本文選題：神東煤田　切入點(diǎn)：地貌類型　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：神府東勝煤田生態(tài)環(huán)境先天脆弱,對外界干擾敏感,深入研究采煤沉陷區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境受損程度和可恢復(fù)能力是生態(tài)修復(fù)與重建的基礎(chǔ)。以毛烏素沙地補(bǔ)連塔煤礦(非沉陷區(qū),沉陷1年、3年、8年、11年區(qū))和黃土丘陵區(qū)大柳塔煤礦(非沉陷區(qū),沉陷1年、2年、6年、13年區(qū))為研究對象。采用野外調(diào)查、模擬試驗(yàn)和盆栽試驗(yàn)等方法,結(jié)合主成分分析和模糊評價等數(shù)理統(tǒng)計手段,研究不同地貌區(qū)不同沉陷年限采空區(qū)土壤理化性質(zhì)和植被對采煤沉陷的響應(yīng)特點(diǎn)及規(guī)律,有針對性的開展沉陷區(qū)保水改土、復(fù)配成土、水肥調(diào)控和造林技術(shù)研究,可為工礦區(qū)困難立地土地復(fù)墾提供理論指導(dǎo)和技術(shù)支撐。研究結(jié)論如下:(1)沉陷對研究區(qū)0-100cm層土壤機(jī)械組成整體影響不明顯;僅對0-20cm層物理性粘粒含量有一定影響,加劇風(fēng)沙區(qū)和黃土丘陵區(qū)地表粗�；厔荨�(2)風(fēng)沙區(qū)沉陷1年、3年區(qū)土壤容重顯著小于非沉陷區(qū)(P0.05),總孔隙度變化規(guī)律相反,該變化特征在裂縫發(fā)育區(qū)和地表0-60cm深度表現(xiàn)尤為明顯;沉陷后期樣地容重、總孔隙度與非沉陷區(qū)均無顯著差異(P0.05)。黃土丘陵沉陷區(qū)與非沉陷區(qū)容重和總孔隙度均無顯著差異(P0.05)。(3)風(fēng)沙區(qū)沉陷1年、3年區(qū)平均入滲速率和初期入滲速率顯著大于非沉陷區(qū)(P0.05);受降雨量和土壤初期含水量差異影響,沉陷1年、3年區(qū)入滲深度相對于非沉陷區(qū)呈相反變化趨勢。黃土丘陵沉陷區(qū)與非沉陷區(qū)的入滲速率、入滲深度差異均不顯著(P0.05)。(4)風(fēng)沙區(qū)沉陷1年、3年區(qū)土壤平均含水量顯著小于非沉陷區(qū)(P0.05),該變化規(guī)律在裂縫發(fā)育區(qū)和地表0-60cm深度表現(xiàn)尤為明顯,沉陷后期樣地土壤含水量無顯著差異(P0.05);黃土丘陵沉陷區(qū)與非沉陷區(qū)土壤含水量無顯著差異(P0.05)。風(fēng)沙區(qū)和黃土丘陵區(qū)沉陷僅造成裂縫兩側(cè)各1.0m范圍內(nèi)含水量顯著減少(P0.05);沉陷相對高差對土壤整體含水量基本沒有影響。(5)風(fēng)沙區(qū)和黃土丘陵區(qū)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、全磷、全鉀和速效鉀在沉陷區(qū)和非沉陷區(qū)整體均表現(xiàn)為無顯著差異(P0.05)。風(fēng)沙區(qū)沉陷1年、3年區(qū)堿解氮和速效磷顯著低于非沉陷區(qū)(P0.05),該變化規(guī)律在裂縫發(fā)育區(qū)和地表0-20cm層表現(xiàn)尤為明顯;黃土丘陵區(qū)堿解氮和速效磷隨沉陷年限延長而降低,沉陷13年區(qū)堿解氮及沉陷6年、13年區(qū)速效磷均顯著低于非沉陷區(qū)(P0.05),該變化規(guī)律在沉陷盆地附近和地表0-20cm層表現(xiàn)尤為明顯。(6)風(fēng)沙區(qū)土壤理化性質(zhì)總體表現(xiàn)為沉陷1年、3年區(qū)與非沉陷區(qū)差異較大,沉陷8年、11年區(qū)達(dá)到或接近非沉陷區(qū)水平;黃土丘陵區(qū)總體表現(xiàn)為沉陷1年、2年區(qū)與非沉陷區(qū)接近,沉陷6年、13年區(qū)呈退化趨勢。(7)風(fēng)沙區(qū)植被以灌木半灌木為主導(dǎo),多年生和一二年生草本協(xié)同作用;黃土丘陵區(qū)多年生草本具有絕對優(yōu)勢,沉陷后期喬木在群落中消失。風(fēng)沙區(qū)植被存在一科多屬現(xiàn)象,隨沉陷年限的增加植被組成趨于復(fù)雜化;黃土丘陵區(qū)植被具有顯著的一科多屬、一屬多種的現(xiàn)象,植被組成的復(fù)雜程度較風(fēng)沙區(qū)大。隨著沉陷年限的增加,風(fēng)沙區(qū)主導(dǎo)植物種群所屬的科發(fā)生明顯的改變,植被演替變化趨勢明顯;黃土丘陵區(qū)沉陷作用對植被影響不明顯,植物群落的多樣性和穩(wěn)定性較高。(8)沉陷區(qū)土壤改良可采用保水劑、有機(jī)肥和覆蓋等措施。單獨(dú)施用PAM的最佳方式為拌施400-600mg/kg;復(fù)配土(沙土與羊糞按照5:1體積比混合)中保水劑質(zhì)量配比為0.2%時效果最好;最利于柄扁桃生長的水肥調(diào)控技術(shù)組合為地膜覆蓋+保水劑80g/株+肥料配比4:1(本地土/混合有機(jī)肥),最利于文冠果和歐李生長的水肥調(diào)控技術(shù)組合均為地膜覆蓋+肥料配比2:3(本地土/混合有機(jī)肥)。(9)風(fēng)沙區(qū)沉陷地適宜造林樹種為沙柳、沙棗和樟子松,沙柳適應(yīng)性最強(qiáng);黃土丘陵區(qū)沉陷地造林適宜樹種為長柄扁桃、油松和檸條錦雞兒,長柄扁桃適應(yīng)性最強(qiáng)。
[Abstract]:Shenfu Dongsheng coalfield environment inherent vulnerability, sensitive to outside interference, base area ecological environment damage research and recovery capability of coal mining subsidence ecological restoration and reconstruction of Bulianta coal mine in Maowusu sandland (non subsidence area, subsidence of 1 years, 3 years, 8 years, 11 years and loess hilly area) area in Daliuta coal mine (non subsidence area, subsidence of 1 years, 2 years, 6 years, 13 years area) as the research object. Through field investigation, simulation experiment and pot experiment method, combined with principal component analysis and fuzzy evaluation means of mathematical statistics, research on different geomorphic regions with years of goaf subsidence of soil the physicochemical properties and vegetation response to the characteristics and laws of mining subsidence, targeted to carry out water conservation soil subsidence, mixed soil, water and fertilizer control research and afforestation technology, can provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the mining area land reclamation difficult site. Conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) the study area 0-100cm layer subsidence on soil mechanical composition overall effect is not obvious; only has a certain effect on the 0-20cm layer physical clay content, increased surface area and sandy loess hilly area of coarse trend. (2) the sand subsidence area in 1 years, 3 years in the soil bulk density was significantly less than the non subsidence area (P0.05) on the contrary, the variation of total porosity, the variation is particularly obvious in the fracture zone and surface subsidence depth of 0-60cm; the late sample bulk density, total porosity and non subsidence area showed no significant difference (P0.05). The Loess Hilly subsidence area and non subsidence area bulk density and total porosity were not significantly different (P0.05 (3). Sandy area) 1 years 3 years of subsidence, average infiltration rate and initial infiltration rate was significantly higher than that of non subsidence area (P0.05); rainfall amount and initial moisture content difference, subsidence of 1 years, 3 years in infiltration depth relative to the non subsidence area showed the opposite trend. The Loess Hills Mausoleum of subsidence area and non subsidence area infiltration rate, infiltration depth had no significant difference (P0.05). (4) the sand subsidence area in 1 years, 3 years in average soil water content was significantly lower than the non subsidence area (P0.05), the variation is particularly obvious in the fracture zone and surface subsidence depth of 0-60cm. The soil moisture content had no significant difference (P0.05); Loess Hilly subsidence area and non subsidence area soil moisture content had no significant difference (P0.05). Sandy area and hilly area of the Loess Plateau subsidence caused only significantly reduce the cracks on both sides of the 1.0m range of water content (P0.05); the relative elevation subsidence had no effect on soil moisture. (5) sandy area and hilly area of the Loess Plateau soil organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium and available potassium in the subsidence area and non subsidence area as a whole showed no significant difference (P0.05). The sand subsidence area in 1 years, 3 years in nitrogen and available phosphorus was significantly lower than that in the non subsidence area (P0. 05), the variation in the fracture zone and the surface of the 0-20cm layer is obvious in Loess Hilly Region; nitrogen and available phosphorus decreased with the length of 13 years of subsidence, subsidence area nitrogen and subsidence in 6 years, 13 years in available phosphorus were significantly lower than those in non subsidence area (P0.05), the changes of especially in near surface layer and 0-20cm subsidence basin. (6) the sand soil physicochemical properties of the overall performance of settlement for 1 years, 3 years and non subsidence area differences, subsidence of 8 years, 11 years in the non subsidence area at or near the level of the overall performance; subsidence in Loess hilly region for 1 years. 2 years and non subsidence area close to the settlement for 6 years, 13 years is the degradation trend. (7) sandy area of vegetation in the shrubs dominated, one or two perennial and annual herbaceous synergy; Loess Hilly Region perennial has an absolute advantage in the community, later subsidence trees disappear. There is vegetation in Sandy Area One is the phenomenon, with the subsidence duration increased, vegetation composition tends to be complex; vegetation in the loess hilly region has a significant branch is a genus of a variety of phenomena, the complexity of vegetation composition than the wind area. With the increase of subsidence period, plant population belongs to the Department of change obviously dominated sandy area the change trend of vegetation succession, obvious subsidence in Loess Hilly Region; effect of vegetation is not obvious, the diversity of plant community and higher stability. (8) soil modified with water retaining agent, organic fertilizer and other measures to cover. The best way to separate application of PAM for mixed applied 400-600mg/kg; compound soil (sand and in sheep 5:1 volume ratio) of water retaining agent in the mass ratio of 0.2% was the best; the most conducive to the combination of water and fertilizer control technology for the growth of prunuspedunculata mulching + aquasorb fertilizer ratio of 4:1 + 80g/ strain (local soil / mixed organic fertilizer), The most favorable combination of water and fertilizer regulation technology and growth are Xanthoceras humilis mulching fertilizer + 2:3 (local soil / mixed organic fertilizer). (9) sandy area of subsidence land suitable for afforestation tree species Elaeagnus angustifolia and Pinus sylvestris, Salix psammophila, adaptability is the strongest; subsidence in loess hilly region to build suitable species for forest Amygdalus, Pinus tabulaeformis and Caragana korshinskii, Amygdalus adaptability is the strongest.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：內(nèi)蒙古農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S289
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本文編號：1655129