本文選題：重復干旱 + 光合作用��； 參考：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：干旱或半干旱地區(qū)生長的植物在其生命周期內(nèi)可能會遭受不止一次的干旱脅迫。為了研究干旱脅迫對氣孔發(fā)育和氣體交換能力的影響以及作物對多次干旱的生理生化響應,本試驗以玉米為材料,測定和分析了(1)不同水分處理下玉米葉片的氣孔密度、氣孔器大小和開張度的變化以及氣體交換參數(shù)的變化,(2)玉米幼苗在中度和重度土壤干旱處理三周、隨后的復水一周以及再次干旱處理三周下植株的生長、光合特性、抗氧化體系和滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)含量的變化,得出的主要結(jié)果如下:(1)在相同水分處理下,玉米抽雄期和灌漿期的葉片氣孔密度和氣孔器長度均高于拔節(jié)期,但氣孔器寬度在各時期變化不大。干旱脅迫下,這三個時期玉米葉片的氣孔密度增加、但體積變小;與此同時,在重度水分虧缺處理下,葉片的凈光合速率(P_n)、蒸騰速率(T_r)和氣孔導度(G_s)均顯著降低。回歸分析表明,氣孔密度與P_n和T_r呈顯著負相關(guān)關(guān)系,而與瞬時水分利用效率(WUEi)呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。(2)當玉米幼苗遭受第一次水分處理后,在重度水分虧缺下,玉米株高、單株總?cè)~面積、地上部分及根系生物量、以及葉片的T_r、G_s、胞間二氧化碳濃度(C_i)、P_n、最大凈光合速率(A_(max))、光合色素含量和磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(PEPCase)活性均顯著降低,但光補償點、暗呼吸速率和乙醇酸氧化酶(GO)活性顯著升高;葉片中O2ˉ、H2O2和丙二醛的含量以及相對電導率顯著升高,同時,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、過氧化氫酶(CAT)、抗壞血酸過氧化物酶(APX)、單脫氫抗壞血酸還原酶(MDHAR)和谷胱甘肽還原酶(GR)等主要抗氧化酶的活性顯著上升;作為主要滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)的游離氨基酸、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量顯著增加。中度水分虧缺處理同樣顯著降低玉米株高、葉面積和地上部分生物量,但對根系生物量無影響,因而根冠比增大,對光合參數(shù)的負向效應也不具有顯著性;中度水分虧缺處理對玉米葉片膜系統(tǒng)的損傷較小,只引起了葉片中MDHAR活性的顯著升高。(3)干旱后復水處理,可使前期經(jīng)受中度和重度干旱處理玉米的光合能力、除較高的APX活性外上述生理生化指標和生長速率恢復到正常水分條件下生長的植株的水平,但株高和葉面積沒有恢復到對照水平。(4)當玉米再次經(jīng)受水分虧缺處理時,與只遭受第二次中度或重度干旱處理的植株相比,經(jīng)歷過前期中度干旱處理植株的株高、生物量和光合參數(shù)沒有顯著變化,但葉面積有顯著下降;經(jīng)歷過前期重度干旱處理植株的T_r、G_s、C_i、P_n、A_(max)、表觀量子效率、光合色素含量、PEPCase活性和GO活性有顯著升高,而株高、葉面積和生物量則顯著降低,植株葉片細胞膜透性顯著降低、而游離氨基酸的含量顯著升高,清除活性氧的關(guān)鍵酶SOD、CAT、APX、MDHAR和GR的活性有所增強。綜上所述,(1)干旱脅迫引起玉米葉片的氣孔密度增加和氣孔變小,這種適應性變化與玉米葉片的光合作用和蒸騰作用顯著負相關(guān),而與WUEi呈顯著正相關(guān)關(guān)系。(2)第一次重度水分虧缺處理顯著降低玉米葉片的光合能力和生長,復水可使光合能力和生長速率恢復到正常水分條件下生長植株的水平,但不能消除前期干旱對生長產(chǎn)生的不利影響;前期中度干旱可以刺激玉米根系的生長和顯著提高根冠比,有利于對二次干旱的抵抗能力,并使總的生物量保持在對照水平,而前期重度干旱處理雖然能夠通過快速啟動抗氧化防御體系和增強滲透調(diào)節(jié)能力提高植株對二次干旱的抵御能力,卻不能彌補前期干旱處理對生長的不利影響。因此,在生產(chǎn)實踐中,如果進行抗旱鍛煉,應限制在中度干旱水平,避免重度干旱。
[Abstract]:Plants growing in arid or semi-arid areas may suffer from more than one drought stress during their life cycle. In order to study the effects of drought stress on stomatal development and gas exchange capacity and the physiological and biochemical responses of crops to multiple droughts, maize was used as material to determine and analyze (1) maize under different water treatments. The stomatal density, the size and opening of the stomata and the change of the gas exchange parameters, (2) the plant growth, photosynthetic characteristics, the changes of the photosynthetic characteristics, the antioxidant system and the osmotic regulator content of the maize seedlings in the moderate and severe soil drought treatment for three weeks, and the subsequent drought treatment for three weeks, and the changes in the content of the osmotic substances and the changes in the content of osmotic substances. The results are as follows: (1) under the same water treatment, the stomatal density and the stomatal length of the leaves in the maize and filling stages are higher than the jointing stage, but the width of the stomata varies little at all times. Under drought stress, the stomatal density of the maize leaves in these three periods increases, but the volume becomes smaller, and at the same time, under the severe water deficit treatment, The net photosynthetic rate (P_n), transpiration rate (T_r) and stomatal conductance (G_s) were significantly reduced. The regression analysis showed that the stomatal density was significantly negatively correlated with P_n and T_r, but had a significant positive correlation with the instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi). (2) when the maize seedlings were subjected to the first water treatment, the maize plant was high under the severe water deficit. Total leaf area, aboveground and root biomass, T_r, G_s, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration (C_i), P_n, maximum net photosynthetic rate (A_ (max)), photosynthetic pigment content and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) activity were significantly reduced, but light compensation point, dark respiration rate and glycolate oxidase (GO) activity increased significantly. The content and relative conductivity of O2, H2O2 and malondialdehyde in leaves increased significantly, while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), mono dehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and glutathione reductase (GR) increased significantly, as the main osmotic regulator. Free amino acids, proline and soluble sugar content increased significantly. Moderate water deficit treatment also significantly reduced maize plant height, leaf area and aboveground biomass, but had no effect on root biomass, so the root and crown ratio increased, and the negative effect on photosynthetic parameters was not significant; moderate water deficit treatment on maize leaf membrane. The damage of the system was small and only caused a significant increase in the activity of MDHAR in the leaves. (3) after the drought treatment, the photosynthetic capacity of the maize could be treated with moderate and severe drought, and the above physiological and biochemical indexes and growth rates were restored to the normal water level, but the plant height and leaf surface were higher than the higher APX activity. The product did not recover to the control level. (4) when the maize was again subjected to water deficit treatment, the plant height, biomass and photosynthetic parameters were not significantly changed, but the leaf surface accumulation was significantly lower than that of the plants treated with only second moderate or severe drought treatments. T_r, G_s, C_i, P_n, A_ (max), apparent quantum efficiency, photosynthetic pigments content, PEPCase activity and GO activity significantly increased, but plant height, leaf area and biomass decreased significantly, leaf cell membrane permeability was significantly reduced, and the content of free amino acids increased significantly. The activity of key enzymes in reactive oxygen species, SOD, CAT, APX, MDHAR, and the activity were found. In summary, (1) drought stress caused the increase of stomatal density and small stomata in maize leaves, which was significantly negatively correlated with photosynthesis and transpiration of maize leaves, and had a significant positive correlation with WUEi. (2) the first severe water deficiency could significantly reduce photosynthetic capacity and growth of maize leaves and rehydration. The photosynthetic capacity and growth rate can be restored to the level of plant growth under normal water conditions, but the adverse effects of early drought on growth can not be eliminated. Moderate drought in the early stage can stimulate the growth of maize roots and significantly increase the root and crown ratio, which is beneficial to the ability to resist the two drought and keep the total biomass in the control water. Although the early severe drought treatment can improve the resistance of plants to two droughts by rapidly starting the antioxidant defense system and enhancing osmotic regulation, it can not compensate for the adverse effects of early drought treatment on growth. Therefore, in the production practice, if the drought resistance exercise is taken, it should be restricted to moderate drought level and avoid it. Severe drought.
【學位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S513

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