本文選題：系統(tǒng)發(fā)育 + 功能性狀　； 參考：《云南大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：群落構(gòu)建和群落轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制是群落生態(tài)學(xué)的核心論題。將系統(tǒng)發(fā)育(進(jìn)化歷史)信息和功能性狀信息整合到群落生態(tài)學(xué)研究中,為探討群落構(gòu)建機(jī)制等科學(xué)問題提供了嶄新的視角和思路。綜合利用系統(tǒng)發(fā)育信息、功能性狀和環(huán)境因子研究沿海拔梯度森林群落構(gòu)建及其對氣候變化的響應(yīng)是群落生態(tài)學(xué)研究的熱點(diǎn)。滇西北玉龍雪山位于全球生物多樣性熱點(diǎn)地區(qū)“中國西南山地”的核心區(qū),也是對氣候變化最為敏感的區(qū)域之一。本研究在玉龍雪山建立19個0.1 ha(20 m×50 m)沿海拔梯度的固定監(jiān)測森林樣方,從3個維度(物種,系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能)的多樣性對玉龍雪山海拔梯度亞高山森林群落和暖溫性針葉林—硬葉常綠闊葉林群落交錯區(qū)開展多樣性格局、群落物種組成和轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制研究,探討了群落構(gòu)建機(jī)制及其對環(huán)境變量的響應(yīng)等科學(xué)問題。主要結(jié)果和結(jié)論如下：1.物種多樣性沿海拔梯度分布格局在19個0.1 ha樣方中共采集到65科190屬335種種子植物�？偟奈锓N豐富度沿海拔梯度呈下降分布格局,喬木多樣性沿海拔梯度呈單峰分布格局,但灌木和草本多樣性隨海拔上升呈下降的趨勢,幼苗的多樣性沿海拔梯度的分布格局不顯著�？臻g變量和環(huán)境變量顯著影響群落物種的豐富度和物種組成。不同海拔間的物種組成差異大,隨著海拔距離的增大,p多樣性呈顯著上升的趨勢,且物種置換成分主要驅(qū)動了物種的p多樣性。環(huán)境和空間距離顯著影響物種p多樣性,且空間距離對物種p多樣性的解釋度要高于環(huán)境距離。2.系統(tǒng)發(fā)育多樣性沿海拔梯度分布格局基于DNA條形碼數(shù)據(jù)構(gòu)建了高支持率和高解析度的群落系統(tǒng)發(fā)育樹。喬木群落的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)(凈親緣關(guān)系指數(shù)和最近親緣關(guān)系指數(shù))在低海拔和高海拔地區(qū)聚集,在中海拔地區(qū)則呈離散結(jié)構(gòu)。林下的灌木和草本,在中低海拔群落系統(tǒng)發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)均為離散,而在高海拔呈聚集結(jié)構(gòu)。幼苗的群落系統(tǒng)發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)在高海拔呈離散結(jié)構(gòu)。環(huán)境變量和空間變量同樣對系統(tǒng)發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)有顯著的影響。系統(tǒng)發(fā)育p多樣性隨海拔距離的增大而增大,系統(tǒng)發(fā)育置換和內(nèi)嵌成分共同驅(qū)動系統(tǒng)發(fā)育p多樣性的變化。系統(tǒng)發(fā)育p多樣性與空間距離和環(huán)境距離顯著相關(guān),且空間距離對系統(tǒng)發(fā)育β多樣性解釋度大于環(huán)境距離。3.功能多樣性沿海拔梯度分布格局通過對喬木6個常用的性狀(植株高度、葉厚度、比葉面積、葉片碳,氮,磷含量)的變異的分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)葉片形態(tài)性狀(葉厚度,比葉面積)變異主要來自種間變異,而植株高度和葉片元素含量(葉氮含量和葉磷含量)的種內(nèi)變異對總變異的貢獻(xiàn)率大于種間變異。群落的比葉面積、葉片碳含量與海拔呈顯著正相關(guān)�？紤]種內(nèi)的變異有利于更好地檢測群落內(nèi)物種間性狀的生態(tài)位分化過程,因此基于性狀探討群落構(gòu)建機(jī)制的研究中需考慮種內(nèi)的性狀變異。木本植物的性狀具有顯著的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育信號,而草本植物性狀的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育信號較弱。在低海拔和高海拔地區(qū),喬木的功能結(jié)構(gòu)(標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化的平均功能配對距離和最近功能距離)表現(xiàn)為聚集,在中海拔則呈離散結(jié)構(gòu)。林下的灌木,草本和幼苗層的功能結(jié)構(gòu)在中低海拔離散,而在高海拔地區(qū)呈聚集結(jié)構(gòu)�？臻g和環(huán)境變量共同影響群落的功能結(jié)構(gòu),同時系統(tǒng)發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)對功能結(jié)構(gòu)有一定的影響。功能p多樣性沿海拔距離的增大而增大,置換和內(nèi)嵌成分共同驅(qū)動功能p多樣性。空間距離和環(huán)境距離與喬木、草本和幼苗功能p多樣性相關(guān),且空間距離對功能p多樣性的解釋度更大。4.結(jié)合物種、系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能多樣性推斷海拔梯度群落構(gòu)建和轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制結(jié)合物種多樣性、功能多樣性和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育多樣性的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在低海拔地區(qū),喬木群落呈系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能聚集結(jié)構(gòu),推斷環(huán)境過濾可能起主導(dǎo)作用,這可能與低海拔的干擾密切相關(guān)；在中海拔地區(qū)群落表現(xiàn)為離散,暗示競爭排斥可能起主導(dǎo)作用；而在高海拔地區(qū),環(huán)境過濾作用(如低溫)可能驅(qū)動群落功能和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育聚集。林下的植物(灌木和草本)群落,在低海拔和中海拔地區(qū)系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能離散,推斷物種之間的競爭排斥作用在中低海拔林下的物種共存機(jī)制中發(fā)揮重要作用；在高海拔地區(qū),群落系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能聚集,環(huán)境過濾可能起主導(dǎo)作用。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)群落垂直結(jié)構(gòu)中不同生活型植物的群落構(gòu)建機(jī)制不同,揭示了生態(tài)位過程在亞高山森林群落構(gòu)建中的重要性。同時,空間距離能顯著影響多樣性的分布格局,我們推斷種子散布限制可能扮演重要的角色。因此,生態(tài)位分化和種子散布限制可能共同驅(qū)動玉龍雪山亞高山森林群落沿海拔梯度的分布格局。本研究對理解群落構(gòu)建及其對氣候變化的響應(yīng)規(guī)律具有重要的啟示意義。5.暖溫性針葉林—硬葉常綠闊葉林交錯區(qū)群落構(gòu)建和轉(zhuǎn)換機(jī)制在300 m海拔跨度的曖溫性針葉林一硬葉常綠闊葉林群落交錯區(qū),植被從針葉林漸變?yōu)槌＞G闊葉林。隨著海拔的上升,云南松的相對多度逐漸減少,帽斗櫟的相對多度逐漸增加,在高海拔變成川滇高山櫟林。樣地中物種的功能性狀具有顯著的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育信號,性狀在進(jìn)化上是保守的。在云南松林中,從低海拔到高海拔群落系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能結(jié)構(gòu)由離散變成聚集,表明構(gòu)建機(jī)制從競爭轉(zhuǎn)變成環(huán)境過濾。川滇高山櫟林群落的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能結(jié)構(gòu)離散,表明競爭排斥可能在群落構(gòu)建和生物多樣性維持中起主導(dǎo)作用。在云南松-帽斗櫟林交錯區(qū)群落的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能結(jié)構(gòu)呈離散結(jié)構(gòu),推測競爭排斥可能在群落交錯區(qū)域起主導(dǎo)作用。群落中物種的距離與系統(tǒng)發(fā)育距離和功能距離之間存在顯著正相關(guān)。郁閉度對物種豐富度和功能結(jié)構(gòu)有顯著影響。旱季土壤的含水量顯著影響群落系統(tǒng)發(fā)育結(jié)構(gòu)和功能結(jié)構(gòu)。環(huán)境和空間變量并不能解釋系統(tǒng)發(fā)育和功能性狀的轉(zhuǎn)換,我們推測,與環(huán)境變量相比,物種之間的競爭在暖溫性針葉林-硬葉常綠闊葉林交錯區(qū)物種構(gòu)建中可能起更重要的作用。
[Abstract]:Community construction and community transformation mechanism are the core topics of community ecology. The information and functional characteristics of phylogenetic (evolutionary history) information and functional traits are integrated into the study of community ecology, and a new perspective and ideas are provided for the discussion of scientific problems such as the community construction mechanism. The comprehensive utilization of system development information, functional traits and environmental factors is studied. The construction of the coastal drawing gradient forest community and its response to climate change are the hot spots of community ecology. The Jade Dragon Snow Mountain in northwestern Yunnan is located in the core area of the global biodiversity hot area "Southwest China Mountain", and is one of the most sensitive areas for climate change. This study established 19 0.1 ha (20 m * 50 m) along the Jade Dragon Snow Mountain. Based on the diversity of 3 dimensions (species, phylogeny and function), the diversity of 3 dimensions (species, phylogeny and function) was used to study the diversity of the sub alpine forest community and the warm temperate coniferous forest community ecotone of the warm temperate coniferous evergreen broad-leaved forest, and the species composition and transformation mechanism of the community, and the mechanism of community construction and its mechanism were discussed. The main results and conclusions are as follows: 1. species diversity in 65 families and 190 genera and 335 species of seed plants were collected along the elevation gradient distribution pattern in 19 0.1 ha samples. The total species richness showed a decline distribution pattern along the elevation gradient, and the tree diversity along the coast was a single peak distribution pattern, but shrubs were shrubs. And the diversity of herbaceous species decreased with the elevation, and the diversity of the seedlings was not significant along the elevation gradient. The spatial and environmental variables significantly affected the species richness and species composition. The diversity of species among different altitudes was large. With the increase of altitude, the diversity of P showed a significant rising trend. Species replacement components mainly drive species P diversity. Environment and spatial distance significantly affect species P diversity, and the spatial distance to species diversity of species P diversity is higher than the environmental distance.2. phylogenetic diversity along the elevation gradient distribution pattern based on DNA barcode data to build high support and high resolution community system development. The phylogenetic structure of the tree. The phylogenetic structure of the tree community (the net relative index and the nearest relative index) gathered at low and high altitudes, and the discrete structure in the middle altitudes. The undergrowth shrubs and herbs were dispersed in the middle and low altitude communities, but at high altitudes. The environmental variables and spatial variables also have a significant influence on the phylogenetic structure. The diversity of phylogenetic P increases with the increase of altitude, and the phylogenetic and embedded components are co driven by the system development of P diversity. The diversity of phylogenetic P is significantly different from space distance and environmental distance. The interpretation of phylogenetic beta diversity was greater than that of the environmental distance.3. diversity. The variation of 6 common traits (plant height, leaf thickness, leaf area, leaf carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus content) was analyzed by the altitudinal gradient distribution pattern, and the variation of leaf morphological traits (leaf thickness, leaf area) was mainly derived from the variation of the environmental distance diversity along the altitudinal gradient. Interspecific variation, and the contribution rate of intraspecific variation of plant height and leaf element content (leaf nitrogen content and leaf phosphorus content) to total variation is greater than interspecific variation. The specific leaf area, leaf carbon content and elevation are significantly positively correlated. In this study, the characteristics of the community construction mechanism should be considered in the study of intraspecific variation. The traits of woody plants have significant phylogenetic signals, while the phylogenetic signals of herbaceous traits are weak. At low altitudes and high altitudes, the functional structure of trees (the normalized mean functional pairing distance and the nearest functional distance) The functional structure of the undergrowth shrubs, herbaceous and seedling layers is discrete at the middle and low altitudes, and the structure of the functional structure of the community is influenced by the spatial and environmental variables, while the phylogenetic structure has a certain influence on the functional structure. The functional P diversity along the elevation range is along the altitudinal distance. Increasing and increasing, replacement and embedded components jointly drive functional P diversity. Space distance and environmental distance are related to the diversity of trees, herbaceous and seedling functions, and the spatial distance has a greater interpretation of functional P diversity,.4. binding species, phylogenetic and functional diversity, and the construction and transformation mechanism of elevation gradient communities combined with species. The study of diversity, functional diversity and phylogenetic diversity found that the tree community showed a phylogenetic and functional aggregation structure in low altitude areas, and that environmental filtration might play a leading role, which may be closely related to the low altitude interference; the community in the middle elevation area is discrete, suggesting that competitive exclusion may play a leading role. In high altitude areas, environmental filtration (such as low temperature) may drive community function and phylogenetic aggregation. The undergrowth plants (shrubs and herbaceous) communities, at low and middle altitudes, are systematic and functional discreteness and infer that the competitive exclusion between species plays an important role in the mechanism of species coexistence under the middle and low altitudes. In the high altitude areas, the community system development and functional aggregation, environmental filtration may play a leading role. This study found that the community construction mechanism of different living plants in the vertical structure of the community is different, which reveals the importance of the niche process in the construction of subalpine forest communities. We infer that seed dispersal restrictions may play an important role. Therefore, niche differentiation and seed dispersal restrictions may jointly drive the distribution pattern of subalpine forest communities along the elevation gradient in Jade Dragon Snow Mountain. This study has important implications for understanding community construction and its response to climate change.5. warm temperature needles. The construction and transformation mechanism of the ecotone in the ecotone of the leaf forest - the evergreen broad-leaved forest was in the interlocking area of the warm temperate coniferous forest and evergreen broad-leaved forest in the warm temperate coniferous forest of 300 m. The vegetation changed from the coniferous forest to evergreen broad-leaved forest. With the elevation, the relative abundance of Yunnan pine gradually decreased, the relative abundance of the cap and bucket oak increased gradually, at the high altitude. In the Yunnan pine forest, the system development and functional structure from the low to the high altitudes from the discrete to the aggregation in the Yunnan pine forest show that the construction mechanism from the competition to the environmental filtration. The development and functional structure are discrete, indicating that competitive exclusion may play a leading role in community construction and biodiversity maintenance. The phylogenetic and functional structure of the community in the Yunnan pine cap and Dou oak forest interlaced area is discrete, and the competitive exclusion may play a leading role in the ecotone. The distance and phylogeny of the species in the community There is a significant positive correlation between distance and functional distance. Canopy density has a significant impact on species richness and functional structure. Soil water content in the dry season has a significant influence on the phylogenetic and functional structure of the community. Environmental and spatial variables do not explain the transformation of phylogenetic and functional traits. We speculate that species are compared with environmental variables. Competition may play a more important role in species selection in warm temperate coniferous forest hardwood evergreen broad-leaved forest interlaced area.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：云南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S718.54

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