本文關(guān)鍵詞： 土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài) 根系吸水 土壤溫度 根系形態(tài) 籽粒產(chǎn)量 水分利用效率　出處：《中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：本文通過(guò)2013-2014年和2014-2015年兩年的田間試驗(yàn),研究了華北平原冬小麥對(duì)不同灌水方式與灌溉制度的響應(yīng)。試驗(yàn)為兩因子設(shè)計(jì),分別為灌溉方式和灌溉制度,即當(dāng)土壤含水量分別下降到田間持水量的50%、60%及70%時(shí),分別采用噴灌(SI)、地面滴灌(SDI)及地面灌(FI)方式進(jìn)行灌溉,通過(guò)研究不同灌溉方式及灌溉制度對(duì)冬小麥地下和地上部生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響來(lái)確定適宜的灌溉方式和灌溉制度。針對(duì)這個(gè)目標(biāo),試驗(yàn)主要關(guān)注于土壤水分動(dòng)態(tài)、根系形態(tài)發(fā)育、根系吸水、土壤溫度以及與產(chǎn)量參數(shù)相關(guān)的作物生理生態(tài)和生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的變化。最后,基于這些指標(biāo)的表現(xiàn)對(duì)灌溉模式進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),確定華北平原冬小麥高效、簡(jiǎn)便、實(shí)用的灌溉方法與灌溉制度。本試驗(yàn)主要研究結(jié)論如下:1.利用“Hydrous-1D”模型研究了剖面土壤水分的一維運(yùn)移規(guī)律。灌溉及降水對(duì)土壤含水量影響較大,灌溉方式及灌溉制度對(duì)0-40cm土層土壤含水率的影響更大,也決定著冬小麥產(chǎn)量以及地上與地下部分與產(chǎn)量有關(guān)參數(shù)的高低。剖面土壤含水量隨著灌溉方式及灌溉制度的不同而發(fā)生相應(yīng)的變化,其通過(guò)改變剖面根系吸水(RWU)而成為控制灌溉需水量的關(guān)鍵因子。三月底到四月中旬以及五月的中上旬,每日的根系吸水量可達(dá)到6-9 mm/day�？梢酝茰y(cè),在這一時(shí)間段內(nèi)如果沒(méi)有足夠降雨的話,則需要對(duì)冬小麥進(jìn)行灌溉。土壤0-20 cm土層為冬小麥主要的水分吸收層,這一土層根長(zhǎng)密度(RLD)較高,可提供38-40%的根系吸水量。無(wú)論何種灌溉方式,根系吸水量都隨著灌溉頻率的增加而增大。由于頂層土層根長(zhǎng)密度較大,對(duì)所有的灌溉制度而言,地面滴灌(SDI)的根系吸水(RWU)要高于噴灌(SI)和地面灌(FI);但在60cm以下的土層中,地面灌模式的根系吸水要高于噴灌和地面滴灌。Es/ET隨著灌水總量的增加而減少,SDI的Es/ET值最低,可能是由于此模式下土壤表面濕潤(rùn)面積最小。2、從3月份至收獲期連續(xù)測(cè)定的土壤溫度顯示,地表土壤溫度呈現(xiàn)顯著波動(dòng),并且地表滴灌的地表溫度波動(dòng)大于噴灌和地面灌,這導(dǎo)致土壤表面頻繁變干并產(chǎn)生了水分脅迫,特別是50%田間持水量的處理。通過(guò)比較相同灌溉方式的不同灌水下限發(fā)現(xiàn),噴灌50%田持灌水下限處理的地表溫度波動(dòng)幅度比噴灌70%田持灌水下限處理的波動(dòng)幅度高4.3oC。相似的,通過(guò)比較相同灌水下限的不同灌溉方式發(fā)現(xiàn),最大的地表溫度波動(dòng)幅度之差出現(xiàn)在70%灌水下限的地面灌和地表滴灌之間,為3.7oC。比較所有處理發(fā)現(xiàn),最大溫度波動(dòng)幅度之差為5.4oC,出現(xiàn)在地表滴灌灌水下限為50%田持的處理與地面灌灌水下限為70%田持的處理之間。深層土壤溫度及其波動(dòng)幅度隨深度逐漸降低,從土壤表面到深層土壤形成了較大的溫度梯度。3、通過(guò)洗根后掃描,再經(jīng)過(guò)WinRHIZO(2007d)軟件分析的方法研究了冬小麥生育期的根系形態(tài)變化。所有處理的最大的根系深度和其他根系指標(biāo)均出現(xiàn)在開花期。表層土壤的根長(zhǎng)密度表現(xiàn)為70%灌水下限的地表滴灌在2014年明顯高于噴灌,而在2015年明顯高于地面灌;但60cm以下土壤的根長(zhǎng)密度則以地面灌最高,其次是50%灌水下限的噴灌處理。地表滴灌較低的供水速率幾乎使所有灌溉水保持在60cm以上的土層,因此導(dǎo)致根長(zhǎng)密度在頂部的高比例分布,并且降低了滲漏量。開花期表層0-10cm土壤的最大根長(zhǎng)密度為41.05 cm cm-3,出現(xiàn)在地面滴灌處理中,其次為70%灌水下限的噴灌處理(38.29 cm cm-3)。在90-100cm土層,50%灌水下限的地面灌處理的根長(zhǎng)密度最高(3.52 cm cm-3)。在2015年,地面灌的平均根直徑大于50%灌水下限的地表滴灌。頻繁的灌溉處理顯著增加了根生物量、根體積和投影面積。4、為了確定不同灌溉模式的效率,對(duì)比分析了冬小麥的產(chǎn)量組成。結(jié)果顯示,灌溉方式配以適宜的灌溉制度能夠顯著提高產(chǎn)量組成,并能實(shí)現(xiàn)最優(yōu)產(chǎn)量與灌溉水有效利用間的平衡。產(chǎn)量與需水量結(jié)果分析顯示,冬小麥產(chǎn)量最高時(shí)的灌溉需水量為180.27 mm(加上降雨量約為318.17 mm),即灌水定額為30 mm的SDI或SI需要灌水6次,灌水定額為60 mm的FI則需灌水3次;而當(dāng)灌水量為154.53 mm時(shí),預(yù)計(jì)可以獲得最高的水分利用效率(WUE)值。這一結(jié)果表明,最高WUE可通過(guò)灌水定額30 mm的SDI或FI灌水5次或灌水定額60 mm的SI灌水3次實(shí)現(xiàn)。對(duì)比不同處理間的籽粒產(chǎn)量發(fā)現(xiàn),SDI灌水下限為60%田持處理的產(chǎn)量最高為9.53 t ha-1,SDI灌水下限為70%田持處理的產(chǎn)量次之,為9.37 t ha-1,FI灌水下限為50%田持處理的產(chǎn)量最低,為8.26 t ha-1。SDI灌水下限為60%田持處理的的WUE最高,為2.08 kg m-3,SI同一灌水下限處理的WUE次之,為2.05 kg m-3;SI灌水下限為50%田持處理的灌溉水利用率(IWUE)最高,為9.38 kg m-3,其次為SDI同一灌水下限處理的9.20 kg m-3。結(jié)果表明,SDI在增加作物潛在產(chǎn)量和WUE方面表現(xiàn)得更好。為了獲得最高產(chǎn)量或最優(yōu)WUE,適宜的灌溉制度和灌水方法應(yīng)該保證灌水量在154.53-180.27 mm。這表明在60%田持時(shí)對(duì)冬小麥進(jìn)行灌溉是效益最優(yōu)的灌溉制度,SDI是獲取潛在籽粒產(chǎn)量和WUE最佳的灌水方法。本研究推薦即使在干旱年份也要在60%田持時(shí)采用SDI進(jìn)行灌溉,而且建議根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)靥鞖鉅顩r設(shè)定灌溉時(shí)間。
[Abstract]:In this paper, through field experiments in 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 for two years, studied the response of Winter Wheat in North China Plain of different irrigation methods and irrigation system. The test of two factor design, respectively for irrigation and irrigation system, namely when the soil water content decreased to the water holding amount of 50%, 60% and 70%, respectively irrigation (SI), surface drip irrigation (SDI) and surface irrigation (FI) were affected by irrigation, irrigation methods and irrigation system of underground and aboveground growth of winter wheat to determine suitable irrigation methods and irrigation system. Aiming at this goal, the test focused on the dynamic of soil moisture, root morphology, root water uptake, soil temperature and yield parameters associated with the growth and development of crop physiological and ecological changes. Finally, the performance of these metrics to evaluate the irrigation pattern based on the determination of the North China Plain Winter Wheat Simple and efficient, wheat, irrigation methods and irrigation system. The main conclusions of this experiment are as follows: 1. of one-dimensional migration by using the "Hydrous-1D" model of soil moisture. Irrigation and precipitation on soil moisture influence, irrigation methods and irrigation system has more influence on the 0-40cm soil moisture content, also decided the winter wheat yield and the ground parameters associated with the underground part and the yield. Soil profile water content with different irrigation methods and irrigation system changes, by changing the profile of root water uptake (RWU) has become a key factor for irrigation water requirement. At the end of March to mid April and early May. The amount of daily, root water can reach 6-9 mm/day. that, in this period of time without adequate rainfall, the need for irrigation of winter wheat on soil 0-20 cm. The soil moisture is the main winter wheat absorption layer, the root length density (RLD) can provide high water uptake by roots of 38-40%. No matter what kind of irrigation method, water uptake by roots will increase with the increase of irrigation frequency. Because the top-level root length density of all irrigation, drip irrigation (ground SDI (RWU)) of the root water uptake is higher than that of sprinkler irrigation and surface irrigation (SI) (FI); but below 60cm soil layer, root water surface irrigation mode is higher than that of sprinkler and surface irrigation.Es/ET decreases with the increase of irrigation amount of SDI, the lowest Es/ET value may be due to the mode of soil surface the minimum wetting area.2, soil temperature determination from March to harvest period shows that soil temperature showed significant fluctuations, and the surface temperature fluctuation is larger than the surface drip irrigation sprinkler and surface irrigation, which leads to the soil surface and had frequent dry Water stress, especially the 50% field capacity. Through different irrigation lower limit compared to the same irrigation, irrigation 50% field capacity surface temperature fluctuations processing to fluctuations of irrigation lower limit irrigation lower limit treatment of high 4.3oC. than 70% similar irrigation fields, through different irrigation methods compared with the same irrigation limit that difference the maximum surface temperature fluctuations occur between the 70% irrigation limits of surface irrigation and drip irrigation, found 3.7oC. comparison of all treatment, the maximum temperature fluctuations of the difference of 5.4oC treatment and the ground to appear 50% fields in the surface drip irrigation low limit of irrigation lower limit is 70% of the field capacity between the deep soil temperature. And its fluctuation gradually decreased with depth from the soil surface to deep soil formed by large temperature gradient.3, washing roots after scanning by WinRHIZO (2007d) software. The analysis method to study the changes of root morphology of winter wheat. The maximum root depth all processing and other root index appeared at flowering stage. The root length density of surface soil to surface drip irrigation low limit of 70% in 2014 and in 2015 was significantly higher than that of irrigation, but significantly higher than surface irrigation; root length density the 60cm below the soil surface irrigation was highest, followed by the 50% Irrigation irrigation lower limit. The lower surface drip irrigation water supply rate almost all irrigation water maintained at more than 60cm of the soil, resulting in a high proportion of root length density at the top of the distribution, and reduce the amount of leakage. The maximum surface 0-10cm of soil at flowering stage the root length density of 41.05 cm cm-3, appeared in the surface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation treatment followed by 70% irrigation low limit (38.29 cm cm-3). In the 90-100cm soil layer, 50% irrigation limit ground irrigation treatment of the root length density of the most High (3.52 cm cm-3). In 2015, the average root diameter of more than 50% of the surface irrigation irrigation quantity of drip irrigation. Frequent irrigation treatment significantly increased the root biomass, root volume and projection area of.4, in order to determine the efficiency of different irrigation mode, comparative analysis of winter wheat yield components. The results showed that irrigation with the suitable irrigation system can significantly improve the yield components, and can realize the optimal yield and irrigation water utilization balance between water demand and yield. The results of analysis showed that winter wheat yield was the highest when irrigation water requirement is 180.27 mm (plus the rainfall is about 318.17 mm), the irrigation quota of 30 mm SDI or SI need irrigation 6 times, irrigation quota of 60 mm FI to 3 times of irrigation; and when the irrigation amount was 154.53 mm, is expected to get the highest water use efficiency (WUE). The results showed that the highest WUE by 30 mm irrigation quota SDI or FI 5 times of irrigation or irrigation quota of 60 mm SI 3 times of irrigation. Comparison between different treatments of grain yield, SDI irrigation low limit was 60% of field capacity with the highest yield was 9.53 t HA-1, SDI 70% field capacity irrigation limit output processing, 9.37 t HA-1, FI irrigation the lower limit is 50% to the lowest yield field processing, processing to the highest WUE 8.26 t ha-1.SDI irrigation limit of 60% fields, 2.08 kg M-3, SI the same irrigation times WUE treatment, 2.05 kg M-3; SI irrigation low limit was 50% of field capacity with irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE) the highest kg M-3, 9.38, followed by 9.20 kg m-3. SDI the same irrigation treatment showed that SDI in increasing crop yield potential and WUE performance better. In order to obtain the maximum yield and the optimal WUE, irrigation system and irrigation method suitable for irrigation in 154.53-180.27 mm. should ensure that this shows that in the 60% fields Duration of winter wheat irrigation is the best irrigation system, SDI is the best method of obtaining irrigation potential of grain yield and WUE. This study recommended even in dry year but also in the 60% field capacity using SDI irrigation, and suggestions according to the local weather conditions set irrigation time.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S512.11

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本文編號(hào)：1457132