定程度上解決充分利用細(xì)小霧滴與飄移之間的矛盾。通過噴桿噴霧機霧滴飄移測試系統(tǒng)分析室內(nèi)條件下霧滴飄移情況,結(jié)果表明霧滴飄移測試系統(tǒng)可以遵循ISO 22369-2-2010標(biāo)準(zhǔn),在室內(nèi)測試不同噴頭的霧滴飄移潛力,實時分析霧滴的飄移情況及飄移分布規(guī)律,采用飄移潛力dPV(potential drift)反映噴頭的飄移特性;霧滴大小和工作壓力均為影響飄移的主要因素;使用雙IDK噴頭組合噴霧時霧滴飄移潛力最小,該結(jié)果驗證了PDIA測試結(jié)果,說明噴霧扇面組合有較好的防飄效果。噴桿噴霧機小麥田間霧滴沉積與飄移測試研究發(fā)現(xiàn),雙噴頭組合在沉積量相同的情況下,霧滴穿透性和覆蓋率不同。霧滴粒徑較小時,穿透性好、易沉積、霧滴分布覆蓋情況較好,但是動能小,易在運動過程中蒸發(fā)損失,因此冠層中下層沉積量較低,覆蓋率較高;霧滴粒徑較大時,不易飄移蒸發(fā),但易被葉片截留、穿透性較差,大霧滴動能較大,與葉片碰撞時液滴易聚積流失或彈跳,因此不能很好的在葉片沉積分布;對于扇形霧ST系列噴頭,助劑Silwet DRS-60防飄效果最好,可減少地面飄移50%,空中飄移22%,其結(jié)果與風(fēng)洞測試結(jié)果一致。植保無人機霧滴飄移研究結(jié)果表明,等動量霧滴收集器rotary impactor與聚乙烯絲計算出的DIX規(guī)律相同,統(tǒng)計分析顯示相關(guān)性較好,說明rotary impactor和聚乙烯絲收集方法均可以作為霧滴飄移的接收裝置且都能很好的描述霧滴的運動及分布情況。rotary impactor在遠(yuǎn)處和高處的收集效率較高,可以作為田間試驗收集飄移霧滴的有效手段。培養(yǎng)皿方法可以收集下風(fēng)向1～20m范圍內(nèi)地面飄移的霧滴,能較好的體現(xiàn)飄移霧滴隨水平距離的變化趨勢與規(guī)律。霧滴飄移測試框架上的聚乙烯軟管可以收集無人機周圍飄移的霧滴,能較好的體現(xiàn)飄移霧滴隨垂直距離的變化趨勢與規(guī)律。植保無人機小麥田間霧滴沉積與飄移研究發(fā)現(xiàn),側(cè)風(fēng)風(fēng)速與rotary impactor和培養(yǎng)皿測得的霧滴飄移率呈極顯著正相關(guān)(相關(guān)系數(shù)r分別為0.97、0.93);在影響飄移率的因素中,側(cè)風(fēng)風(fēng)速的作用大于無人機飛行高度、飛行速度的因素;植保無人機在田間實際作業(yè)時要預(yù)留至少15 m以上緩沖區(qū)(安全區(qū))以避免藥液飄移產(chǎn)生的危害;霧滴粒徑、霧滴譜、噴桿與無人機旋翼長度的比值均對霧滴飄移影響顯著,尤其霧滴體積中徑和粒徑≤75μm的體積百分比與霧滴飄移率的相關(guān)性非常高;噴霧助劑均能在一定程度上減少霧滴飄移率。與水相比,助劑Silwet DRS-60,ASFA+B,T1602,Break-thru Vibrant,QF-LY 和 Tmax 分別減少飄移 65%,62%,59%,46%,42%,19%。助劑Silwet DRS-60可將施藥緩沖區(qū)由10.1 m縮短至6.4 m。綜合室內(nèi)與田間試驗得出,噴霧助劑的添加有助于噴桿噴霧機和植保無人機施藥過程中霧滴飄移潛力的降低;噴桿噴霧機應(yīng)用雙噴頭組合使噴霧扇面疊加,能夠在一定程度上解決充分利用細(xì)小霧滴與霧滴飄移之間的矛盾,提高農(nóng)藥有效利用率。
[Abstract]:In this paper, from the factors affecting the droplet drift, through the theoretical study and analysis of the droplet size, the velocity of the droplet movement, the properties of the auxiliary solution, the effect of the agent and other factors on the drift of the droplets, the droplet drift energy model is established. Then the droplet diameter, the motion characteristics and the drift characteristics of the droplets are studied by PDIA and the wind tunnel test. The fog droplet drift testing system and method were established for the spray rod sprayer and the two kinds of plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles, and the field experiment of field fog droplet deposition was carried out in the field. Finally, the factors affecting the effective utilization of pesticide were analyzed in the laboratory and field test results, and the field application technology applied to the wheat plants was determined. By analyzing indoor experimental data, the potential index and energy model of droplet drift is established by using the mathematical function of the droplet kinetic energy as the independent variable, the potential index DIX of the droplet drift as the dependent variable, and the droplet drift theory and the kinetic energy law. The fog droplet size and velocity can be effectively predicted by the PDIA and wind tunnel tests. Using controlled wind tunnel conditions to study the effect of spray additives type, concentration, density and other additives on droplet drift potential index DIX, it is found that adding spray additives can reduce the drift of droplets to a certain extent, Silwet DRS-60, Break thru Vibrant, Greenwet 360, Greenwet 360 volume concentration is 0.8%, 0.4% and 0, respectively. The anti floating effect of.3% is the best. Compared with the 3 auxiliaries, the anti floating effect of auxiliary SilwetDRS-60 is the best. The 3 auxiliaries are all applied to the hollow cone spray head TR80-015, and the effect is most remarkable; the auxiliary Silwet DRS-60 and Greenwet 360 both have the anti floating effect on the centrifugal sprinkler, and the Break-thru Vibrant has no anti floating effect on it; the increase of the density of the solution is in the same way. The effect of droplet drift potential index (DIX.) is reduced to a certain extent. The effects of droplet diameter and droplet velocity on droplet drift characteristics are studied by Spraytec and PDIA tests. The results show that the drift of droplets is closely related to the volume percentage of fine droplets. The larger the droplet size, the smaller the percentage of VMD75 mu m volume, the smaller the droplet drift potential, and the drift prevention. The better the effect is, the motion velocity of the main part of the droplet produced after spray atomization is positively related to the droplet size, and the increase of spray pressure can increase the initial velocity of the droplet movement. When the spray fan surface is applied, the spray fan surface will not affect the motion velocity of the droplet, but it can increase the droplet size and increase the movement of the droplet. As a result, the droplet drift can be reduced. The spray head is arranged vertically, the overlap and superposition of the spray fan surface are more obvious than the spray fan surface, and the spray can reduce the drift of the droplet, to a certain extent, the contradiction between the fine droplets and the drift is fully utilized. The drift test system analyses the drift of droplets under indoor conditions. The results show that the droplet drift testing system can follow the ISO 22369-2-2010 standard, test the droplet drift potential of different sprinklers in the room, analyze the drift and drift distribution of the droplets in real time, and use the drift potential dPV (potential drift) to reflect the drift characteristics of the spray head. The droplet size and working pressure are the main factors affecting the drift, and the droplet drift potential is minimal when using the double IDK nozzle combination spray. The results verify the PDIA test results, indicating that the spray fan surface combination has a better anti floating effect. In the same case, the penetration and coverage of the droplets are different. The droplet size is small, the penetration is good, the deposition is easy, the droplet distribution coverage is better, but the kinetic energy is small, and the evaporation loss is easy in the movement process. Therefore, the lower layer of the canopy is low and the coverage rate is high. When the droplet size is large, it is not easy to drift and evaporate, but easily intercepted by the blade. Poor permeability, large fog drop kinetic energy, droplets easily accumulated and leaping when colliding with blades, and therefore can not be well distributed in blade deposition; for fan-shaped fog ST series sprinklers, auxiliary Silwet DRS-60 has the best anti floating effect, which can reduce ground drift 50% and air drift 22%, and the result is consistent with the wind tunnel test results. The results of the shift study show that the rotary impactor of the equal momentum fog collector is the same as that calculated by the polyethylene wire, and the statistical analysis shows that the correlation is good. It shows that both the rotary impactor and the polyethylene wire collection methods can be used as the receiving device of the droplet drift and all can well describe the movement and distribution of the droplets in.Rotary impactor. The collection efficiency in the distant and high places is high, and it can be used as an effective means to collect drift fog droplets in field experiments. The culture dish method can collect fog droplets floating on the ground within the range of 1 ~ 20m, which can better reflect the trend and law of the drift fog drop with the horizontal distance. The floating fog droplets around the UAV can better reflect the trend and law of the drift fog drop with the vertical distance. In the field of field fog droplet deposition and drift in the unmanned aerial vehicle, it is found that the wind velocity of the side wind is significantly positively correlated with the droplet drift rate measured by rotary impactor and the culture dish (the correlation coefficient r is 0.97,0.93); In the factor of rate, the effect of side wind speed is greater than the flying height of UAV and the factor of flight speed; it is necessary to reserve at least 15 m buffer zone (safety zone) to avoid the harm caused by the drift of liquid, the ratio of droplet diameter, droplet spectrum, and the ratio of the spray rod to the unmanned aerial vehicle's rotor length affect the droplet drift. In particular, the correlation between the volume percentage of the droplet volume and the particle size less than 75 mu m is highly correlated with the droplet drift rate, and the spray aids can reduce the drift rate of droplets to a certain extent. Compared with water, the additives Silwet DRS-60, ASFA+B, T1602, Break-thru Vibrant, QF-LY and Tmax reduce the drift 65%, 62%, 59%, 46%, 42%, 19%. additive Silwet DR S-60 can shorten the buffer zone from 10.1 m to 6.4 M. in a comprehensive laboratory and field experiment. The addition of the spray assistants helps to reduce the droplet drift potential during the spraying process of the spray rod sprayer and the plant protection unmanned aerial vehicle. The spray rod sprayer applies the double nozzle combination to superimpose the spray fan surface, and can solve the full use of the fine mist to a certain extent. The contradiction between droplet drift and droplet drift can improve the effective utilization rate of pesticides.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S49

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