本文選題：玉米 + 膜下滴灌　； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：協(xié)同提高作物產(chǎn)量與資源利用效率對于保障糧食和環(huán)境安全具有重要意義。膜下滴灌是一種可以實現(xiàn)高產(chǎn)高效的農(nóng)業(yè)新技術(shù),然而在當前實際生產(chǎn)中并沒有充分發(fā)揮出該技術(shù)的增產(chǎn)增效潛力。本文通過對作物產(chǎn)量潛力與產(chǎn)量差的研究,分析與總結(jié)當前膜下滴灌生產(chǎn)中存在的產(chǎn)量限制因素;通過模型模擬和田間試驗,設(shè)計并驗證了高產(chǎn)高效玉米體系;研究了氮肥管理、施磷水平、施鉀水平及施肥次數(shù)對春玉米干物質(zhì)和養(yǎng)分的累計規(guī)律。取得的主要結(jié)果如下:(1)利用Hybrid-Maize模型研究東北地區(qū)玉米產(chǎn)量潛力,利用調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)分析農(nóng)民實際產(chǎn)量,基于以上數(shù)據(jù)定量化膜下滴灌玉米產(chǎn)量差。綜合研究結(jié)果表明,當前膜下滴灌生產(chǎn)中農(nóng)民實際產(chǎn)量為10.8Mgha~(-1),實現(xiàn)了 71%的灌溉玉米產(chǎn)量潛力。(2)基于目標產(chǎn)量需氮量與高產(chǎn)玉米氮素需求規(guī)律的優(yōu)化氮肥管理相比于農(nóng)民氮肥管理減少氮肥投入80 kg N ha~(-1),從350 kg N ha~(-1)下降到270 kg N ha~(-1),產(chǎn)量從11.7 Mg ha~(-1)增加到13.8 Mg ha~(-1),氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力從33.3kgkg-1增加到51.0kgkg-1,而表觀氮損失則從171.5kgha~(-1)降低到了64.5 kg ha~(-1),表明優(yōu)化氮肥管理在實踐中是可行的。(3)施用磷肥相比于無磷處理顯著增加了玉米產(chǎn)量,主要歸因于穗粒數(shù)與千粒重的協(xié)同提高。在施磷處理中,施磷量100 kg P205ha~(-1)處理的產(chǎn)量最高,達到13.3 Mg ha~(-1),進一步增加施磷量并沒有增加籽粒產(chǎn)量,相反磷肥當季回收率從11.7%下降到7.2%,磷肥農(nóng)學(xué)利用率由18.9 kg kg-1下降到12.0 kg kg-1,磷肥偏生產(chǎn)力由129 kg kg-1下降到96 kg kg-1。(4)施用鉀肥可以顯著增加籽粒產(chǎn)量,平均兩年結(jié)果,增產(chǎn)率為6.4-17.1%。施鉀量為90 kg ha~(-1)時產(chǎn)量最高。鉀素吸收規(guī)律表現(xiàn)為施鉀促進了玉米對鉀素的吸收,玉米地上部鉀素累積主要是從播種到灌漿期,灌漿期時鉀素累積量最大,灌漿期之后鉀素累積量呈現(xiàn)降低趨勢。(5)總施肥量相同時,分次施肥相比于一次施肥顯著的增加了玉米產(chǎn)量、養(yǎng)分轉(zhuǎn)運量,提高了肥料利用率。五次追肥相比于四次追肥增加了籽粒產(chǎn)量,相比于六次追肥則沒有產(chǎn)量損失。(6)以吉林乾安為研究地點,設(shè)計體系通過優(yōu)化作物與資源管理,實現(xiàn)了產(chǎn)量水平14.5 Mg ha~(-1),達到了產(chǎn)量潛力的92%。相比于農(nóng)民習(xí)慣處理,優(yōu)化體系顯著增加了作物產(chǎn)量與經(jīng)濟收益;相比于高產(chǎn)體系,優(yōu)化體系顯著增加了資源利用效率。
[Abstract]:It is important to improve crop yield and resource utilization efficiency in order to ensure food and environment security. Drip irrigation under mulch is a new agricultural technology which can achieve high yield and high efficiency. However, the potential of increasing yield and increasing efficiency of this technique has not been brought into full play in actual production at present. Based on the study of crop yield potential and yield difference, this paper analyzed and summarized the yield limiting factors existing in drip irrigation under film, designed and verified the high yield and high efficiency maize system through model simulation and field experiment. The accumulation of dry matter and nutrient in spring maize was studied by nitrogen fertilizer management, phosphorus application level, potassium application level and times of fertilization. The main results are as follows: (1) using hybrid-Maize model to study the yield potential of maize in Northeast China, using the survey data to analyze the actual yield of farmers, and quantifying the yield of drip irrigation maize under film based on the above data. The results of the comprehensive study show that, At present, the actual yield of farmers in drip irrigation under film is 10.8Mgha-1, realizing the yield potential of 71% of irrigated corn. (2) the optimized management of nitrogen fertilizer based on the regulation of target yield and nitrogen demand of high yield corn is less than that of farmers' management of nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen fertilizer input of 80 kg N ha-1 decreased from 350 kg N ha-1 to 270 kg N ha-1, the yield increased from 11.7mg ha-1 to 13.8mg ha-1, the partial productivity of nitrogen fertilizer increased from 33.3kgkg-1 to 51.0 kg kg-1, and the apparent nitrogen loss decreased from 171.5 kg ha-1 to 64.5 kg ha-1. (3) the application of phosphorus fertilizer significantly increased the maize yield compared with the non-phosphorus treatment. It was mainly attributed to the synergistic increase of grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight. The yield of 100 kg P205ha-1 treatment was the highest, reaching 13.3 mg ha-1, but the grain yield was not increased with the further increase of P application. On the contrary, the recovery rate of phosphorus fertilizer decreased from 11.7% to 7.2%, the agronomic utilization ratio of phosphorus fertilizer decreased from 18.9 kg kg-1 to 12.0 kg kg-1, and the partial productivity of phosphorus fertilizer decreased from 129 kg kg-1 to 96 kg kg-1.4.The application of potassium fertilizer significantly increased grain yield, with an average yield rate of 6.4-17.1. The yield was the highest when the amount of potassium applied was 90 kg ha ~ (-1). The rule of potassium absorption was that potassium application promoted the absorption of potassium in maize. The accumulation of potassium in the upper part of maize was mainly from sowing to filling stage, and the accumulation of potassium was the largest at filling stage. The accumulation of potassium decreased after filling stage. (5) when the total fertilization amount was the same, the yield of maize, nutrient transport and fertilizer utilization were significantly increased by fractional fertilization compared with single fertilization. Compared with four topdressing, five topdressing increased grain yield, compared with six topdressing, there was no yield loss. (6) based on Jilin Gan'an, the design system was optimized by crop and resource management. The yield level of 14.5 mg ha-1 was achieved, and the yield potential was 922%. Compared with the farmers' habit treatment, the optimized system significantly increased the crop yield and the economic benefit, and compared with the high-yield system, the optimized system significantly increased the resource utilization efficiency.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513

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