本文關(guān)鍵詞： 肥料袋控緩釋 桃 氮 根系 器官發(fā)育 極性分配　出處：《山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：肥料袋控緩釋作為一種新型的施肥方式,在桃養(yǎng)分管理中得到了初步應(yīng)用。本課題組前期研究發(fā)現(xiàn),施用袋控緩釋肥后,袋控肥周圍桃根系密度較大,根系維持活力的時(shí)間較長,并且施用袋控緩釋肥后桃樹勢中庸健壯,果實(shí)大小較為均勻;但肥料袋控緩釋是如何調(diào)控桃樹體發(fā)育的,其調(diào)控機(jī)理至今尚不清楚。為此,本研究利用盆栽、大田栽培相結(jié)合的方式,研究了肥料袋控緩釋對桃根系生長動(dòng)態(tài)及氮素吸收分配特性的影響,探討肥料袋控緩釋對桃樹體發(fā)育的調(diào)控機(jī)制,以期為通過改變養(yǎng)分供應(yīng)方式調(diào)控氮素極性分配和器官發(fā)育提供理論依據(jù)。主要結(jié)果如下:肥料袋控緩釋對桃樹勢及氮素吸收分配的影響試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):盆栽施肥新梢停止生長后氮素利用率以肥料袋控緩釋處理最高,達(dá)12.96%,肥料撒施處理只有4.6%。新梢停止生長時(shí)吸收氮素在上下部新梢葉間分配差異大,肥料袋控緩釋處理氮素分配差異低于肥料撒施處理。落葉后氮素分配到貯藏器官的比例,肥料袋控緩釋處理顯著高于肥料撒施處理。大田4年生桃樹15N同位素示蹤技術(shù)研究顯示,魯星桃落葉后肥料袋控緩釋處理和撒施處理氮素利用率分別為22.80%和12.63%。根系是主要的分配器官,肥料袋控緩釋處理為43.64%,撒施處理為37.15%,差異顯著。生長季內(nèi)果實(shí)Ndff%高于新梢Ndff%,同一類型器官因在樹冠內(nèi)不同位置Ndff%差異顯著,上部高于下部,外圍高于Qg膛。肥料袋控緩釋處理同一器官因在樹冠內(nèi)位置不同造成的差異小。說明肥料袋控緩釋提高了氮素利用率,降低了氮素在生長中心器官和非中心器官間差異,提高了貯藏器官中氮素分配比例,氮素在樹冠內(nèi)極性分配特性得到消弱。盆栽施肥試驗(yàn)表明,二次枝數(shù)量、長度、平均節(jié)間長度肥料袋控緩釋處理顯著高于其他處理。肥料袋控緩釋處理下部內(nèi)膛萌芽率、成枝率顯著高于其他處理。葉片單位面積生物量兩年結(jié)果均以肥料袋控緩釋處理最高,分別達(dá)58.4g/m~2和66.2 g/m~2。大田栽培條件下,第二年新梢生長速度整個(gè)生長季內(nèi)都以肥料袋控緩釋處理最高。副梢生長速度兩年內(nèi)都是袋控緩釋處理顯著高于撒施處理。第一副梢發(fā)生節(jié)位肥料袋控緩釋處理顯著低于其他處理。落葉后肥料袋控緩釋處理長硬枝比例顯著高于其他處理,短軟枝比例顯著低于其他處理。萌芽率內(nèi)膛部位受施肥影響大,肥料袋控緩釋處理顯著高于其他處理。肥料袋控緩釋處理顯著提高了平均果實(shí)個(gè)數(shù)、平均單果重和平均單株產(chǎn)量。肥料袋控緩釋處理通過提高氮素貯藏,生長季內(nèi)平穩(wěn)供氮,延長了新梢生長高峰,增加了新梢節(jié)數(shù),降低了極性生長,促進(jìn)了二次枝生長,促進(jìn)了葉片發(fā)育,改變了樹冠內(nèi)枝類組成,降低二次枝發(fā)生節(jié)位。肥料袋控緩釋處理通過促進(jìn)新梢生長、發(fā)育和果實(shí)發(fā)育提高了單株產(chǎn)量。肥料袋控緩釋對桃根系生長發(fā)育動(dòng)態(tài)的調(diào)控研究發(fā)現(xiàn):采用微根管技術(shù)對2年生桃樹細(xì)根生長動(dòng)態(tài)進(jìn)行了連續(xù)4年的觀測,結(jié)果顯示肥料袋控緩釋處理比肥料撒施處理提高了細(xì)根數(shù)量。夏季和秋季是細(xì)根發(fā)根的一個(gè)主要時(shí)期。細(xì)根褐變的時(shí)間不施肥處理為22天,撒施處理為38天,肥料袋控緩釋達(dá)57天。細(xì)根中值壽命不施肥處理為95天,撒施處理為110天,肥料袋控緩釋為140天。肥料袋控緩釋處理提高了細(xì)根現(xiàn)存量,各年數(shù)量均在200條以上。肥料袋控緩釋處理顯著降低了細(xì)根年周轉(zhuǎn)。8月下旬根系活力肥料袋控緩釋處理為41.32mg/g/h,顯著高于其他處理。桃年生長中后期肥料袋控緩釋處理根系保護(hù)酶活性均顯著高于其它處理,根系丙二醛含量顯著低于其它處理,而生長后期撒施處理與對照間無顯著差異。結(jié)果表明肥料袋控緩釋通過提高土壤硝態(tài)氮濃度且維持在一個(gè)相對穩(wěn)定狀態(tài),提高了根系細(xì)根數(shù)量,延長了細(xì)根變褐時(shí)間,提高了細(xì)根中值壽命,提高了細(xì)根現(xiàn)存量,降低了細(xì)根周轉(zhuǎn)率,生長季內(nèi)提高了根系活力。肥料袋控緩釋常年跟蹤試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):連續(xù)3年的定位施肥試驗(yàn)表明,與傳統(tǒng)的肥料撒施相比,在化肥使用量較高的平谷桃產(chǎn)區(qū),肥料袋控緩釋處理顯著降低了肥料用量,產(chǎn)量與品質(zhì)差異不顯著。在化肥使用量中等的西北桃產(chǎn)區(qū),與傳統(tǒng)施肥方法比較,肥料袋控緩釋處理,化肥施用量降低1/3,但不同程度的提高產(chǎn)量,并改善植株生長狀況。
[Abstract]:Bag controlled-release fertilizer as a new type of fertilizer, has been applied in peach nutrient management. Previous studies showed that the application of bag controlled release fertilizer, bags of fertilizer around the peach root density, root vigor to maintain a longer time, and the application of bag controlled release fertilizer slow after moderate grower strong peach fruit size, more uniform; but the bag controlled-release fertilizer is how to control the development of the peach tree, its mechanism is still unclear. Therefore, this study using pot, field cultivation combination, studied the effects of bag controlled release fertilizer absorption and distribution of nitrogen on the growth dynamics and peach root system, explore the fertilizer bag controlled release on the regulation mechanism of peach body development, in order to provide theoretical basis for the regulation of nitrogen nutrient supply mode by changing the polarity distribution and organ development. The main results are as follows: bag controlled-release fertilizer on peach and nitrogen potential The absorption and distribution of impact test shows that the pot fertilization shoots stop utilization rate of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was the highest, up to 12.96% growth after nitrogen fertilizer treatments, only 4.6%. shoots stop growing when the absorption of nitrogen in the upper and lower new shoot leaf distribution between large differences of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment nitrogen distribution difference is lower than the fertilizer treatments. The proportion of N allocation to storage organs after defoliation, bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than that of fertilizer treatments. The field of 4 year old peach 15N isotope tracer technique to study shows that Lu Xingtao leaves after fertilizer bag controlled processing and treatments with nitrogen release rate were 22.80% and 12.63%. root is the main organ of the distribution and processing of bag controlled-release fertilizer for the 43.64% treatments was 37.15%, the difference was significant. During the growing season of fruit shoots Ndff% is higher than Ndff%, the same type of organ for different positions in the canopy Ndff% differential display The upper part is higher than that of the lower and higher than that of Qg. The peripheral chamber of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatments of the same organ due to differences in crown position caused by different small. That bag controlled-release fertilizer improves the utilization rate of nitrogen, reduce the nitrogen in the growth center of organ and non central organ differences, improve the nitrogen distribution proportion in storage organs. Nitrogen in the canopy of polar distribution characteristics are weak. That pot fertilization experiment, two branch number, length, average internode length of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than other treatments. Bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment chamber in the lower part of the germination rate, branching rate was significantly higher than other treatments. The leaf biomass per unit area are the results of the two years bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was the highest, up to 58.4g/m~2 and 66.2 g/m~2. respectively under the condition of field cultivation, second year shoot growth rate throughout the growing season of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was highest. The Deputy shoot growth The speed is within two years of bag controlled-release treatment were significantly higher than that of treatments. The first occurrence of secondary shoot sections of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was significantly lower than that of other treatments. After defoliation of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment long hard branch proportion was significantly higher than other treatments, short branch was significantly lower than other treatments. Adorable bud rate affected by fertilization of large bore parts that bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was significantly higher than other treatments. Bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment significantly increased the average fruit number and average fruit weight and average plant yield. Bag controlled-release fertilizer process by increasing nitrogen storage, growing season drew steady nitrogen, prolonged shoot growth peak, increased the shoot number, reduce the polar growth, promote the two branch growth, promote leaf development, change the composition of branches in the crown, two times lower shoot nodes. Through the processing of bag controlled-release fertilizer to promote the growth of new shoots and fruit development. The real development improves the yield of bag controlled-release fertilizer. The growth regulation of the dynamic development found on Peach roots of 2 year old peach root growth dynamics were observed for 4 years by minirhizotron technique, results showed that the fertilizer bag controlled-release fertilizer treatments increased than the root number. Summer and autumn is a a major period of root root. Root browning time no fertilization treatments for 22 days, 38 days, 57 days of bag controlled-release fertilizer. The fine root median life without fertilization treatments for 95 days, 110 days, 140 days of bag controlled-release fertilizer. Bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment increased the root biomass, number of each year in more than 200. Bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment significantly reduced the fine root turnover.8 month root activity of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment was 41.32mg/g/h, significantly higher than other treatments. The annual growth in late peach fertilizer Bag controlled release of protective enzyme activity of root treatment were significantly higher than other treatments, the content of MDA in root was significantly lower than other treatments, and later growth treatments showed no significant difference with the control. The results showed that bag controlled-release fertilizer can improve the soil nitrate nitrogen concentration and maintained at a relatively stable state, increased root root number, extension fine root browning time, improve root median life, improve the fine root biomass, lower turnover rates, growth season increased root activity. Bag controlled-release fertilizer perennial tracking test shown that the fertilization experiment in 3 consecutive years, compared with the traditional fertilizer applicator, the higher amount of fertilizer use in Pinggu peach production of bag controlled-release fertilizer treatment significantly reduced the amount of fertilizer, yield and quality of the difference was not significant. In the middle of the northwest region of peach fertilizer use, compared with the traditional methods of fertilization, fertilizer With the controlled release of sack, the application of chemical fertilizer was reduced by 1/3, but the yield was increased in different degrees and the growth of the plant was improved.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S662.1

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