本文選題：大草蛉 + 豌豆修尾蚜��； 參考：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：大草蛉Chrysopa pallens(Rambur),屬于脈翅目草蛉科草蛉屬,其成蟲和幼蟲能夠捕食多種農(nóng)林害蟲和害螨,是自然界中優(yōu)勢天敵種類,具有十分重要的生物防治價值。大草蛉為多化性昆蟲,自然界以預(yù)蛹兼性滯育越冬,溫度在滯育的調(diào)控過程與生長發(fā)育過程中起著重要的作用。1.為明確大草蛉以豌豆修尾蚜Megoura japonica Matsumura為獵物時的發(fā)育、存活、繁殖和捕食能力,本文利用年齡-齡期兩性生命表方法,研究了大草蛉的生命表及其捕食率。在25°C,光周期15L:9D條件下,大草蛉雌成蟲的繁殖力為683.66粒/個體,種群的內(nèi)稟增長率、周限增長率、凈增殖率和平均世代周期分別為0.1247 d-1、1.133 d-1、333.64粒/個體和46.52 d;大草蛉幼蟲、雌成蟲和雄成蟲的平均捕食率分別為145.25頭/個體、1 192.47頭/個體和669.08頭/個體。若考慮存活率,個體的凈捕食率為1 026.97頭/個體;從獵物種群到捕食者后代的轉(zhuǎn)化率為3.08;種群的穩(wěn)定捕食率和周限捕食率分別為5.49頭/個體和6.22頭/個體。結(jié)果表明,以豌豆修尾蚜為獵物,大草蛉表現(xiàn)出較好的個體發(fā)育、種群增長和捕食特性,豌豆修尾蚜可作為大草蛉人工繁殖選擇的獵物之一。2.室內(nèi)觀測了不同溫度(22°C、25°C及不同低溫)和光周期(15L:9D及9L:15D)條件下大草蛉預(yù)蛹的滯育解除以及滯育解除后的蛹期、蛹存活率、成蟲鮮重、成蟲壽命、產(chǎn)卵前期和單雌產(chǎn)卵量等生物學(xué)特性,發(fā)現(xiàn)在光周期15L:9D和9L:15D下,25°C下大草蛉預(yù)蛹期(分別為50.09 d和49.47 d)顯著短于22°C(分別為80.80 d和82.20 d)的。5°C低溫處理極顯著延長了大草蛉預(yù)蛹期(P㩳0.01),且縮小了預(yù)蛹期的個體差異。結(jié)繭1 d的大草蛉滯育預(yù)蛹經(jīng)-1°C~-10°C低溫處理2 h或4 h后,預(yù)蛹期有不同程度的縮短,且絕大多數(shù)處理有顯著性差異,進(jìn)一步探索預(yù)蛹對低溫的敏感期,發(fā)現(xiàn)結(jié)繭1 d,5 d和10 d的大草蛉滯育預(yù)蛹經(jīng)-5°C/4h低溫處理后的預(yù)蛹期顯著縮短,而結(jié)繭20 d,30 d,40 d和50 d的大草蛉預(yù)蛹與對照組沒有顯著性差異。22°C下,與非滯育預(yù)蛹相比,滯育后預(yù)蛹的存活率顯著降低,蛹期和產(chǎn)卵前期顯著延長,雌成蟲壽命顯著縮短,成蟲鮮重和單雌產(chǎn)卵量顯著下降。22°C,光周期15L:9D下大草蛉的滯育持續(xù)時間為50 d~170d,且能影響滯育后發(fā)育:隨著滯育持續(xù)時間的延長,蛹期逐漸延長,雌、雄成蟲的鮮重逐漸降低,雄成蟲壽命呈先延長后縮短的趨勢,蛹存活率、雌成蟲壽命、產(chǎn)卵前期和單雌產(chǎn)卵量沒有顯著性差異。結(jié)果說明:試驗條件下,兩種光周期對大草蛉滯育解除、滯育后發(fā)育和繁殖沒有明顯的影響,而溫度是調(diào)節(jié)大草蛉滯育發(fā)育和繁殖的重要因子。較高溫度能促進(jìn)滯育的解除,5°C長時低溫處理能夠同步種群的滯育發(fā)育,-1°C~-10°C低溫處理2 h或4 h能促進(jìn)大草蛉滯育解除,且敏感期為結(jié)繭1 d~10 d。大草蛉的滯育存在生殖代價,滯育持續(xù)時間影響滯育解除后的部分生物學(xué)特性。3.在室內(nèi)恒溫(22°C)和模擬的平均溫度相同的2種波動溫度條件(22±3°C和22±5°C)研究了波動溫度對大草蛉及其獵物-豌豆修尾蚜和豆蚜生長發(fā)育和繁殖的影響。與恒溫22°C相比,22±3°C條件下大草蛉的成蟲前期和雌、雄成蟲的壽命沒有明顯變化,22±5°C條件下的成蟲前期顯著延長,雌、雄成蟲壽命顯著縮短,但3種溫度條件下大草蛉的繁殖力和內(nèi)稟增長率沒有明顯的變化。豌豆修尾蚜的繁殖力和內(nèi)稟增長率在22±3°C和22±5°C條件下顯著降低,而豆蚜種群則相反。研究大草蛉非滯育預(yù)蛹的耐寒性,發(fā)現(xiàn)3種波動溫度(22±3°C、22±5°C和22±7°C)條件下大草蛉非滯育預(yù)蛹的過冷卻點、繭鮮重、鮮重和自由水含量隨著振幅的增加而顯著降低;脂肪含量則隨振幅增大而升高。22±3°C和22±5°C條件下大草蛉非滯育預(yù)蛹的蛋白質(zhì)含量、可溶性糖含量和海藻酶活力低于22°C條件;海藻糖含量則相反。結(jié)果說明波動溫度對大草蛉及其獵物的影響因種而異:2種波動溫度條件對大草蛉種群增長速率沒有明顯影響,但22±5°C和22±7°C顯著增強(qiáng)了大草蛉非滯育預(yù)蛹的耐寒性;22±3°C和22±5°C對豌豆修尾蚜的生長發(fā)育和繁殖不利,但有利于豆蚜種群的增長。因此,恒溫條件下得到的數(shù)據(jù)可能不能準(zhǔn)確反映昆蟲在田間的種群動態(tài)。同時,本研究中的生命表數(shù)據(jù)可以為天敵昆蟲的大規(guī)模擴(kuò)繁與田間害蟲管理提供數(shù)據(jù)支持。
[Abstract]:Chrysopa pallens (Rambur), belonging to the genus mesoptera, belongs to the genus Diptera, and its adult and larva can catch a variety of agroforestry and pest mites. It is a dominant natural enemy species in nature, and has a very important biological control value. The grass flies are multiple insects, the nature is overwintering with prepupae diapause and the temperature in the control process of diapause. In the process of growth and development, the important role of.1. is to clarify the development, survival, reproduction and predatory ability of the big grass flies with pea tail aphid Megoura japonica Matsumura as prey. In this paper, the life table and predation rate of the big grass flies were studied by age - age amphoteric life table method. In the condition of 25 degree C and photoperiod 15L:9D, the female The fecundity of the adult was 683.66 grains per individual, the intrinsic growth rate of the population, the cycle limit growth rate, the net growth rate and the average generation cycle were 0.1247 d-1,1.133 d-1333.64 particles / individuals and 46.52 D, respectively, and the average predation rate of the larva, female adult and male adult were 145.25 head per body, 1192.47 head / individual and 669.08 head / individual respectively. The net predation rate of the individual was 1026.97 head per individual, and the conversion rate from the prey population to the predator was 3.08, and the stable predation rate and the circumferential predation rate of the population were 5.49 / 5.49 and 6.22. The aphis pea can be used as one of the preys of artificial reproduction of the chryfly species in.2. indoor. The diapause and pupae period after diapause were observed at different temperatures (22 C, 25 C and different low temperatures) and the photoperiod (15L:9D and 9L:15D), the survival rate of pupae, the life of adult worms, the adult life, the preoviposition and the oviposition amount of the single female. Under the photoperiod, it was found that under the photoperiod 15L:9D and 9L:15D, the pre pupae period (50.09 D and 49.47 D respectively) under 25 degree C was significantly shorter than 22 C (80.80 D and 82.20 D respectively), which significantly extended the pre pupae period (P 0.01) of the chryfly (P 0.01), and narrowed the individual difference in the pre pupae period. After 2 h or 4 h, the prepupae period was shortened in varying degrees, and most of the treatments had significant differences. Further exploring the sensitive period of the pre pupae to the low temperature, it was found that the pre pupae of the cocoon 1 D, 5 D and 10 d of the diapause of the chryfly was significantly shortened after the -5 degree C/4h treatment, while the cocoon 20 D, 30 d, 40 d and 50 d were prepupae and the pair. Compared with non diapause.22 C, the survival rate of pre pupae after diapause was significantly lower than that of non diapause pre pupae, the pupal period and preoviposition was significantly prolonged, the life span of female adult was significantly shortened, the adult fresh weight and the single female oviposition amount decreased significantly.22 C, and the diapause duration of the big grass flies under the photoperiod 15L:9D was 50 d~170d, and it could affect the post diapause hair. Breeding: with the prolongation of diapause duration, the pupal period gradually extended, the fresh weight of female and male adult gradually decreased, the longevity of male adult was prolonged and then shortened, the survival rate of the pupae, the life span of female adult, and the number of egg laying in pre oviposition and single female had no significant difference. The results showed that, under test conditions, two kinds of photoperiod were relieved and diapause after diapause. Development and reproduction have no obvious influence, and temperature is an important factor that regulates diapause development and reproduction. Higher temperature can promote diapause. Low temperature treatment can synchronize the diapause development of the population at 5 C long. The low temperature treatment of -1 [C~-10] C at low temperature can promote the hysteretic release of grass flies, and the sensitive period is the cocoon 1 d~10 D. big Chrysler. Diapause has a reproductive cost, and the duration of diapause affects the partial biological characteristics of diapause after the diapause. The effects of fluctuating temperature on the growth and reproduction of the wild flies and their prey - pea aphids and soybean aphids are studied by the effects of.3. at indoor temperature (22 C) and the simulated average temperature (22 + 3 / C and 22 + 5 C). Compared with the temperature 22 C, the life expectancy of adult adult and male adults did not change obviously under the condition of 22 + 3 C. The prophase of adult adult was significantly prolonged under the 22 + 5 C condition, and the longevity of female and male adult was significantly shortened, but the fecundity and intrinsic growth rate of the male adults were not significantly changed under 3 temperature conditions. The long rate decreased significantly under the conditions of 22 + 3 C and 22 + 5 degrees C, while the population of the soybean aphid was the opposite. The study of the cold tolerance of the non diapause pupae of the chryfly was found, and 3 kinds of fluctuation temperatures (22 + 3 [C, 22 + 5 [C and 22 + C]) were found, and the fresh weight of cocoon, fresh weight and the water content decreased with the increase of amplitude. With the increase of amplitude, the protein content of the non diapause pre pupae in.22 + 3 C and 22 + 5 degree C was increased, the soluble sugar content and the activity of alginate enzyme were lower than 22 degrees C, and the trehalose content was opposite. The results showed that the influence of the fluctuation temperature on the chryfly and its prey was different because of the 2 fluctuation temperature conditions on the population growth of the chryfly. The rate had no obvious effect, but 22 + 5 C and 22 + 7 C significantly enhanced the cold resistance of the non diapause pupae, 22 + 3 C and 22 + 5 C were unfavorable to the growth and reproduction of the pea aphid, but it was beneficial to the growth of the population of the bean aphid. The life table data of this study can provide data support for large-scale propagation of natural enemy insects and field pest management.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S476.2

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本文編號：2008236