本文選題：蓄水坑灌 + 穩(wěn)定同位素��； 參考：《太原理工大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：我國(guó)是世界上蘋果產(chǎn)量最大的國(guó)家,而山西是國(guó)內(nèi)優(yōu)質(zhì)蘋果生產(chǎn)基地之一。在華北地區(qū),水資源緊缺已成為限制果園產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展的主要問題。蓄水坑灌是一種保水、抗旱的新型立體灌溉方式。本文在分析蓄水坑灌研究現(xiàn)狀的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)山西省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院蘋果園的果樹設(shè)定了6個(gè)蓄水坑灌下的灌水處理,并以當(dāng)?shù)貍鹘y(tǒng)的地面灌溉為對(duì)照處理。其中蓄水坑灌T1處理在果樹全生育期的灌水上、下限為田間持水量的70%與100%;T2處理在果樹全生育期的灌水上、下限為田間持水量的60%與90%;T3處理在果樹全生育期的灌水上、下限為田間持水量的50%與80%;T5、T6與T7處理分別在蘋果樹特定生育期充分灌水而其余生育期脅迫灌水,T5處理在果樹萌芽花期(4月1日至5月20日)的灌水上、下限為田間持水量的70%與100%,而在其余生育期為50%與80%;T6處理在新梢旺長(zhǎng)期(5月21日至7月20日)的灌水上、下限為田間持水量的70%與100%,而在其余生育期為50%與80%;T7處理在果實(shí)膨大期(7月21日至10月22日)的灌水上、下限為田間持水量的70%與100%,而在其余生育期為50%與80%。地面灌溉T4處理為對(duì)照灌水處理,其灌水時(shí)間與灌水量主要參考當(dāng)?shù)毓麍@的灌溉制度。T1~T7處理在全生育期的灌水量分別為3200L/株(267m3/畝)、1600L/株(133m3/畝)、800L/株(67m3/畝)、2160L/株(180m3/畝)、1200L/株(100m3/畝)、1600L/株(133m3/畝)、1600L/株(133m3/畝)。本文通過氫氧穩(wěn)定同位素技術(shù)得出的蓄水坑灌不同灌水處理下蘋果樹根系的吸水深度規(guī)律,并結(jié)合不同灌水處理下蘋果樹的SPAC系統(tǒng)水勢(shì)、蘋果樹蒸騰耗水規(guī)律、蘋果樹新梢生長(zhǎng)、果樹產(chǎn)量與果實(shí)品質(zhì)的分析結(jié)果,綜合比較得出適合當(dāng)?shù)靥O果園的蓄水坑灌灌水處理,為今后蓄水坑灌灌溉制度的制定與推廣提供科學(xué)依據(jù)與參考。論文主要研究結(jié)論如下:(1)通過對(duì)比目前氫氧穩(wěn)定同位素水源分析常用的4種方法的假設(shè)條件、模型原理與輸出結(jié)果,得出多元線性模型是目前氫氧穩(wěn)定同位素水源分析中適用性強(qiáng)且較準(zhǔn)確的分析方法。根據(jù)多元線性模型得出的根系吸水位置結(jié)果,蓄水坑灌與地面灌溉下蘋果樹根系的吸水深度變化規(guī)律為在萌芽花期集中在表層土壤,在新梢旺長(zhǎng)期逐漸加深,而在果實(shí)膨大期8月后開始逐漸變淺。蓄水坑灌適度灌水t2處理與地面灌溉t4處理在萌芽花期根系的主要吸水深度與水分貢獻(xiàn)率分別為0~20cm(51.3%)與0~20cm(59.5%);新梢旺長(zhǎng)期6月為0~20cm(33.4%)、20~40cm(19.6%)與0~20cm(42.9%)、20~40cm(11.1%)。在這兩個(gè)時(shí)期,t2與t4處理的根系主要吸水深度相同,但蓄水坑灌t2處理對(duì)40cm以下土壤水的水分利用率高于t4處理。t2處理與t4處理在新梢旺長(zhǎng)期7月根系的主要吸水深度與水分貢獻(xiàn)率分別為20~40cm(14.3%)、60~80cm(14.6%)、80~100cm(14.8%)與0~20cm(24.3%)、20~40cm(29.1%);果實(shí)膨大期8月為40~60cm(13.5%)、60~80cm(14.5%)、80~100cm(14.7%)與0~20cm(23.6%)、20~40cm(37.1%)、40~60cm(11.6%);果實(shí)膨大期9月為0~20cm(18.9%)、20~40cm(19.1%)、60~80cm(16.3%)與0~20cm(26.3%)、20~40cm(27.3%)、40~60cm(13.8%)。在后三個(gè)時(shí)期,蓄水坑灌t2處理的根系主要吸水深度均深于地面灌溉t4處理,更多的吸收利用了深層土壤水。對(duì)比不同灌水處理下蘋果樹根系的主要吸水深度,發(fā)現(xiàn)相比于地面灌溉t4處理,蓄水坑灌t2處理與t6處理既節(jié)省了560l/株(47m3/畝)的灌溉水又促進(jìn)了根系吸收60cm以下的中深層土壤水。(2)蓄水坑灌與地面灌溉下,根長(zhǎng)密度與根系活力都基本在新梢旺長(zhǎng)期7月達(dá)到全生育期峰值。而蓄水坑灌t2與t6處理在減少灌水量的基礎(chǔ)上,顯著促進(jìn)了根系深扎與提升根系整體發(fā)育情況。根據(jù)蘋果樹根系吸水深度與根系活力、根長(zhǎng)密度、土壤含水率在蘋果樹不同生育期的相關(guān)性分析結(jié)果,蘋果樹根系吸水深度在萌芽花期與新梢旺長(zhǎng)前期主要受根長(zhǎng)密度與根系活力影響;在新梢旺長(zhǎng)后期主要受根長(zhǎng)密度、根系活力與土壤含水率影響;在果實(shí)膨大前期主要受土壤含水率影響;在果實(shí)膨大后期主要受根長(zhǎng)密度影響。(3)蓄水坑灌t2處理在比地面灌溉減少560l/株(47m3/畝)灌水量的基礎(chǔ)上,與地面灌溉下蘋果樹的葉水勢(shì)、土水勢(shì)未達(dá)到顯著性差異,維持了良好的水勢(shì)梯度;蓄水坑灌充分灌水t1處理的土-葉水勢(shì)梯度最大,但其灌水量比地面灌溉處理多1040l/株(87m3/畝)。蓄水坑灌不同灌水處理下果樹的水勢(shì)比較得出新梢旺長(zhǎng)期的充分灌水對(duì)蘋果樹維持良好的葉水勢(shì)狀況影響最大,而萌芽花期影響最小。此外,蓄水坑灌下的蘋果樹相比于地面灌溉有更低的水勢(shì)閾值(低于-0.48mpa),這說明了蓄水坑灌可以提升蘋果樹的抗旱性,對(duì)水分脅迫的抵抗能力更強(qiáng)。(4)蓄水坑灌充分灌水t1處理、適度灌水t2處理、脅迫灌水t3處理與地面灌溉t4處理的單位邊材面積液流通量均在7、8月份達(dá)到峰值,說明蘋果樹在該時(shí)期耗水量最大,需要充分灌水。t1處理在各個(gè)生育期液流速率顯著高于其它處理。t2處理與地面灌溉t4處理基本未達(dá)到顯著性差異,t2處理既減少了灌水量又維持了相近的液流速率。對(duì)比5月至10月不同灌水處理下蘋果樹灌水量與蒸騰耗水量,發(fā)現(xiàn)蓄水坑灌t1處理下蘋果樹蒸騰耗水量與灌水量最大,未顯著提升果樹水分利用效率;t3處理下蘋果樹蒸騰耗水量較地面灌溉t4處理大幅度下降,影響了蘋果樹的正常生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育;t2與t6處理蘋果樹的蒸騰耗水量接近地面灌溉t4處理,且灌水量減少了560l/株(47m3/畝),有利于提升果樹水分利用率。(5)蓄水坑灌不同灌水處理下蘋果樹的新梢在萌芽花期生長(zhǎng)緩慢,在新梢旺長(zhǎng)期6月、7月上旬生長(zhǎng)速率最大,而在7月下旬之后基本穩(wěn)定。不同灌水處理中,蓄水坑灌充分灌水T1處理的新梢生長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)度最大,但過度的新梢生長(zhǎng)可能會(huì)引起樹體郁閉;T3、T5與T7處理由于在新梢旺長(zhǎng)期水分虧缺,新梢生長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)度均低于地面灌溉T4處理。T2、T6處理與地面灌溉T4處理的新梢生長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)度相近。果樹產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)分析得出,蓄水坑灌T6處理在減少傳統(tǒng)地面灌溉灌水量的前提下,顯著提升了果形指數(shù)、單株產(chǎn)量、單果重、可溶性固形物與糖酸比;蓄水坑灌T2處理未能顯著提升果實(shí)的果形指數(shù),但在其它指標(biāo)上仍顯著高于地面灌溉T4處理。(6)通過對(duì)蓄水坑灌不同灌水處理下蘋果樹根系分布、根系吸水深度、SPAC系統(tǒng)水勢(shì)、蒸騰耗水量、新梢生長(zhǎng)、果實(shí)產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)的分析結(jié)果,可以得出蓄水坑灌下的T2處理(全生育期以田間持水量的60%與90%為灌水上、下限灌水)與T6處理(在蘋果樹新梢旺長(zhǎng)期以田間持水量的70%與100%為灌水上、下限灌水,其余生育期以田間持水量的50%與80%為灌水上、下限灌水)在減少傳統(tǒng)地面灌溉灌水量560L/株(47m3/畝)的基礎(chǔ)上,維持了適中的蘋果樹SPAC系統(tǒng)水勢(shì)與蒸騰耗水量,促進(jìn)了根系深扎與對(duì)60cm以下中深層土壤水的吸收,提升了蘋果樹單株產(chǎn)量、果實(shí)單果重、可溶性固形物與糖酸比等指標(biāo),是本試驗(yàn)得出最適合當(dāng)?shù)毓麍@的蓄水坑灌灌水處理。
[Abstract]:China is the largest apple production country in the world, and Shanxi is one of the high quality apple production bases in China. In North China, the shortage of water resources has become the main problem to restrict the development of orchard industry. Water storage pit irrigation is a new stereoscopic irrigation method for water conservation and drought resistance. On the basis of the analysis of the status of water storage pit irrigation, this paper is on the basis of Shanxi. The fruit trees of the apple orchard of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences set 6 irrigation treatments under the irrigation of the water storage pit, which was treated with the local traditional ground irrigation. The water storage pit irrigation was treated with T1 in the full growth period of the fruit tree, with the lower limit of 70% and 100% of the field water holding capacity, and the T2 treatment in the full growth period of the fruit tree. The lower limit was 60% of the field water holding capacity. And 90%; T3 treatment in the full growth period of fruit tree irrigation, the lower limit is 50% and 80% of the field water holding water, T5, T6 and T7 treatment in the specific growth period of the apple tree, and the rest of the growth period stress irrigation, T5 treatment in the germination period (April 1st to May 20th) of fruit tree (April 1st to May 20th), the lower limit is 70% and 100% of the field water holding capacity, and the remaining fertility. The period was 50% and 80%; the T6 treatment was 70% and 100% of the field water holding in the long term (May 21st to July 20th) irrigation, while the remaining growth period was 50% and 80%, and the T7 treatment was 70% and 100% of the field water holding in the fruit expansion period (July 21st to October 22nd), while the remaining growth period was 50% and 80%. ground irrigation T4. The irrigation time and irrigation amount were mainly referred to the irrigation system of the local orchard by.T1~T7 treatment. The irrigation system of the local orchard was treated with 3200L/ plant (267m3/ mu), 1600L/ strain (133m3/ mu), 800L/ plant (67m3/ mu), 2160L/ strain (180m3/ mu), 1200L / plant (100m3/ mu), 1600L/ strain and plant. The water absorption depth of apple tree roots under water storage pit irrigation under different irrigation treatments was obtained by hydrogen oxygen stable isotope technology, and the SPAC system water potential of apple trees under different irrigation treatments, the regulation of the water consumption of apple tree transpiration, the growth of apple tree shoots, the yield of fruit and fruit quality were analyzed, and it was suitable for the local apple orchard. The water storage pit irrigation treatment provides scientific basis and reference for the formulation and promotion of the system of water storage pit irrigation in the future. The main conclusions of this paper are as follows: (1) by comparing the hypothesis conditions of the 4 methods commonly used for the analysis of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes at present, the model principle and the output results show that the multivariate linear model is the present hydrogen and oxygen stability. In the analysis of water source for isotopes, a strong and accurate analysis method was used. According to the results of the root water absorption of the root system based on the multiple linear model, the water absorption depth of the root of the apple tree under the water storage pit irrigation and the ground irrigation was concentrated in the surface soil at the germination stage, and the growth of the new shoots was gradually deepened in the long term, but after the year of August the fruit expansion was opened. The main water absorption depth and water contribution rate of T2 treatment and ground irrigation T4 treatment at the germination stage were 0~20cm (51.3%) and 0~20cm (59.5%), and the new shoots flourishing in June were 0~20cm (33.4%), 20~40cm (19.6%) and 0~20cm (42.9%), 20~40cm (11.1%). In these two periods, the main roots of T2 and T4 treatment were main. Water absorption depth was the same, but the water utilization rate of soil water below 40cm under storage pit irrigation T2 treatment was higher than that of T4 treatment.T2 treatment and T4 treatment was 20~40cm (14.3%), 60~80cm (14.6%), 80~100cm (14.8%) and 0~20cm (24.3%), 20~40cm (29.1%), respectively, and 40~60cm (29.1%), and August for the fruit expansion period (29.1%), respectively. 13.5%), 60~80cm (14.5%), 80~100cm (14.7%) and 0~20cm (23.6%), 20~40cm (37.1%), 40~60cm (11.6%); fruit expansion period in September is 0~20cm (18.9%), 20~40cm (19.1%), 60~80cm (16.3%) and 0~20cm (26.3%), 20~40cm (27.3%), 40~60cm (13.8%). In the later period, the main root water absorption depth of the water storage pit irrigation is deeper than that of ground irrigation. More The absorption and utilization of deep soil water. Compared with the main water absorption depth of apple tree roots under different irrigation treatments, it was found that the water storage pit irrigation and T6 treatment saved the 560l/ plant (47m3/ mu) irrigation water and the root absorption of the deep soil water below 60cm. (2) the water storage pit irrigation and the ground irrigation, compared with the ground irrigation T4 treatment. Root length density and root vitality reached the peak of full growth period in the long term of July, while water storage pit irrigation T2 and T6 treatment significantly promoted root deep ligation and overall development of root system on the basis of reducing irrigation amount. According to the depth of water absorption and root activity, root length density and soil water content, soil moisture content was different in apple trees. The results of correlation analysis showed that the water absorption depth of the apple tree root system was mainly influenced by root length density and root activity during the germination period and the prophase of new shoot growth, and the root long density was mainly influenced by root length density, root activity and soil moisture content in the late growth period of the new shoots, and the soil moisture content was mainly influenced by the soil water content in the early stage of fruit expansion; Under the influence of root length density. (3) T2 treatment of water storage pit irrigation on the basis of reducing the irrigation amount of 560l/ plant (47m3/ mu) compared with ground irrigation, and the leaf water potential of apple trees under ground irrigation, the soil water potential has not reached significant difference, maintaining a good gradient of water potential; the soil water potential gradient of the full irrigation of water storage pit irrigation is the largest, but the irrigation amount is more than the ground. Irrigation treatment was more than 1040l/ (87m3/ mu). The water potential of fruit trees under water storage pit irrigation was compared with the water potential of fruit trees under different irrigation treatments. It was found that the full irrigation of new shoots had the greatest impact on the good leaf water potential of apple trees, but the apple tree under the water storage pit had a lower water potential threshold than that of the ground irrigation (lower than -0.48). MPA), this shows that the water storage pit irrigation can improve the drought resistance of the apple tree, and the resistance to water stress is stronger. (4) the water storage pit irrigation full irrigation T1 treatment, moderate irrigation T2 treatment, stress irrigation T3 treatment and the ground irrigation T4 treatment of unit wood area liquid circulation of the peak in the month of 7,8, indicating that the water consumption of the apple tree during this period of water consumption. The maximum irrigation water.T1 treatment was significantly higher than the other treatment.T2 treatment and the ground irrigation T4 treatment. The T2 treatment not only reduced the amount of irrigation, but also maintained a similar liquid flow rate. Compared with the irrigation and transpiration water consumption of apple trees under different irrigation treatments from May to October The water consumption and irrigation amount of apple tree was the largest under the treatment of water pit irrigation, and the water use efficiency of apple trees was not significantly increased. The transpiration water consumption of apple tree under the T3 treatment was significantly lower than that of the ground irrigated T4, which affected the normal growth and development of apple trees. The evapotranspiration of apple trees treated with T2 and T6 was close to the ground irrigation T4 treatment, and the irrigation amount was reduced. Less 560l/ plant (47m3/ mu), which is beneficial to improve the water use efficiency of fruit trees. (5) the growth rate of apple tree shoots in the sprout period is slow under the different irrigation treatment of water storage pit irrigation. The growth rate of the new shoots flourishing in June and the first ten days of July is the most, and it is basically stable after the late July. Long length is the largest, but excessive growth of new shoots may cause tree canopy closure; T3, T5 and T7 treatments are lower than the ground irrigation T4 treatment.T2 for the long term water deficit in the new shoots, and the growth length of the new shoots of the T6 treatment and the ground irrigation T4 treatment is similar. The fruit tree yield and quality analysis shows that the storage pit irrigation is reduced by T6 treatment. Under the premise of irrigation irrigation, the fruit shape index, single plant yield, single fruit weight, soluble solids and sugar and acid ratio were significantly improved. The fruit shape index of fruit was not significantly enhanced by water storage pit irrigation, but it was still significantly higher than that of T4 treatment on ground irrigation. (6) the root system of apple tree under water storage irrigation was treated with different irrigation treatments. (6) Cloth, root water absorption depth, SPAC system water potential, transpiration water consumption, new shoot growth, fruit yield and quality analysis results, we can get the T2 treatment under the water storage pit irrigation (60% and 90% of the field water holding period in the whole growth period, the lower irrigation water) and the T6 treatment (70% and 100% in the long term field water holding capacity of the apple tree shoots, under the irrigation, On the basis of reducing the traditional irrigated 560L/ plant (47m3/ mu), the water potential and transpiration water consumption of a moderate apple tree, which promoted the root deep ligation and the absorption of deep soil water below 60cm, increased the single plant of the apple tree, and the rest of the rest of the growth period was 50% and 80% of the field water holding water and the lower limit irrigation was reduced by the traditional ground irrigation irrigation 560L/ plant (47m3/ mu). Yield, fruit weight, soluble solids and sugar acid ratio were the most suitable irrigation treatments for water storage irrigation in local orchard.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：太原理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S661.1;S275
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本文編號(hào)：2094617