本文選題：東北半濕潤區(qū)　切入點(diǎn)：膜下滴灌　出處：《中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：玉米膜下滴灌技術(shù)具有提高表層土壤溫度、減少土壤蒸發(fā)、提高土壤含水率、減少硝態(tài)氮淋失和提高作物產(chǎn)量等特點(diǎn),近年來在東北地區(qū)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。當(dāng)前,東北地區(qū)玉米膜下滴灌技術(shù)在應(yīng)用過程中存在灌溉施肥管理方式不合理問題。本研究立足從農(nóng)田土壤水、熱循環(huán)角度揭示玉米膜下滴灌增產(chǎn)機(jī)理,重點(diǎn)開展生育期膜下滴灌對農(nóng)田水熱環(huán)境、玉米生長和產(chǎn)量的影響研究,并優(yōu)化玉米生育期水氮優(yōu)化管理模式,研究生育期滴灌追氮量和追氮次數(shù)對玉米生長和產(chǎn)量的影響。利用Hybrid-Maize模型模擬黑龍江玉米生育期灌溉需水量。主要工作與結(jié)論如下:(1)2011、2012和2013年在黑龍江開展了玉米田間試驗(yàn),采用膜下滴灌、不覆膜滴灌和地面灌溉3種不同的灌溉施肥方式,進(jìn)行了土壤溫度、含水率、田間小氣候、作物生長、養(yǎng)分積累及產(chǎn)量的觀測和分析。結(jié)果表明:與不覆膜滴灌和地面灌相比,膜下滴灌提高了玉米生育前期的表層土壤溫度,苗期5～25 cm的每日土壤溫度平均增加2.3℃,全生育期土壤積溫累積增加115～150℃。膜下滴灌玉米生育期的土壤蒸發(fā)量比不覆膜滴灌降低53%,提高了玉米生育前期的土壤含水率。膜下滴灌提高了典型日的冠層空氣溫度并降低了冠層空氣濕度。膜下滴灌顯著增加了玉米生育前期的氮素吸收量,促進(jìn)了玉米花期前的營養(yǎng)生長,為花期后的生殖生長積累了更多的營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),成熟期的地上部分干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量分別比不覆膜滴灌和地面灌處理增加14%和23%,氮素吸收量分別增加16%和28%,平均產(chǎn)量分別提高11%和21%,水分利用效率分別提高9%和18%。(2)2011、2012和2013年開展玉米膜下滴灌試驗(yàn)研究生育期滴灌追氮次數(shù)(大喇叭口期1次追氮與大喇叭口期、抽雄期、灌漿期3次追氮2個(gè)水平)和追氮量(0、100、150、200 kg/hm24個(gè)水平)對土壤氮素含量、玉米生長和產(chǎn)量的影響。結(jié)果表明,相同追氮量時(shí)分次追氮有利于保證整個(gè)生育期平穩(wěn)供氮能力。追氮次數(shù)對玉米的生長和產(chǎn)量影響顯著,雖然1次追氮顯著提高了玉米在生育前期的株高、葉面積指數(shù)(LaI)、地上部分干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量和氮素吸收量,但3次追氮顯著提高了玉米成熟期地上部分干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量和氮素吸收量。產(chǎn)量也隨追氮次數(shù)顯著增加,3次追氮處理平均產(chǎn)量比1次追氮處理提高5%。追氮量對玉米各生育期株高和LAI影響不顯著,地上部分干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量和氮素吸收量隨追氮量線性增加,在玉米生育后期達(dá)到顯著水平。玉米產(chǎn)量隨追氮量增加而增加。本研究建議東北半濕潤區(qū)玉米膜下滴灌種植密度為46,620株/hm2條件下,宜采用3次追氮、追氮量150～200 kg/hm2的施氮管理措施。(3)基于覆膜增加土壤溫度和減少土壤蒸發(fā)效應(yīng),利用Hybrid-Maize模型的覆膜模塊,模擬1981～2010年30年氣象條件下膜下滴灌對玉米產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率的影響;并估算了滴灌玉米不同生育階段灌溉需水量及黑龍江省不同農(nóng)業(yè)氣候區(qū)玉米生育期灌溉需水量。結(jié)果表明,Hybrid-Maize模型可以較好地模擬覆膜與不覆膜處理玉米產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率差異,但模型高估了覆膜和不覆膜處理2012年和2013年LAI和2013年玉米產(chǎn)量和水分利用效率、低估了 2011年和2013年成熟期玉米地上部分干物質(zhì)質(zhì)量。在東北半濕潤地區(qū),玉米不同生育階段的灌溉需水量與初始土壤可利用水量和生育期內(nèi)降雨分布有關(guān)。在黑龍江不同農(nóng)業(yè)氣候區(qū)內(nèi),通過滴灌系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充灌溉的增產(chǎn)作用可能不同,玉米單位面積產(chǎn)量增加幅度在0～109%之間變化,黑龍江94%玉米種植面積可以通過補(bǔ)充灌溉提高產(chǎn)量,增產(chǎn)幅度達(dá)14%～42%。
[Abstract]:Drip irrigation under film can improve maize soil temperature, reduce soil evaporation, increase soil moisture, reduce nitrate leaching and improve crop yield and other characteristics, widely used in recent years in the northeast. At present, the membrane the drip irrigation technology corn in Northeast China under irrigation and fertilization management unreasonable problems in the application process. Based on the research from the farmland soil water heat cycle reveals the stimulation mechanism of Maize under film drip irrigation, focusing on irrigation of farmland water thermal environment under the influence of the film growth period, growth and yield of corn and corn growth period, optimizing water and nitrogen management mode optimization, influence of growth period of drip irrigation and n topdressing nitrogen topdressing times on the growth and yield of maize. Hybrid-Maize model is used to simulate the growth of corn in Heilongjiang irrigation water requirement. The main work and conclusions are as follows: (1) in 20112012 and 2013 was carried out in Heilongjiang jade Rice field experiment, using drip irrigation, drip irrigation and surface irrigation with 3 different irrigation and fertilization methods, the soil temperature, water content, growth microclimate, crop, observation and analysis of nutrient accumulation and yield. The results showed that: compared with no mulching and drip irrigation, drip irrigation improved the surface soil temperature in the early growth stage of maize seedling, daily soil temperature of 5~25 cm increased by an average of 2.3 degrees Celsius, the whole growth period of the cumulative increase in soil accumulated temperature 115~150 degrees Celsius. Soil evaporation growth period of Maize under film drip irrigation is 53% lower than that of no mulch drip irrigation, improve the soil moisture in early stage of corn growth rate. Drip irrigation improved canopy air the temperature of typical days and reduce the canopy air humidity. Drip irrigation significantly increased the nitrogen uptake in the early stage of corn growth, promote maize vegetative growth before flowering, after flowering for the reproductive growth of product Tired more nutrients, mature aboveground dry mass respectively than drip irrigation and surface irrigation treatment increased by 14% and 23%, nitrogen uptake increased 16% and 28% respectively, the average yield increased by 11% and 21%, the water use efficiency increased by 9% and 18%. (2) and 20112012 2013 to carry out the corn film experimental study on the growth period of drip irrigation drip irrigation topdressing times (1 times of topdressing at booting stage and booting stage, heading stage, filling stage 3 2 nitrogen levels) and nitrogen (0100150200 kg/hm24 level) on the content of soil nitrogen, affecting the growth and yield of maize. The results showed that the same chase when the amount of Nitrogen Topdressing Time to ensure steady on the whole growth period for nitrogen. Effects of nitrogen topdressing times on growth and yield of maize significantly, although the 1 times topdressing nitrogen significantly increased in the early growth of maize plant height, leaf area index (LaI), dry ground The amount of nitrogen absorption and quality, but the 3 times topdressing nitrogen significantly increased maize mature aboveground dry mass and nitrogen uptake. Yield with nitrogen topdressing times increased significantly, the 3 time Topdressing on the average yield of more than 1 topdressing nitrogen treatment increased 5%. nitrogen application on maize plant height and the growth period LAI did not have a significant impact on the part of the mass of dry matter and nitrogen uptake with nitrogen topdressing increased linearly, reached a significant level in the late growth stage of maize. Maize yield increased with the increasing of topdressing amount. This study suggests that the Northeast membrane of Maize in semi humid area of drip irrigation under planting density of 46620 plants /hm2, should be 3 after nitrogen, nitrogen topdressing nitrogen management measures 150~200 kg/hm2. (3) with increasing soil temperature and decreasing soil evaporation effects based on the use of membrane module Hybrid-Maize model, simulation of 1981~2010 years 30 years meteorological conditions under mulch drip irrigation on Corn Yield and water Effect of utilization efficiency; and estimate the water in Heilongjiang province and the different climatic zones of maize corn in different growth stages of irrigation to drip irrigation water. The results show that the Hybrid-Maize model can well simulate the mulching and no mulching treatment yield and water use efficiency of Maize with the difference, but the model overestimates the film mulching and no mulching treatment in 2012 and in 2013 LAI and 2013 corn yield and water use efficiency, underestimate the mass of dry matter in 2011 and 2013. In the mature period of corn in Northeast semi humid regions, irrigation at different growth stages of corn water requirement and initial soil available on the distribution of rainfall water and growth period. In different climatic zones of Heilongjiang, were yield increasing effect of supplemental irrigation may be different through drip irrigation system, the changes of maize yield per unit area increased from 0 to 109%, 94% of Heilongjiang jade The rice planting area can increase the yield by supplementing irrigation, and the increase of yield is 14% ~ 42%.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：S513

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