本文關(guān)鍵詞： 花生 抗旱性 光合特性 抗氧化 滲透調(diào)節(jié) 品質(zhì)　出處：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：花生是種植面積僅次于油菜的我國重要的油料作物,占油料作物栽培面積的1/4,總產(chǎn)位居全國油料作物之首,占到50%以上。由于花生耐旱耐瘠性較強(qiáng),因此成為干旱、半干旱雨養(yǎng)區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的首選作物。在中國及世界各地,花生通常種植在沙壤土或缺乏灌溉條件的地區(qū),花生的種植區(qū)大多數(shù)都存在著生長季節(jié)降雨量分布不均勻,并且年度、月份間波動(dòng)較大的問題。雖然相比其他作物來說,花生耐旱性較強(qiáng),但是在花生生長的需水關(guān)鍵期,水分的缺乏同樣會(huì)對(duì)花生的生長發(fā)育造成嚴(yán)重的甚至是不可逆的抑制。據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì),我國有70%的花生種植面積受到干旱威脅,每年由此造成的產(chǎn)量損失達(dá)到30%~50%。與此同時(shí),干旱還導(dǎo)致品質(zhì)下降,黃曲霉污染的幾率大大增加。因此,干旱脅迫是限制花生產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量提高的最重要的非生物脅迫因子。本研究,選擇了5個(gè)抗旱性不同的花生品種,分別在苗期和結(jié)莢期對(duì)其進(jìn)行干旱及復(fù)水處理,研究其植株性狀、光合特性、滲透調(diào)節(jié)功能、脯氨酸代謝途徑、抗氧化特性、莢果和籽仁品質(zhì)等性狀的變化,明確了不同花生品種的抗旱機(jī)理,對(duì)于花生種質(zhì)資源的抗旱性鑒定和評(píng)價(jià),挖掘不同花生品種的優(yōu)勢抗旱性狀,加強(qiáng)抗旱育種的針對(duì)性和節(jié)水栽培的有效性具有指導(dǎo)作用。試驗(yàn)于2013-2014年在山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)試驗(yàn)站進(jìn)行,主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.不同花生品種生物量(產(chǎn)量)與抗旱性表現(xiàn)抗旱系數(shù)是受到干旱脅迫的作物產(chǎn)量與未受到干旱脅迫的對(duì)照的作物產(chǎn)量的比值,它是目前抗旱性鑒定評(píng)價(jià)工作中應(yīng)用較廣的評(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。以抗旱系數(shù)法評(píng)價(jià)5個(gè)品種的抗旱性結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),5個(gè)品種在苗期干旱和結(jié)莢期干旱復(fù)水處理后的抗旱性表現(xiàn)一致,抗旱性大小依次為荔浦大花生山花11花育20ICG6848花17。苗期和結(jié)莢期干旱處理后立即對(duì)5個(gè)品種的抗旱性進(jìn)行鑒定的結(jié)果與此差異很大,說明干旱脅迫后的花生植株在干旱復(fù)水后都有補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)。實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中干旱的發(fā)生通常是間歇性的,應(yīng)該對(duì)干旱復(fù)水后的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)加以重視。2.生物量與收獲指數(shù)對(duì)結(jié)莢期干旱脅迫及復(fù)水的響應(yīng)差異荔浦大花生抗旱性最強(qiáng)是因?yàn)樗诟珊得{迫后生物量沒有顯著變化,而收獲指數(shù)升高。而花17由于莖重百分比升高,在干旱解除后無法再分配,造成對(duì)同化物的浪費(fèi),同時(shí)生物量顯著降低,收獲指數(shù)顯著降低,因此它的產(chǎn)量顯著降低,抗旱系數(shù)表現(xiàn)為最低。3.植株性狀對(duì)干旱脅迫及復(fù)水的響應(yīng)差異在所考察的植株性狀中,苗期和結(jié)莢期干旱脅迫都對(duì)側(cè)枝長的影響最顯著。不同花生品種的主莖節(jié)數(shù)在不同的水分環(huán)境中相對(duì)穩(wěn)定。主莖綠葉數(shù)受結(jié)莢期干旱脅迫影響較大,除山花11以外的4個(gè)花生品種,在結(jié)莢期干旱復(fù)水后主莖綠葉數(shù)與對(duì)照的比值顯著升高,說明干旱脅迫延長了它們的生育時(shí)期。由于在花生生產(chǎn)中第一對(duì)側(cè)枝的生長發(fā)育狀況直接影響到植株整體開花結(jié)果的數(shù)量,因此側(cè)枝長的變化也是干旱脅迫對(duì)花生產(chǎn)量影響的一個(gè)方面。就品種而言,苗期干旱脅迫復(fù)水后山花11和ICG6848的側(cè)枝生長恢復(fù)較好;結(jié)莢期干旱脅迫復(fù)水后荔浦大花生的側(cè)枝長與對(duì)照接近。而花17在苗期和結(jié)莢期干旱脅迫時(shí),側(cè)枝長受到的抑制在5個(gè)品種中都是最小的,但是干旱復(fù)水以后,它的補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)最低,生長恢復(fù)程度最小。4.光合特性對(duì)干旱脅迫及復(fù)水的響應(yīng)差異苗期干旱脅迫并沒有對(duì)花生的光合特性造成不可逆的抑制,5個(gè)花生品種在苗期干旱脅迫時(shí)光合特性和主要熒光參數(shù)都下降,而復(fù)水以后它們大多表現(xiàn)出小幅超補(bǔ)償效應(yīng)。SPAD值在苗期不同水分環(huán)境中表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定。說明苗期適度干旱反而可能對(duì)產(chǎn)量的增加有促進(jìn)作用。結(jié)莢期光合器官及光合代謝過程對(duì)水分敏感,結(jié)莢期干旱脅迫使5個(gè)花生品種葉片SPAD值升高,復(fù)水后又下降,抗旱性較弱的ICG6848和花17的光合性能、熒光參數(shù)在干旱時(shí)下降,復(fù)水以后沒有完全恢復(fù)到對(duì)照水平,這是它們抗旱性較低的生理基礎(chǔ)。5.滲透調(diào)節(jié)對(duì)干旱脅迫及復(fù)水的響應(yīng)差異脯氨酸、可溶性糖、游離氨基酸和可溶性蛋白在干旱脅迫時(shí)均在不同程度地發(fā)揮滲透調(diào)節(jié)作用,在這4種有機(jī)滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)中,脯氨酸是最主要的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)。苗期,抗旱性強(qiáng)的荔浦大花生和山花11,抗旱性中等的花育20葉片中滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)對(duì)干旱脅迫的響應(yīng)較敏感快速,并且在復(fù)水后都能快速恢復(fù)到對(duì)照水平,這是它們?cè)趶?fù)水后生長恢復(fù)較好,抗旱性提高的一個(gè)原因。而抗旱性弱的ICG6848和花17的滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)的含量在復(fù)水后沒有及時(shí)恢復(fù)到對(duì)照水平,因此其生長發(fā)育相對(duì)緩慢,表現(xiàn)為較低的抗旱性。結(jié)莢期干旱復(fù)水后,抗旱性強(qiáng)的品種中脯氨酸含量仍然高于對(duì)照,這使花生能夠較好地減緩生長中后期其他潛在的環(huán)境脅迫所帶來的損傷,有利于產(chǎn)量的形成。而抗旱性弱的花生品種復(fù)水后葉片中可溶性糖的含量較高,說明同化物無法順利輸送到莢果,不利于莢果的發(fā)育成熟,產(chǎn)量降低,抗旱性降低。6.脯氨酸代謝對(duì)干旱脅迫及復(fù)水的響應(yīng)差異脯氨酸的合成主要包括鳥氨酸途徑和谷氨酸途徑兩條途徑。前者的關(guān)鍵酶為P5CS,后者的關(guān)鍵酶為δ-OAT。PDH是植物體內(nèi)控制脯氨酸降解的關(guān)鍵酶。不同生育時(shí)期的干旱脅迫誘導(dǎo)的脯氨酸代謝途徑有所不同。苗期干旱脅迫脯氨酸含量的升高主要由于P5CS的活性增大。結(jié)莢期時(shí),花生葉片中脯氨酸含量的變化主要是由OAT和PDH活性相應(yīng)變化,協(xié)同作用的結(jié)果。7.抗氧化特性對(duì)干旱脅迫及復(fù)水的響應(yīng)差異干旱脅迫使各花生品種的超氧化物清除相關(guān)酶如SOD、POD和CAT活性有不同程度提高。苗期干旱脅迫復(fù)水后,較高的POD、CAT活性與花生較高抗旱性的獲得有關(guān)。而結(jié)莢期干旱復(fù)水后,較高的SOD、CAT活性對(duì)花生中后期的生長恢復(fù)有利,也有利于緩解其他潛在環(huán)境脅迫的損傷,從而有利于莢果產(chǎn)量的形成,是花生品種獲得較高抗旱性的一個(gè)重要原因。8.品質(zhì)對(duì)結(jié)莢期干旱脅迫及復(fù)水的響應(yīng)差異結(jié)莢期干旱脅迫后,荔浦大花生的產(chǎn)量升高是通過增加莢果數(shù)、提高總的飽果重,減少秕果數(shù)、降低總秕果重實(shí)現(xiàn)的。其余4個(gè)花生品種在干旱脅迫后產(chǎn)量降低,主要是由于莢果和籽仁重量的降低導(dǎo)致的。只有花育20在干旱脅迫后籽仁中粗蛋白和氨基酸含量升高,其余品種均降低,荔浦大花生和花育20籽仁中三種限制性氨基酸的比例有所升高。五個(gè)花生品種在干旱脅迫后含油量均降低,除花17以外,油亞比均升高。說明花生籽仁品質(zhì)的變化與品種抗旱性大小不相關(guān)。
[Abstract]:Peanut is China's rapeseed planting area is second important oil crops, oil crops cultivation area of 1/4, the total production of oil crops ranked first, accounting for more than 50%. Because of drought resistance barren strong, became arid, semi-arid rainfed crop area preferred in agricultural production in the world and China. Around, peanuts are usually planted in sandy loam or lack of irrigation area, the peanut planting area most are growing season the uneven distribution of rainfall, and the annual fluctuation, problems between months. Although compared to other crops, the peanut drought tolerant, but in the growth of peanut the critical period of water requirement, water the same lack of will on the development of peanut growth caused by severe or irreversible inhibition. According to statistics, China has 70% of the peanut planting area drought threatened, the yield loss caused by up to 30 per year %~50%. at the same time, the drought has lead to a decline in quality, the probability of aflatoxin contamination is greatly increased. Therefore, drought stress is limiting the yield and quality of peanut increased the most important abiotic stress factors. This study chose 5 different drought resistant peanut varieties respectively in seedling stage and podding stage of drought and rewatering study on the processing, plant traits, photosynthetic characteristics, osmotic adjustment, proline metabolism, antioxidant properties, changes of pod and seed quality traits, the drought resistance mechanism of different peanut varieties, for drought resistance identification and evaluation of peanut germplasm resources, the advantages of mining drought resistance traits of different peanut varieties, has a guiding role to strengthen the pertinence and effectiveness of water saving cultivation of drought resistance breeding. The test in 2013-2014 at the experimental station of Shandong Agricultural University, the main research results are as follows: 1. Different Peanut Varieties Biomass (yield) and drought resistance performance of drought resistance coefficient was affected by drought stress and crop yield under drought stress ratio control of crop production, which is currently widely used evaluation criteria to evaluate the drought resistance identification work. The results of drought resistance to drought resistance coefficient method to the evaluation of 5 varieties, 5 varieties rewatering after drought resistance under drought showed consistent drought at seedling stage and podding stage, drought resistance order of Li Riverside big peanut Huayu Shanhua 11 20ICG6848 spent 17. at seedling stage and podding stage of drought treatment immediately after the identification of drought resistance of 5 varieties of results with this difference, that after drought stress of peanut plants a compensation effect after re water. In the actual production of drought occurrence is usually intermittent, should be on the podding stage of drought stress to.2. biomass and harvest index of drought compensation effect of rewatering The strongest response difference of Li Riverside peanut drought resistance force and rewatering after drought stress because of its biomass did not change significantly, but the harvest index increased. While spending 17 due to increased percentage of stem weight, not redistribution in drought relief, caused by the assimilation of waste, while the biomass decreased significantly, harvest index decreased significantly therefore, it is the significant decrease of yield, drought resistance coefficient showed the lowest.3. plant traits of drought stress and Rewatering in response to differences in plant traits investigated in seedling stage and podding stage, drought stress has effect on branch length is the most significant. The number of nodes of the main stem of Different Peanut Varieties were relatively stable in different water environment. The number of green leaves under drought stress affected podding stage, 4 peanut varieties except flowers except 11, significantly increased in the ratio of the number of green leaves and the control pod period after re watering, drought stress To extend their growth period. Because the number of collateral in peanut production first on the growth status directly affects the whole plant fruit, a change in collateral is a long effect of drought stress on peanut yield. The varieties, drought stress after rewatering Shanhua 11 and ICG6848 branch growth recovery good; podding stage of drought stress after rewatering in Li Riverside big peanut and branch length is close to control. And spent 17 in seedling stage and podding stage of drought stress, are the smallest branch length by inhibition in 5 varieties, but after re watering, the compensation effect of the lowest growth recovery degree minimum.4. the differences in response to stress on Photosynthetic Characteristics of drought stress and rewatering under drought and no photosynthetic characteristics of peanut light caused by irreversible inhibition, photosynthetic characteristics and main stress in drought at seedling stage of 5 Peanut Cultivars The fluorescence parameters are decreased after rewatering and most of them showed a slight overcompensation effect.SPAD value was stable at the seedling stage in different water environment. That seedling moderate drought may contribute to increased production. Pod photosynthetic organs and photosynthetic metabolism process of water sensitivity, pod period of drought stress increased leaf SPAD 5 peanut varieties increased, and then decreased after rewatering, the drought resistance of weak ICG6848 and spend 17 of the photosynthetic performance, fluorescence parameters decreased during drought and rewatering after not fully recovered to the control level, this is the regulation of the differences in response to drought stress and rewatering of proline, soluble sugar and low permeability are drought resistance the physiological basis of.5., free amino acid and soluble protein in the drought stress in different degree play a role in osmotic adjustment, in which 4 kinds of organic osmolytes, proline is the most important osmotic Regulator. Seedling, drought resistant peanut and Li Riverside Shanhua 11, medium resistance of Huayu regulator in response to drought stress is sensitive to rapid penetration of 20 leaves, and quickly returned to the control level in the rehabilitation of water, it is better in their growth recovery after rewatering, a the reason of drought resistance increased. But the content of weak drought resistance ICG6848 and spend 17 of osmolytes in the complex water does not recover in time to the control level, so its growth is relatively slow, as drought resistance low. Pod period after re watering, drought resistant varieties proline content is still higher than the the control, which can be used to slow the growth of peanut in the late period of other potential environmental damage caused by stress, is conducive to the yield formation. The higher content of leaves and drought resistant peanut varieties after water soluble sugar, with no matter Successfully transported to the pod, is not conducive to the development of pod maturity, yield decreased, drought resistance decreased.6. synthesis of proline metabolism differences in response to drought stress and rewatering of proline and glutamate pathways including the ornithine pathway in two ways. The former is the key enzyme of P5CS, the key enzyme for Delta -OAT.PDH is a key enzyme in plants in the control of proline degradation. During the different growth periods of drought stress induced proline metabolic pathway is different. The proline content under drought stress increased mainly due to the increase of P5CS activity. At podding stage, changes of proline content in peanut leaf is mainly composed of OAT and PDH activity changes, the synergistic effect of the.7. on antioxidant properties of difference in response to drought stress and rewatering drought stress the peanut varieties of superoxide scavenging enzymes such as SOD, POD and CAT activity increased in different degrees. Under drought stress after rewatering, higher POD, higher CAT activity and drought resistance of peanut pod. On and after re watering, higher SOD and CAT activity of peanut in the late growth recovery benefit, but also conducive to ease other potential environmental stress, which is conducive to the formation of the pod yield. The drought resistance of peanut varieties is obtained high quality.8. an important reason for differences in response to drought at podding stage, drought stress and rewatering at podding stage after stress increased, Li Riverside peanut yield by increasing the number of pods, the total pod weight, reduce blighted pods, reduce the total grain fruit weight to achieve. The remaining 4 peanut cultivars reduced yield under drought stress, is mainly due to the decrease of pod and kernel weight of lead. Only Huayu crude protein and amino acid content of 20 seeds under drought stress increased, the varieties were reduced, Li Riverside big peanut The proportion of three limiting amino acids in the 20 seed kernel of Huayu three increased. The oil content of five peanut varieties decreased after drought stress, and the ratio of oil to seed increased.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S565.2

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