本文選題：人工降雨 + 水文功能　； 參考：《北京林業(yè)大學》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：森林覆蓋對降水輸入和輸出以及坡面土壤侵蝕有重要影響,但前人研究多集中于計算或預測截留量、徑流量和侵蝕量等,對上述過程缺少準確細致地刻劃,特別是對降雨過程中的幼林垂直結構與其水文和防蝕功能之間的動態(tài)響應關系,及相關模型構建模擬等缺少研究。為揭示上述問題,本文選取北京山區(qū)的典型樹種(4—5年生側柏、油松、元寶楓和栓皮櫟)為研究對象,在五種人工模擬降雨雨強下(5.7—150mmh-,從單株和坡面徑流小區(qū)(面積4.5×2.0m2和4.5×1.0m2)兩個尺度開展了樹冠截留、枯落物截留,以及二者的復合截留研究,同時分析了樹冠和枯落物覆蓋下坡面徑流、截留、入滲及土壤侵蝕過程,結果表明：(1)樹冠截留和枯落物截留均是動態(tài)過程,包括快速濕潤、穩(wěn)定飽和、以及滯后滴雨三階段。樹冠截留的平均最大截留量Cmax和最小截留量Cmin分別為0.66和0.40 mm,而枯落物的平均Cmax和Cmin分別為2.25和1.45 mm,這意味著降雨結束后分別有近40%和35%的截留降水從樹冠和枯落物層滴落至地表。降雨強度對樹冠Cmax和Cmm影響不甚明顯,但顯著影響枯落物Gmax(p0.05)。而樹冠結構包括葉片特征(葉面積、葉面積指數LAI、葉片數、葉片生物量、最小葉片密度、相鄰葉片距離等)及枝干特征(枝干面積、枝干生物量、枝干數、最小枝干密度、枝干長)均對截留過程及Cmax和Cmin有顯著影響(p0.05)。針葉樹冠Gmax是闊葉的1.9倍,而闊葉枯落物cmax和Cmin則高于針葉,前者分別是后者的1.5和1.6倍。單獨的截留研究表明枯落物Cmax和Cmin分別是幼樹樹冠的3.4和3.6倍,而復合結構截留試驗下枯落物截留能力更強,其Cmax和Gmin分別是樹冠的6.4和5.8倍。而樹冠和枯落物聯合Cmax和Gmin占降雨量的百分比則分別為18.6%和9.5%。(2)研究分別構建了樹冠和枯落物截留過程模型,即基于LAI和累計降水量Pc的雨中樹冠動態(tài)截留模型和雨后滴雨模型PRDGl=1/kIn(D1+I)+cLAId,以及基于枯落物單位面積質量M和累計降水量Pc的雨中枯落物動態(tài)截留模型和雨后滴雨模型PRD：Cl=1/kIn(D1+I)+aMb,模型模擬截留效果良好,MRE介于10.7%—23.3%之間。(3)研究發(fā)現樹冠和枯落物覆蓋下可以有效削減地表徑流,促進徑流入滲。與裸地小區(qū)相比,有林小區(qū)和枯落物覆蓋小區(qū)均可以推遲坡面出現積水時間和產流時間5—10分鐘,產流速率分別是裸地的73%和85%,入滲速率分別是裸地的1.5和2.3倍,總產流量分別是裸地的82%和63%,總入滲量分別是裸地的1.5和1.6倍。降雨強度顯著影響裸地小區(qū)、以及有林和枯落物覆蓋小區(qū)徑流過程,當雨強從5.7增至75.6mmh-1時,各小區(qū)總徑流量增加33—83倍。對有林小區(qū),油松1.0m×1.0m小區(qū)因有最大的葉面積指數LAI和覆蓋度而總產流量最少。對枯落物覆蓋小區(qū),其總產流量Qg可能受控于質量M和雨強RI,三者之間存在關系Qg=-7.24M+0.77RI(R=0.97)。(4)將CIDR模型基于結構參數從單株推廣至坡面尺度后,發(fā)現樹冠和枯落物覆蓋下坡面小區(qū)內發(fā)生的截留、徑流、入滲均是動態(tài)過程,動態(tài)水量平衡的演化規(guī)律可歸納為在5.7和11.7 mm降雨下,入滲過程是各小區(qū)內的主導過程；而在49.8和75.6mm降雨下,各小區(qū)內的水文過程則是由徑流主導；25.2mm降水下則是由前30—45分鐘的入滲主導過渡至后15—30分鐘的入滲主導。就總水量平衡而言,有林小區(qū)總入滲量占降水量的47.0%,而總徑流量占比為49.6%,總截留量僅為3.4%；而在枯落物覆蓋小區(qū)中總徑流量則為45.3%,總入滲量44.1%,總截留量為10.6%。(5)研究構建并驗證了徑流和入滲過程模型。在有林小區(qū),提出了基于LAI和累計降水量Pc的徑流過程模型RDP:Qt=(-0.09 LAI+0.55)Pc(0.04LAI+1.13),以小雨入滲過程模型LIP:It=(-0.11LAI+1.04)Pc(0.11LAI+0.74和大雨入滲過程模型HIP：It=(0.44LAI+1.25)PcLRI(0.17LAI-0.02)。類似地,在枯落物小區(qū)基于枯落物類型及其質量M,以及累計降水量Pc,構建并驗證了徑流過程模型：Qt=(-0.39M+0.61)Pc(0.15M+1.08)(栓皮櫟),Qt=(-0.43 M+0.64)Pc(0.17M+1.05(油松),以及入滲過程模型IDP:It=(1.44 M2-1.60 M+1.08)PcM(-1.05M+1.34)+0.40(栓皮櫟),It=(-0.96 M2+1.94M)pcM(-2.37M+2.72)(油松),模型可較為精確地模擬徑流和入滲過程,MRE介于13—27%之間。(6)樹冠和枯落物覆蓋下的坡面侵蝕產沙過程主要包括產沙速率和含沙量等的快速增加階段和之后的穩(wěn)定波動階段,有林和枯落物小區(qū)可以有效控制土壤侵蝕,其產沙速率分別為裸地的63.3%和16.4%,總產沙量分別為裸地的58.8%和16.8%。降雨強度顯著影響產沙過程,當雨強從5.7增至75.6 mm h-1時,總產沙量增加近30—77倍,而樹冠覆蓋度C同樣對產沙有一定影響,產沙率SLR與之存在如下關系：SLR=e-0.02C,而總產沙量S則可能受控于覆蓋度C和降雨強度RI:S=-0.15 C+0.31 RI.類似地,枯落物質量M增加可減少總產沙量約80%,其與雨強對總產沙量的聯合影響可概括為：S=-0.46 M+0.02尺,。綜合看來,油松1.0 m×1.0 m有林小區(qū)和栓皮櫟枯落物覆蓋小區(qū)防蝕功能最為顯著。另外,分別建立并驗證了侵蝕過程模型,模型可較為精確地模擬產沙過程,有林地覆蓋坡面St=(0.04LAI2-0.21 LAI+0.60)QrLAI016LA1+081),枯落物覆蓋坡面：栓皮櫟和裸地：St=(-0.18 M+0.18)Qt(-0.34M+0.90),油松：St=(-0.02M+0.05)Qt(b=-0.70M+1.32),模型整體模擬效果較好,MRE介于28%-35%之間。WEPP模型(坡面版)可以較好地模擬坡面徑流產沙過程,在模擬徑流過程(累計徑流量)的基礎上,模型對總徑流量的預測效果(CE0.85)要好于侵蝕產沙量(CE0.50)。上述結論量化歸納了樹冠和枯落物結構對其水文和防蝕功能的動態(tài)影響過程,通過含有結構參數的動態(tài)過程模型可初步實現對上述功能的定向調控,也可為防護林營造過程中的樹種選擇、空間配置以及結構優(yōu)化等提供一定的理論和數據支持。
[Abstract]:Forest cover has an important impact on the input and output of precipitation and soil erosion on the slope. However, the previous studies mainly focus on the calculation or prediction of interception, runoff and erosion, and the lack of accurate and meticulous characterization of the process, especially the dynamic response relationship between the vertical structure of the young forest and its hydrological and corrosion protection functions during the rainfall process. In order to reveal the above problems, the typical tree species (4 to 5 year old Platycladus orientalis, Pinus tabulaeformis, Acer truncatum and Quercus variabilis) in Beijing mountain area were selected as the research objects. Under five artificial simulated rainfall intensity (5.7 - 150mmh-), two scales were carried out from single plant and slope runoff plot (area 4.5 * 2.0m2 and 4.5 x 1.0m2). The canopy interception, the litter interception and the compound interception of the two were studied. At the same time, the runoff, interception, infiltration and soil erosion of the canopy and litter cover were analyzed. The results showed that (1) the canopy interception and the litter interception were all dynamic processes, including fast wetting, stable saturation, and lagging drop rain three stages. Tree crown interception The average maximum interception Cmax and the minimum interception Cmin were 0.66 and 0.40 mm respectively, while the average Cmax and Cmin of the litter were 2.25 and 1.45 mm respectively, which meant that nearly 40% and 35% of the precipitation dropped from the canopy and the litter layer to the surface respectively after the end of the rainfall. The rainfall intensity had no significant influence on the crown Cmax and Cmm, but the effect of rainfall was significant. The canopy structure including leaf area, leaf area index (leaf area index LAI, leaf number, leaf biomass, minimum leaf density, adjacent leaf distance, etc.) and branch dry characteristics (branches area, branch dry biomass, branch dry density, minimum branch dry density, stem length) have significant influence on interception and Cmax and Cmin (P0.05). The crown of Gmax. The Gmax is 1.9 times that of broad-leaved, while the broadleaf litter Cmax and Cmin are higher than that of the needles, and the former is 1.5 and 1.6 times the latter respectively. The single interception study shows that the litter Cmax and Cmin are 3.4 and 3.6 times the crown of the young tree respectively, and the litter interception ability is stronger under the compound structure interception test, and the Cmax and Gmin are 6.4 and 5.8 times the tree crown respectively. The percentage of Cmax and Gmin in the combination of crown and litter is 18.6% and 9.5%. (2) respectively. The model of canopy and litter interception is constructed respectively, that is, the canopy dynamic interception model based on LAI and cumulative precipitation Pc and PRDGl=1/kIn (D1+I) +cLAId after rain rain model, as well as the mass M and fatigue based on the unit area of the litter. The dynamic interception model of rain in the rain Pc and PRD:Cl=1/kIn (D1+I) +aMb after rain drop model, the model simulated interception effect is good, MRE is between 10.7% and 23.3%. (3) the study found that canopy and litter cover can effectively reduce surface runoff and promote runoff infiltration. Compared with the bare land area, there are forest plots and litter coverage. The cover plot can postpone the water accumulation time and the flow time of 5 to 10 minutes, and the rate of runoff is 73% and 85% in bare land, respectively, the infiltration rate is 1.5 and 2.3 times of the bare land respectively, the total yield is 82% and 63% of the bare land respectively, the total infiltration is 1.5 and 1.6 times of the bare land, respectively. The rainfall intensity has a significant influence on the bare land area and the Lin Heku The total runoff is 33 to 83 times when the rainfall intensity increases from 5.7 to 75.6mmh-1, and the total runoff is 33 to 83 times more than that of the residential district. For the forest area, the total yield of the pine 1.0m x 1.0m plot is least because of the maximum leaf area index LAI and coverage. For the litter area, the total runoff yield Qg may be controlled by the mass M and the rain strong RI. In relation Qg=-7.24M+0.77RI (R=0.97). (4) after extending the CIDR model to the slope scale based on the structural parameters, it was found that the canopy and litter covered the slope in the subplot. The runoff and infiltration were all dynamic processes. The evolution law of the dynamic water balance could be attributed to the rainfall of 5.7 and 11.7 mm, and the infiltration process was within the various communities. Under the rainfall of 49.8 and 75.6mm, the hydrological process in each area is dominated by runoff, while the 25.2mm precipitation is dominated by the first 30 to 45 minute infiltration leading to the following 15 to 30 minutes. In terms of total water balance, the total infiltration of the forest area accounts for 47% of the precipitation, and the total runoff ratio is 49.6%. The amount of retention was only 3.4%, while the total runoff in the litter covered area was 45.3%, the total infiltration was 44.1%, the total interception was 10.6%. (5). The runoff and infiltration process model was constructed and verified. In the forest area, the runoff process model RDP:Qt= (-0.09 LAI+0.55) Pc (0.04LAI+1.13) based on the accumulated precipitation Pc was proposed, and the rainfall infiltration was carried out. The process model LIP:It= (-0.11LAI+1.04) Pc (0.11LAI+0.74 and heavy rain infiltration process model HIP:It= (0.44LAI+1.25) PcLRI (0.17LAI-0.02). Similarly, the litter area based on the litter type and its mass M, and the cumulative precipitation Pc, constructed and verified the runoff process model: Qt= (-0.39M+0.61). 0.64) Pc (0.17M+1.05) (You Song), and the infiltration process model IDP:It= (1.44 M2-1.60 M+1.08) PcM (-1.05M+1.34) +0.40 (Quercus variabilis) and It= (-0.96 M2+1.94M) pcM (You Song), the model can accurately simulate runoff and infiltration process, which is between 13 and 27%. (6) the main package of slope erosion and sediment yield under the cover of tree crown and litter. In the rapid increase stage of sediment yield and sediment concentration, the soil erosion can be effectively controlled by the forest and the litter area, and the rate of sediment yield is 63.3% and 16.4% in bare land, respectively, the total sediment yield is 58.8% in bare land and the 16.8%. rainfall intensity is significantly affected by the precipitation process, when the rain intensity increases from 5.7 to 75.6 mm H-1 The total sediment yield increased by nearly 30 to 77 times, and the canopy coverage C also had a certain effect on the sediment yield. The sediment yield SLR was related to it as follows: SLR=e-0.02C, while the total sediment yield S may be controlled by the coverage C and the rainfall intensity RI:S=-0.15 C+0.31 RI., and the increase of the litter mass M can reduce the total sediment yield by about 80%. The combined effect of sand quantity can be summarized as follows: S=-0.46 M+0.02 ruler. In comprehensive view, the 1 m x 1 m of Pinus tabulaeformis has the most significant anti-corrosion function in the forest area and the cork oak litter area. Furthermore, the erosion process model is established and verified, and the model can be more accurate to simulate the sand production process and the St= (0.04LAI2-0.21 LAI+0.60) Qr of the woodland covered slope (0.04LAI2-0.21 LAI+0.60) Qr. LAI016LA1+081), litter covered slope: Quercus variabilis and bare land: St= (-0.18 M+0.18) Qt (-0.34M+0.90), Pinus tabulaeformis: St= (-0.02M+0.05) Qt (b=-0.70M+1.32), the model overall simulation effect is better, MRE between 28%-35% between the model (slope plate) can better simulate the process of slope runoff and sediment, in the simulated runoff process (cumulative runoff). On the basis of the model, the prediction effect of the total runoff (CE0.85) is better than that of the erosion sediment yield (CE0.50). The conclusion is that the dynamic process of the canopy and litter structure on its hydrological and corrosion protection functions is quantified, and the directional control of the above functions can be realized by the dynamic process model containing the structural parameters, and it can also be a protective forest camp. Tree species selection, spatial allocation and structural optimization in the process of construction will provide some theoretical and data support.
【學位授予單位】：北京林業(yè)大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S715
，

本文編號：2026126