本文選題：大豆　切入點：遺傳改良　出處：《沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：大豆品種產(chǎn)量遺傳改良的評價,將有助于未來產(chǎn)量潛力的進(jìn)一步提高,為了更加準(zhǔn)確地找出我國大豆育種與美國的差距,本研究以祖先親本相同(均來自Williams和Amsoy),分別在中國遼寧省和美國俄亥俄州(相同緯度)育種程序下育成的代表性大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]品種為試材。通過2012年、2013年的盆栽試驗和2011、2013、2014年的大田試驗,比較研究了中國遼寧省和美國俄亥俄州不同年代育成大豆品種根系的形態(tài)和生理,植株冠層結(jié)構(gòu)與葉片生理,干物質(zhì)積累與分配,產(chǎn)量性狀和品質(zhì),以及品種對磷酸二銨施用量的響應(yīng)。旨在明確大豆在產(chǎn)量提高的同時,品種根系形態(tài)和活力,物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)與分配,以及主要農(nóng)藝性狀的演變趨勢,試圖為我國未來大豆育種提供借鑒依據(jù)。結(jié)果如下:1.不同年代育成大豆品種根系形態(tài)性狀和生理指標(biāo)的比較隨著大豆品種產(chǎn)量的提高,俄亥俄品種和遼寧品種的根系總長度、根系總表面積、根體積、根毛數(shù)量、根系傷流量、根系可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量、根系活力、根系活躍表面積、根干重和根冠比的改良趨勢一致,均隨產(chǎn)量的升高呈遞增趨勢,特別是在鼓粒中期和鼓粒末期,根系形態(tài)和活力等指標(biāo)隨育成年代的增加幅度較大。相同年代的品種相比,俄亥俄品種的根系總長度、根系總表面積、根毛數(shù)量、根系傷流量、根系可溶性蛋白質(zhì)和可溶性糖含量、根系活力和根系活躍表面積的改良程度大于遼寧品種。中等施肥(150 mg·kg-1)條件下,根系總長度、根系總表面積、根體積、根毛數(shù)量、根瘤數(shù)量、根系可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量、根系可溶性糖含量、根系傷流量、根系活力、根系活躍表面積和根干重均得到顯著增加,降低了根平均直徑和根冠比。高肥(300 mg·kg-1)較中肥(150 mg·kg-1)處理,俄亥俄中期品種、遼寧中期品種和遼寧當(dāng)代品種的根系總長度、根體積、根毛數(shù)量、根系可溶性蛋白質(zhì)含量和根干重顯著下降,而俄亥俄當(dāng)代品種無顯著差異;俄亥俄品種的根系可溶性糖含量和根系活力顯著增加,而遼寧品種無顯著差異。2.不同年代育成大豆品種植株冠層形態(tài)性狀和葉片生理指標(biāo)的比較隨著大豆品種產(chǎn)量的提高,俄亥俄品種和遼寧品種的株高、植株重量平衡點均呈下降趨勢。俄亥俄品種葉型指數(shù)隨育成年代的推進(jìn)呈遞增趨勢,其葉柄長度、莖葉夾角和莖粗呈下降趨勢,然而遼寧品種這些性狀的改良趨勢與俄亥俄品種相反。經(jīng)過相關(guān)分析表明,植株的重量平衡點與倒伏指數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān)。中等施肥水平(150 kg·hm~(-2))條件下,遼寧品種的莖葉夾角較不施肥(0kg·hm~(-2))處理顯著增加,而俄亥俄品種無顯著差異。高肥(300 kg·hm~(-2))條件下,俄亥俄品種的莖粗較中肥處理顯著增加,而遼寧品種差異未達(dá)顯著水平。隨著大豆品種產(chǎn)量的提高,俄亥俄品種和遼寧品種的葉面積指數(shù)、葉色值和葉片凈光合速率均呈增加趨勢,尤其在鼓粒中期和鼓粒末期其增幅較大。相同年代的品種相比,俄亥俄品種的葉面積指數(shù)、葉色值和凈光合速率的改良程度大于遼寧品種。俄亥俄品種不同冠層葉片的葉色值隨育成年代的推進(jìn)均呈遞增趨勢,而遼寧品種僅下層葉片的葉色值增加。與中肥(150 kg·hm~(-2))處理相比,共同親本和遼寧中期品種的葉面積指數(shù)在高肥(300kg·hm~(-2))條件下顯著下降,而俄亥俄品種和遼寧當(dāng)代品種無顯著變化;俄亥俄當(dāng)代品種葉色值增加,而遼寧當(dāng)代品種顯著下降。3.不同年代育成大豆品種干物質(zhì)積累與分配的比較俄亥俄品種和遼寧品種的單株生物量隨產(chǎn)量的提高均呈增加趨勢,尤其在鼓粒中期和鼓粒末期。將大豆不同器官的干物質(zhì)積累動態(tài)進(jìn)行Logistic曲線模擬,結(jié)果表明:隨著大豆品種產(chǎn)量的提高,俄亥俄品種和遼寧品種莖稈、籽粒和單株生物量的最大積累速率呈增加趨勢,且莖稈、葉片和單株生物量的最大積累速率出現(xiàn)時間在不斷提前。相同年代的品種相比,俄亥俄品種葉片和單株生物量最大積累速率,以及葉片、籽粒和單株生物量的平均積累速率均顯著大于遼寧品種。隨著大豆品種產(chǎn)量的增加,俄亥俄品種和遼寧品種干物質(zhì)在籽粒中的分配率呈遞增趨勢;苗期至開花期干物質(zhì)在葉片中分配率呈下降趨勢,而鼓粒末期在葉片中的分配率不斷增加。俄亥俄品種干物質(zhì)在莖稈中分配率隨育成年代呈增加趨勢,在莢皮中的分配率呈下降趨勢,而遼寧品種的改良趨勢與之相反。施用適量的磷酸二銨會顯著增加植株的最大干物質(zhì)積累速率、生物積累量,以及干物質(zhì)在莖稈中的分配率,而降低干物質(zhì)在莢皮中的分配率。與中等施肥水平(150kg·hm~(-2))相比,高肥(300kg·hm~(-2))處理下俄亥俄品種的生物積累量保持穩(wěn)定,而遼寧品種顯著下降;高肥(300kg·hm~(-2))條件下,遼寧當(dāng)代品種干物質(zhì)在莢皮和籽粒中的分配率較低肥(0kg·hm~(-2))處理顯著降低,而俄亥俄當(dāng)代品種無顯著差異。4.不同年代育成大豆品種主要農(nóng)藝性狀、產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)的比較隨著大豆品種產(chǎn)量的提高,俄亥俄品種和遼寧品種的株高降低、節(jié)間長度縮短、倒伏指數(shù)下降、收獲指數(shù)增加;俄亥俄品種的分枝數(shù)和結(jié)莢高度升高,而遼寧品種則下降。單株粒數(shù)的改良是俄亥俄品種產(chǎn)量增加的主要原因;而遼寧品種增產(chǎn)的主要原因是百粒重的增加。在品種選育進(jìn)程中,俄亥俄品種的籽粒蛋白質(zhì)含量下降,脂肪含量升高;遼寧品種的蛋白質(zhì)含量增加,脂肪含量無顯著變化。與相同年代育成的遼寧品種相比,俄亥俄品種株高矮,節(jié)間長度短,抗倒伏能力強;單株莢數(shù)、單株粒數(shù)、收獲指數(shù)以及產(chǎn)量明顯增加;蛋白質(zhì)含量極顯著降低,而脂肪含量極顯著升高。隨著施肥水平的增加,俄亥俄品種的株高、節(jié)間長度和倒伏指數(shù)無顯著變化,而遼寧品種的增幅較大。俄亥俄品種的籽粒產(chǎn)量隨施肥水平的增加而增加,遼寧品種則在中肥(150 kg·hm~(-2))條件下表現(xiàn)最佳。通徑分析表明,大豆籽粒產(chǎn)量與株高、節(jié)間長度和倒伏指數(shù)呈極顯著負(fù)相關(guān);與單株莢數(shù)、單株粒數(shù)和收獲指數(shù)呈極顯著正相關(guān),其中株高、單株莢數(shù)、單株粒數(shù)和收獲指數(shù)對產(chǎn)量的直接作用較大;在產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素中,單株莢數(shù)對產(chǎn)量的貢獻(xiàn)率最高。5.現(xiàn)階段我國大豆品種遺傳改良的策略綜合上述的比較研究結(jié)果,為了縮短我國大豆育種與美國的差距,今后我國大豆育種的遺傳改良重點應(yīng)該注意以下方面:一方面要注重株高、節(jié)間長度和抗倒伏能力的改良,另一方面要注意單株莢數(shù)、百粒重和收獲指數(shù)的選擇,最終實現(xiàn)品種產(chǎn)量潛力的提高。
[Abstract]:Evaluation of soybean varieties yield genetic improvement, will help to further improve the future yield potential, in order to more accurately identify gaps in Soybean Breeding in China and the United States, this research takes the same ancestor (both from Williams and Amsoy, respectively) in Liaoning province and Ohio in Chinese (same latitude) breeding program activities as the representative of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] cultivars. By 2012, the pot experiment in 2013 and 201120132014 years of field trials, a comparative study of Liaoning province China and Ohio soybean varieties bred in different ages root morphology and physiology, plant canopy structure and leaf physiology, dry matter accumulation and distribution, yield and quality, and response varieties of diammonium phosphate fertilizer. To clear soybean with the increase of the yield, root morphology and vitality of varieties, matter production and distribution, to The development tendency and the main agronomic traits, trying to provide reference for China's future soybean breeding. The results are as follows: 1. different years of soybean root morphological traits and physiological indexes compared with soybean yield increased, the total length of root varieties in Ohio and Liaoning varieties, root surface area, root volume, root hair number. Root exudates and root activity of soluble protein content, root surface area, root activity, root dry weight and root shoot ratio were consistent improvement trend, with the yield increasing, especially in the grain filling period and grain filling in the end, root morphology and activity index increased with incubation time. Compared with the same age varieties, total root length of Ohio varieties, total root surface area, root number, root volume, root soluble sugar and protein content, root activity and root The improved degree of active surface area is greater than the Liaoning varieties. Moderate fertilizer application (150 mg kg-1) under the condition that the total root length, root surface area, root volume, root number, root nodule number, soluble protein content, soluble sugar content of root, root exudates, root vigor, root active surface area and root dry weight obviously increase, reduce the average root diameter and root shoot ratio. High fat (300 mg kg-1) than in fertilizer (150 mg kg-1), mid Ohio varieties, the total length of root, middle Liaoning varieties and Liaoning contemporary varieties of root volume, root number, root soluble protein content and root dry weight significantly decreased, but no significant difference in contemporary Ohio varieties; Ohio varieties, the soluble sugar content of roots and root activity increased significantly, while the Liaoning.2. had no significant difference in different varieties bred soybean cultivars canopy morphological traits and leaf Compared with the physiological indexes of soybean yield increase, Ohio Liaoning varieties and species of plant height, plant weight balance decreased. Leaf shape index of Ohio varieties with year ofrelease tendency to increase progressively, the petiole length, leaf angle and stem diameter showed a downward trend, however, these traits of Liaoning breed the improvement and development of Ohio varieties instead. After correlation analysis showed that the weight balance were significantly correlated with lodging index. Fertilizer (150 kg - hm~ (-2)) under the conditions of Liaoning, the angle between stem and Leaf Varieties with no fertilization (0kg - hm~ (-2)) treatment significantly increased, while the there was no significant difference between varieties. Ohio high fertilizer (300 kg - hm~ (-2)) under the conditions of Ohio, the stem diameter of variety than in fertilizer increased significantly, while Liaoning varieties without significant differences with the high yield of soybean varieties, varieties and products of Liaoning Ohio The leaf area index, leaf color value and net photosynthetic rate increased, especially in the mid and late grain filling drum the larger increase. Compared to the same time varieties, leaf area index of Ohio varieties, leaf color value and net photosynthetic rate of improvement is greater than Liaoning leaf color varieties. Ohio cultivars with different canopy leaf values with year ofrelease propulsion were increased, while the leaf color of Liaoning varieties only lower layer leaves increased. With the fertilizer (150 kg - hm~ (-2)) as compared to common parent and mid Liaoning varieties of leaf area index in high fat (300kg - hm~ (-2)) under the condition of decreased significantly, while Ohio and Liaoning varieties of contemporary varieties had no significant change; Ohio contemporary varieties of leaf color value increases, while Liaoning contemporary varieties bred in different ages of.3. significantly decreased dry matter accumulation and distribution of soybean varieties and varieties of Liaoning in Ohio The biomass yield increased with increased, especially in the mid and late grain filling drum in different organs of soybean. The accumulation of dry matter dynamic Logistic curve simulation, the results show that with the increase of the yield of soybean varieties, cultivars and varieties in Ohio of Liaoning, the maximum accumulation rate of grain and biomass per plant were increased the trend, and the stem, the maximum accumulation rate of leaf and plant biomass of the time in advance. In the same time compared to Ohio varieties, varieties and plant biomass maximum accumulation rate and the average accumulation rate of leaf, grain and plant biomass were significantly higher than the Liaoning varieties. With the increase of soybean yield, distribution of material in the grain rate showed an increasing trend in Ohio Liaoning dry varieties and varieties; dry matter distribution rate decreased in leaves at seedling stage to flowering stage, and grain filling At the end of the proportion of leaves increase. The distribution rate of dry matter with year ofrelease showed an increasing trend in the stem of Ohio varieties, distribution in the pod rate decreases, and the improvement trend of Liaoning varieties on the contrary. Proper application of diammonium phosphate could significantly increase plant maximum dry matter accumulation rate. The biological accumulation and distribution of dry matter in the stem of the rate, and reduce the distribution of dry matter in the pod rate. And fertilizer (150kg hm~ (-2)) compared to high fertilizer (300kg hm~ (-2)) under the Ohio varieties processing biomass remained stable, while the varieties in Liaoning decreased significantly; the high fertilizer (300kg hm~ (-2)) under the condition that the distribution of material in the pod and seed in the low rate of dry fertilizer for current Liaoning cultivar (0kg - hm~ (-2)) decreased significantly and the current Ohio cultivar.4. had no significant difference with years of main agronomic soybean varieties Traits, yield and quality of soybean yield increased compared with Ohio and Liaoning varieties, varieties of lower plant height, internode length is shortened, the lodging index decreased, harvest index increased; the number of branches and pod varieties in Ohio were highly elevated and Liaoning varieties decreased. The improved seed number per plant is the main reason for Ohio yield increase the main reason for Liaoning; and the yield is 100 grain weight increase. In the process of breeding, grain protein content decreased in Ohio varieties, the fat content increased; increase the protein content of Liaoning varieties, the fat content showed no significant changes. Compared with the same age Liaoning bred varieties, Ohio varieties, plant height, internode length in short, the lodging resistance ability; pod number, grain number per plant, harvest index and yield increased significantly; the protein content decreased significantly, while the fat content increased significantly . with the increasing fertilization level, Ohio varieties of plant height, internode length and lodging index had no significant change, while Liaoning varieties increased significantly. The grain yield of Ohio varieties increased with the fertilizer level, Liaoning varieties in fertilizer (150 kg - hm~ (-2)) best path conditions. The analysis shows that the soybean grain yield and plant height, internode length was negatively correlated with lodging index; and the number of pods per plant, significantly positive correlation with the grain number per plant and harvest index, plant height, pods per plant, the direct effect of grain number per plant and harvest index to yield larger; in yield components the pod number, the rate of contribution to yield the highest.5. of Soybean Cultivars in China at the present stage of the strategy the results of the comparative study, in order to shorten the gap between China and the United States of soybean breeding, the future genetic improvement of soybean breeding in China should focus on Pay attention to the following aspects: on the one hand, we should pay attention to the improvement of plant height, internode length and lodging resistance. On the other hand, we should pay attention to the selection of pods per plant, 100 grain weight and harvest index, and ultimately achieve the improvement of yield potential of varieties.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S565.1

【相似文獻(xiàn)】

相關(guān)期刊論文 前10條

1 林國強,溫慶放;出口型菜用大豆花后需水與鼓粒特點[J];中國油料作物學(xué)報;2004年04期

2 張勇;許芳;楊興勇;懂全中;薛紅;張明明;楊廣東;李佩順;張彩玲;劉發(fā);宋繼玲;;大豆鼓粒期灌水對生育期、產(chǎn)量影響研究[J];安徽農(nóng)學(xué)通報;2008年06期

3 王敏;大豆鼓粒期對籽粒產(chǎn)量的遺傳效應(yīng)分析[J];中國油料;1996年01期

4 孫廣玉,王滔;大豆鼓粒特點的研究[J];中國油料;1989年03期

5 林國強,黃建成,徐樹傳,王金官;菜用大豆秋種花后鼓粒特點[J];大豆通報;1997年06期

6 章建新;薛麗華;邢永峰;趙明輝;;大豆粒、莢物質(zhì)積累分配規(guī)律研究[J];新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)學(xué)報;2008年01期

7 廖晨昱;黃文濱;嚴(yán)群;梁嬋娟;周青;;鉛與酸雨對大豆鼓粒期根系氮素營養(yǎng)的復(fù)合影響[J];農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境科學(xué)學(xué)報;2012年09期

8 劉洪梅;李英;卜貴軍;呂薇;崔琳;蒼晶;王學(xué)東;;大豆豆莢光合物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)運與分配對籽粒發(fā)育的影響[J];核農(nóng)學(xué)報;2008年04期

9 王天民;;大豆鼓粒期的田間管理[J];吉林農(nóng)業(yè);2006年08期

10 張敬榮，，高繼國，李辰仁，鄭慧琴，李文芙，朱祥春;開花至鼓粒期干旱對大豆籽粒化學(xué)品質(zhì)的影響[J];大豆科學(xué);1996年01期

相關(guān)重要報紙文章 前3條

1 李永軼　李愛華;大豆結(jié)莢鼓粒期 重點防治食心蟲[N];山東科技報;2009年

2 延長縣農(nóng)技中心 王君法;大豆田咋施肥[N];陜西科技報;2006年

3 梁中堯;“粵引黑大豆1號”的栽培[N];廣東科技報;2001年

相關(guān)博士學(xué)位論文 前1條

1 郭小紅;不同年代育成大豆品種農(nóng)藝性狀和產(chǎn)量的比較[D];沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2017年

相關(guān)碩士學(xué)位論文 前4條

1 孟田;不同年代育成大豆品種物質(zhì)形成和養(yǎng)分吸收規(guī)律的研究[D];沈陽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2016年

2 李菁華;干旱脅迫下外源ABA對鼓粒期大豆抗旱生理特性及產(chǎn)量的影響[D];黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué);2017年

3 屈春媛;干旱脅迫下外源ABA對鼓粒期大豆氮素積累的調(diào)控研究[D];黑龍江八一農(nóng)墾大學(xué);2017年

4 薛麗華;大豆豆莢與籽粒生長的關(guān)系研究[D];新疆農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2007年

本文編號：1640031