本文選題：春玉米 + 干旱　； 參考：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2015年博士論文

【摘要】：東北是我國重要的玉米產(chǎn)區(qū),該地區(qū)降水時(shí)空分布不均,年際及年內(nèi)變率大,旱災(zāi)頻發(fā)。因此,研究覆膜和滴灌等抗旱措施對(duì)玉米產(chǎn)量和水氮利用的影響,探討東北地區(qū)玉米高產(chǎn)與資源高效利用的栽培技術(shù)體系,是保障我國糧食安全和資源環(huán)境安全的迫切需求。本研究通過田間試驗(yàn),比較分析了不同降雨年型覆膜對(duì)玉米產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率的影響及其機(jī)理,探討了覆膜條件下不同密度玉米的產(chǎn)量響應(yīng),同時(shí)研究了不同滴灌方式對(duì)產(chǎn)量和水氮利用效率的影響,取得的主要研究結(jié)果如下： 1.通過對(duì)4年5點(diǎn)覆膜玉米產(chǎn)量反應(yīng)及機(jī)理分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)在干旱年份下覆膜提高玉米產(chǎn)量15%～26%,多雨年份下覆膜無明顯增產(chǎn)作用。干早年份下覆膜增產(chǎn)的機(jī)理是顯著提高了生育前期耕層土壤含水量和土壤溫度,提高了花前干物積累量和積累速率,從而顯著增加了收獲期總干物質(zhì),最終提高產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率。在多雨年份下,受陰雨寡照影響,覆膜僅顯著提高拔節(jié)前土壤溫度和土壤含水量,花前和花后干物質(zhì)總量差異不顯著,從而產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率無顯著差異。 2.通過研究覆膜對(duì)不同密度春玉米的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)覆膜和雨養(yǎng)玉米中密度(67500株hm-2)和高密度(90000株hm-2)處理產(chǎn)量都顯著高于低密度(45000株hm-2),分別高7.4%、7.1%和5.8%、6.2%,中高密度之間產(chǎn)量差異不顯著。與低密度相比,中、高密度處理增產(chǎn)主要是顯著提高了畝穗數(shù)(平均高21.6%)和成熟期干物質(zhì)積累量(平均高19.6%),中密度和高密度處理間產(chǎn)量差異不顯著。與高密度相比,中密度雖然畝穗數(shù)較低,但由于保證了較高的弱勢粒灌漿速率,改善了群體根系的分布,提高了根冠比,從而也獲得了較高的產(chǎn)量水平。 3.通過研究3種滴灌管(傳統(tǒng)和新型)及3個(gè)埋管深度(0、5、10cm)對(duì)玉米生長發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)新型滴灌管在重力滴灌時(shí)保持較高的流速,與雨養(yǎng)玉米相比,滴灌處理顯著增產(chǎn)9.5%～20.1%,其中新型滴灌埋深5cm增產(chǎn)幅度最大(20.1%),較相同埋深傳統(tǒng)滴灌增產(chǎn)8.8%。新型滴灌埋深5cm產(chǎn)量高于其他處理的原因是生殖生長期葉面積指數(shù)下降慢,顯著提高收獲期干物質(zhì)重。同時(shí)提高了水分利用效率。 4.通過研究4個(gè)滴灌量(120%ET、100%ET、80%ET、60%ET)和3個(gè)施氮量(N90、N180、N360)互作對(duì)玉米生產(chǎn)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)滴灌80%ET處理,施氮量為180kg hm-2時(shí),玉米產(chǎn)量及水氮利用效率與正常灌水(100%ET)處理無顯著差異,說明滴灌在節(jié)水20%時(shí)仍可以取得較高經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。 5.通過研究不同密度下3種灌溉方式：雨養(yǎng)、漫灌、滴灌對(duì)玉米生產(chǎn)的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)各密度下雨養(yǎng)玉米產(chǎn)量最低。中(67500株hm-2)、低(45000株hm-2)密度時(shí)滴灌和漫灌處理產(chǎn)量差異不顯著。在高密度(90000株hm-2)時(shí)滴灌處理較漫灌處理增產(chǎn)6.7%。因?yàn)榈喂嗵幚碓诟呙芏认驴色@得較高的葉面積指數(shù)、總干物質(zhì)積累量和氮素積累量,并顯著提高水氮利用效率。
[Abstract]:Northeast China is an important corn growing area in China. Rainfall in this area is unevenly distributed in time and space, with high annual and annual variability and frequent drought. Therefore, it is an urgent need to study the effects of mulching and drip irrigation on maize yield and water and nitrogen utilization, and to explore the cultivation technique system of high yield and high efficiency utilization of maize resources in Northeast China. In this study, the effect and mechanism of different rainfall year film mulching on maize yield and water use efficiency were compared and analyzed by field experiment, and the yield response of maize with different density under film mulching was discussed. At the same time, the effects of different drip irrigation methods on yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency were studied. The main results were as follows: 1. Based on the analysis of yield response and mechanism of film mulching maize in 4 years, it was found that film mulching could increase maize yield by 15% and 26% in drought year, but film mulching had no obvious effect on increasing yield in rainy year. The mechanism of film mulching in early dry years was to increase the soil moisture content and soil temperature, increase the accumulation and accumulation rate of dry matter before anthesis, and increase the total dry matter at harvest stage. Finally, the yield and water use efficiency will be improved. In rainy years, film mulching only significantly increased soil temperature and soil water content before jointing, but there was no significant difference in total dry matter before and after anthesis, so there was no significant difference in yield and water use efficiency. 2. The effects of film mulching on spring maize with different densities were studied. It was found that the yield of the treatments treated with film mulching and rain-fed maize with medium density of 67500 plants and high density of 90000 plants was significantly higher than that of low density maize of 45000 plants, and the yields of medium and high density maize were 7.41% and 5.8%, respectively. There was no significant difference in yield between medium and high density corn. Compared with low density, the increase of yield of medium and high density treatments was mainly due to the significant increase in the number of ears per mu (with an average of 21.6kum) and the accumulation of dry matter in maturing stage (an average of 19.6cm). There was no significant difference in yield between medium density and high density treatments. Compared with high density, although the number of panicles per mu was lower in medium density, the higher grain filling rate of inferior grains was ensured, the distribution of root system was improved, the ratio of root to shoot was increased, and a higher yield level was obtained. 3. By studying the effects of three kinds of drip irrigation pipes (traditional and new) and three kinds of buried pipes (0 ~ 5 ~ 5 ~ 10 cm) on the growth and yield of maize, it was found that the new type of drip irrigation pipe maintained a high velocity of flow in gravity drip irrigation, and compared with that of rainfed corn. The yield of drip irrigation increased significantly by 9.5% ~ 20.1g / L, and the yield of new type drip irrigation was the largest (20.1g / L) than that of traditional drip irrigation (5cm), which was 8.8g / L higher than that of traditional drip irrigation with the same buried depth. The 5cm yield of the new type of drip irrigation was higher than that of other treatments because the leaf area index decreased slowly and the dry matter weight increased significantly during the harvest period. At the same time, water use efficiency was improved. 4. Through the study of the effects of the interaction of four drip irrigation quantity (Tet 120) on maize production, it was found that there was no significant difference in maize yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency between drip irrigation 80%ET treatment and normal irrigated water 100th et treatment with four drip irrigation amount of et 100 and three N application rates N90 + N180 and N360), and the results showed that there was no significant difference in maize yield and water nitrogen use efficiency between drip irrigation 80%ET treatment and normal irrigation 100 et treatment. It shows that drip irrigation can still achieve high economic benefit when saving water for 20 years. 5. The effects of three irrigation methods on maize production under different densities: rain irrigation, diffuse irrigation and drip irrigation were studied. It was found that the yield of maize fed with rain was the lowest at different densities. There was no significant difference in yield between drip irrigation and diffuse irrigation at the density of 67500 strains of hm-2 and 45000 strains of hm-2). The yield of drip irrigation was 6.7% higher than that of diffuse irrigation at high density of 90000 plants (hm-2). Under high density, drip irrigation could obtain higher leaf area index, total dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation, and significantly improve water and nitrogen use efficiency.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S513

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本文編號(hào)：1958106