本文選題：櫟黃枯葉蛾 + 幼蟲�。� 參考：《北京林業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：陜西吳起縣是我國沙棘(Hippophae rhamnoides)的主要種植區(qū)域,櫟黃枯葉蛾(Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang)是沙棘的重要食葉害蟲之一。本研究以櫟黃枯葉蛾對該地區(qū)沙棘林中6種主要樹種的取食選擇性為切入點,利用光譜學(xué)技術(shù),探討了幼蟲對寄主植物的選擇偏好性的理化因素；同時,采用室內(nèi)單頭飼養(yǎng)方法,研究了不同樹種對櫟黃枯葉蛾生長發(fā)育及繁殖的影響；測定不同寄主葉片中的內(nèi)含物,分析了葉片營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)、次生物質(zhì)與櫟黃枯葉蛾生長發(fā)育和繁殖的關(guān)系；結(jié)合櫟黃枯葉蛾取食不同寄主后的生物學(xué)指標,綜合評價櫟黃枯葉蛾對不同樹種的適應(yīng)性；對櫟黃枯葉蛾幼蟲轉(zhuǎn)主危害后的營養(yǎng)效應(yīng)及其體內(nèi)8種酶活性的變化規(guī)律進行了系統(tǒng)研究,明確了櫟黃枯葉對不同寄主植物產(chǎn)生適應(yīng)性的內(nèi)在因素,肯定了幼蟲轉(zhuǎn)移寄主危害后其體內(nèi)酶系的變化是幼蟲取食范圍擴大的原因之一。主要結(jié)論如下：1、明確了櫟黃枯葉蛾幼蟲具有主動取食選擇寄主樹種的能力。測定了櫟黃枯葉蛾幼蟲對不同樹種的取食選擇偏好性,由強到弱的順序是：沙棘山杏山楊、旱柳檸條、刺槐。進一步測定了具有不同取食經(jīng)歷和不同饑餓程度的幼蟲對沙棘、山杏、山楊、旱柳、檸條和刺槐的取食選擇偏好性,闡明了幼蟲的取食經(jīng)歷及饑餓程度與櫟黃枯葉蛾的取食選擇偏好性無關(guān)。在此基礎(chǔ)上,研究了櫟黃枯葉蛾成蟲產(chǎn)卵選擇與幼蟲取食選擇偏好之間的關(guān)系,成蟲在沙棘、山杏、山楊和旱柳上的產(chǎn)卵喜好差異不顯著,說明幼蟲的取食選擇與成蟲的產(chǎn)卵選擇關(guān)聯(lián)不大。2、闡明了6種樹種葉片理化特性對櫟黃枯葉蛾幼蟲取食偏好性的影響。分析了6種樹種葉片傅立葉變換紅外光譜譜圖的差異,6種樹種間特征吸收峰的位置、數(shù)目及形狀上基本相似；進一步對傅立葉變換紅外光譜譜圖吸光度比率進行對比后,明確了植物葉片中脂類和多糖的含量是影響幼蟲取食偏好的關(guān)鍵因素；通過X射線衍射檢測,證實了6種樹種葉片結(jié)晶度存在差異,且幼蟲偏好取食結(jié)晶度低的樹種。3、明確了櫟黃枯葉蛾具有較強的適應(yīng)性,除沙棘外,山杏、山楊和旱柳也是櫟黃枯葉蛾的寄主,而檸條和刺槐不是寄主。取食4種寄主后對櫟黃枯葉蛾的生長發(fā)育和繁殖具有顯著的影響：首先,整個幼蟲期,取食沙棘和山杏的幼蟲體重隨取食時間的延長,顯著高于取山楊和旱柳的幼蟲體重,且取食沙棘的幼蟲死亡率最低；其次,取食沙棘的幼蟲與取食山楊、旱柳的幼蟲相比,以較短的發(fā)育歷期獲得較重的雌、雄蛹重；第三,取食沙棘的成蟲產(chǎn)卵量顯著高于取食其它3種寄主,而取食山杏的產(chǎn)卵量顯著高于取食山楊和旱柳的。綜合幼蟲生長發(fā)育及繁殖的各項指標,明確了沙棘是櫟黃枯葉蛾最適宜的寄主,其次是山杏,山楊和旱柳是最不適宜的寄主。4、揭示了4種寄主葉片營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和次生物質(zhì)與櫟黃枯葉蛾生長發(fā)育的關(guān)系。較低的可溶性糖、單寧和較高的含水量、可溶性蛋白質(zhì),有利于櫟黃枯葉蛾生長發(fā)育。其中,可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量是影響幼蟲發(fā)育歷期的主要因素；而單寧含量是影響蛹歷期的主要因素,且單寧含量越高,蛹歷期越長；寄主植物葉片水分含量是影響蛹重及成蟲重的主要因素,且隨含水量的增加,雌、雄蛹及成蟲越重。5、明確了取食沙棘的幼蟲營養(yǎng)效應(yīng)最佳,表現(xiàn)在食物轉(zhuǎn)化率、食物利用率及近似消化率均較高；取食山杏的幼蟲,食物轉(zhuǎn)化率和食物利用率較高,近似消化率最低,但其相對取食量最高而彌補了其近似消化率低的不足；而取食山楊和旱柳的幼蟲,因其對寄主的相對取食量均較低,而無法用最高的近似消化率或最高的食物轉(zhuǎn)化率予以補償,最終導(dǎo)致取食山楊和旱柳的幼蟲相對生長速率最低而成為櫟黃枯葉蛾適應(yīng)性最差的寄主植物。6、解毒酶和消化酶活性的變化揭示了櫟黃枯葉蛾轉(zhuǎn)移寄主后的生理適應(yīng)性。寄主由沙棘轉(zhuǎn)移至山杏、山楊和旱柳后,幼蟲體內(nèi)谷光苷肽轉(zhuǎn)移酶活力的變化呈先增加再降低的趨勢,取食山杏12h后酶活力達最大值,取食山楊和旱柳36h后酶活力達最大值；取食沙棘的幼蟲乙酰膽堿酯酶活力呈緩慢下降的趨勢,但寄主轉(zhuǎn)移至山杏12h酶活力增加至最大值,轉(zhuǎn)移至山楊和旱柳24h時酶活力達最大值,48h后乙酰膽堿酯酶活力已不具有顯著差異,說明幼蟲需經(jīng)過一定時間后才能適應(yīng)新寄主。從幼蟲消化酶活性變化分析,與沙棘相比,寄主轉(zhuǎn)移至山杏、山楊和旱柳初期胃蛋白酶活力受到抑制,再逐漸增加其胃蛋白酶活性,最后在取食48h后胃蛋白酶活性相對穩(wěn)定,但仍高于取食沙棘的酶活；寄主轉(zhuǎn)移至山杏和山楊后幼蟲淀粉酶活性隨時間變化不顯著,取食旱柳初期淀粉酶活性迅速增加,之后隨取食時間的延長逐漸降低；與取食沙棘的相比,寄主轉(zhuǎn)移至山杏、山楊和旱柳后幼蟲體內(nèi)脂肪酶活性變化不顯著,說明轉(zhuǎn)移寄主后幼蟲體內(nèi)蛋白酶及淀粉酶活性的變化,與相應(yīng)寄主葉片中蛋白質(zhì)和糖含量的變化有關(guān),從而對不同樹種產(chǎn)生不同適應(yīng)性。7、觀察了櫟黃枯葉蛾幼蟲觸角、下顎須及下唇須上感受器的類型及超微結(jié)構(gòu),并與其它鱗翅目幼蟲感受器進行比較,結(jié)果表明,與櫟黃枯葉蛾幼蟲取食相關(guān)的化學(xué)感受器在分布、數(shù)量和形態(tài)上類似。櫟黃枯葉蛾幼蟲觸角上有2個毛狀感受器、1個栓狀感受器和5個錐狀感受器；口器跗肢下顎須上有8個錐形感受器,外顎葉上有2個栓錐形感受器,4個毛形感受器；下唇須上刺形感受器和栓錐形感受器各1個
[Abstract]:Shaanxi Wuqi county is the main planting area of Hippophae rhamnoides in China, and the Trabala vishnou gigantina Yang is one of the important leaf pests of Hippophae rhamnoides. In this study, the selection of the 6 main tree species in the seabuckthorn forest in this area was selected as the breakthrough point. At the same time, the effects of different tree species on the growth and reproduction of leaf moth of oak leaf moth were studied by single head feeding, and the contents in the leaves of different host plants were measured. The relationship between leaf nutrition, secondary biomass and the growth and reproduction of leaf moth of oak leaf moth was analyzed. The biological indexes of the leaf moth after feeding different hosts, and comprehensive evaluation of the adaptability of the leaf moth of the leaf moth, the nutrition effect and the changes of the 8 enzyme activities in the body of the larvae of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth were systematically studied, and the intrinsic factors for the adaptability of the leaf of the oak yellow leaf to the host plant were clarified. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, the main conclusions are as follows: 1, it is clear that the larva of the leaf moth of the leaf moth of oak yellow leaf moth has the ability to choose the host species actively. The selection preference of the larva of the leaf moth of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth is determined from strong to weak. The selection preference of larva with different feeding experiences and different starvation levels on Seabuckthorn, apricot, poplar, Salix, Caragana and Robinia pseudoacacia was further measured, and the feeding experience of larva and the degree of starvation were not related to the preference preference of the selection of eating moth. The relationship between the selection of oviposition selection and the selection preference of the larvae of the adult leaf moth of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth, the difference in the egg laying preference of adult in seabuckthorn, apricot, poplar and dry willow was not significant, indicating that the selection of feeding selection of the larvae was not.2, and the effect of the physical and chemical characteristics of the leaves of the 6 species on the eating deviation of the larvae of the leaf moth of the leaf moth of oak was clarified. The difference between the Fu Liye transform infrared spectra of 6 species of tree species was analyzed. The position, number and shape of the characteristic absorption peaks of the 6 species were basically similar. After comparing the absorbance ratio of the Fu Liye transform infrared spectrum, the contents of lipids and polysaccharides in the leaves of the plants were the key factors affecting the feeding preference of the larvae. Key factors; through X ray diffraction test, it was confirmed that the leaf crystallinity of the 6 species was different, and the larvae preferred to eat the tree species.3 with low crystallinity. It was clear that the oak leaf moth had strong adaptability. In addition to seabuckthorn, apricot, poplar and dry willow were also the master of oak yellow leaf moth, while Caragana and Robinia were not host. After feeding 4 hosts, In the whole larval period, the body weight of the larvae of seabuckthorn and apricot was significantly higher than that of the larvae of poplar and willow, and the larval mortality of seabuckthorn was the lowest. Second, the larvae of seabuckthorn and the larvae of poplar and willow. In a shorter developmental period, the heavier female and male pupae were gained, and third, the amount of spawning of adults feeding on Seabuckthorn was significantly higher than that of the other 3 hosts, while the amount of spawning of apricot was significantly higher than that of poplar and willow. Apricot, poplar and dry willow were the most unsuitable host.4, which revealed the relationship between the nutrients and secondary biomass of 4 host leaves and the growth and development of leaf moth. Lower soluble sugar, tannin, high water content and soluble protein, which were beneficial to the growth of leaf moth of the leaf moth. The content of tannin is the main factor affecting the period of the pupae, and the higher the tannin content, the longer the chrysalis period, the water content in the leaves of the host plant is the main factor affecting the pupae weight and the adult weight. With the increase of water content, the female, male pupae and adult heavier.5, clearly the best nutrition effect of the larvae feeding on the Seabuckthorn. The food conversion rate, the food utilization rate and the approximate digestibility are higher now. The larvae of apricot are high in food conversion rate and food utilization rate, and the approximate digestibility is the lowest, but the relative intake amount is the highest and it makes up for the low approximate digestibility, while the larvae feeding on Poplar and dry willow are relatively low on the relative intake of the host. It is impossible to compensate for the highest rate of approximate digestibility or the highest conversion rate of food, which eventually leads to the lowest relative growth rate of the larvae of poplar and willow, and is the worst host plant.6. The changes in detoxification enzyme and digestive enzyme activity reveal the physiological adaptability of the transfer host of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth. After the transfer of seabuckthorn to apricot, poplar and dry willow, the activity of the cereal peptide transferase in the larvae increased first and then decreased. After eating apricot 12h, the enzyme activity reached the maximum value, and the activity of the enzyme was maximum after feeding on poplar and 36h, and the acetylcholine esterase activity of the larvae feeding on Hippophae rhamnoides showed a slow decline, but the host was transferred. The activity of 12h enzyme in apricot was increased to maximum value, and the enzyme activity was maximum when transferred to poplar and dry willow 24h. The activity of acetylcholinesterase after 48h had no significant difference, indicating that the larvae needed to adapt to the new host after a certain time. The activity of pepsin was inhibited and the activity of pepsin increased gradually. At last, the activity of pepsin was relatively stable after feeding 48h, but it was still higher than the enzyme activity of eating Seabuckthorn. The amylase activity of the larvae was not significantly changed after the host was transferred to apricot and poplar, and the amylase activity in the early stage of dryland willow increased rapidly, followed by the increase of amylase activity. The change of the lipase activity in the larvae of apricot, poplar and willow was not significant, which showed that the changes in the activity of protease and amylase in the larvae of the host were related to the changes in the content of protein and sugar in the leaves of the host. Different adaptable.7, the type and ultrastructure of the larval antennae, the lower jaw and the lower lip of the leaf moth were observed and compared with the other Lepidoptera larval receptors. The results showed that the number and morphology of the chemoreceptor related to the feeding of the larvae of the leaf moth of the oak leaf moth were similar. The larvae of the leaf moth of the leaf moth were 2 on the antennae. A hair shaped receptor, 1 suppository receptors and 5 cone receptors; the jaws of the mouthpiece have 8 conical receptors on the jaws, 2 cone-shaped receptors on the outer jaw, 4 hair receptors, 1 of the upper lip and taper receptors on the lower lip.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S763

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