本文關(guān)鍵詞：耕作方式對(duì)玉米小麥復(fù)種系統(tǒng)生產(chǎn)力和溫室氣體排放的影響　出處：《中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院》2015年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 全球變暖 糧食安全 玉米-小麥產(chǎn)量 土壤管理 氮肥利用效率 N2O CH4

【摘要】：玉米-小麥農(nóng)作系統(tǒng)是世界上最重要的糧食生產(chǎn)系統(tǒng)之一。當(dāng)前,玉米和小麥的產(chǎn)量仍需要進(jìn)一步的增加以滿足人口日益增長(zhǎng)的需求。而為了進(jìn)一步提高作物產(chǎn)量,過量施用氮肥,導(dǎo)致氮肥利用率低和嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題。農(nóng)田也是重要的溫室氣體排放源,栽培和耕作等農(nóng)藝措施顯著影響N2O和CH4等溫室氣體的排放。中國(guó)是世界上最大的小麥、玉米生產(chǎn)國(guó),分別占世界小麥、玉米產(chǎn)量的17.9%和23.8%,同時(shí)中國(guó)也是最大的農(nóng)田碳排放國(guó)家之一。華北平原是中國(guó)的糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū),其玉米-小麥一年兩熟制是主要的農(nóng)作模式。為了進(jìn)一步的提高作物產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率,很多學(xué)者就耕作、栽培等農(nóng)藝技術(shù)方面開展了創(chuàng)新性的研究,并且就農(nóng)田溫室氣體排放方面也開展了相關(guān)研究,但是關(guān)于耕作方式對(duì)作物周年產(chǎn)量、氮素利用效率和溫室氣體排放的綜合影響還不清楚,因此本研究以高產(chǎn)中筋小麥品種濟(jì)麥22為試驗(yàn)材料,在山東省泰安市東平縣農(nóng)科所試驗(yàn)基地進(jìn)行定位試驗(yàn)。2012~2013小麥生長(zhǎng)季設(shè)置4種耕作方式:免耕(N)、深松+免耕(SN)、旋耕(R)、深松+旋耕(SR),2013年玉米季在小麥季處理基礎(chǔ)上裂區(qū)設(shè)置免耕(N)和深松+旋耕(SR)處理,共8個(gè)處理:玉米季免耕,小麥季免耕(N-N);玉米季免耕,小麥季旋耕(N-R);玉米季免耕,小麥季深松后免耕(N-SN);玉米季免耕,小麥季深松后旋耕(N-SR);玉米季深松后旋耕,小麥季免耕(SR-N);玉米季深松后旋耕,小麥季旋耕(SR-R);玉米季深松后旋耕,小麥季深松后免耕(SR-SN);玉米季深松后旋耕,小麥季深松后旋耕(SR-SR)。2013~2014年小麥和2014年玉米生長(zhǎng)季的試驗(yàn)處理與上一年度一致,研究不同耕作方式對(duì)玉米-小麥周年土壤耕層特性、作物產(chǎn)量、氮素利用效率和溫室氣體排放的影響,以期為華北平原提高農(nóng)田生產(chǎn)力和固碳減排提供理論依據(jù)和技術(shù)支撐。主要結(jié)果如下:1.耕作方式對(duì)作物產(chǎn)量的影響在玉米-小麥一年兩熟模式中,N-SR和SR-SR處理能夠顯著提高作物周年產(chǎn)量;兩年度作物周年平均產(chǎn)量為N-SRSR-SRN-SNSR-SNSR-RN-RN-NSR-N;兩年度玉米平均產(chǎn)量免耕處理比深松+旋耕處理高1.55%。2.耕作方式對(duì)氮素吸收利用的影響在玉米-小麥一年兩熟模式中,N-SR處理能夠顯著提高周年作物氮素吸收量、氮素收獲指數(shù)和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力;兩年度小麥平均氮素吸收量為N-SRSR-RSR-SRN-NSR-SNN-RSR-NN-SN,氮素收獲指數(shù)為N-SRSR-SNSR-SRN-SNSR-RN-RSR-NN-N,年平均氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力為N-SRSR-SRSR-SNN-RSR-RN-NN-SNSR-N;在玉米生長(zhǎng)季,與深松+旋耕處理相比較,玉米季免耕出現(xiàn)均獲得較高的氮素吸收量、氮素收獲指數(shù)和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力。3.耕作方式對(duì)土壤物理特性的影響在玉米-小麥一年兩熟模式中,N-N處理顯著提高了0-10,10-20和20-30cm土層的土壤容重;與深松+旋耕處理相比較,免耕處理顯著提高了小麥和玉米成熟期0-10,10-20和20-30cm土層的土壤容重;N-N處理顯著提高了玉米-小麥周年的土壤含水量,SR-N次之,其他處理之間無(wú)顯著差異。4.耕作方式對(duì)土壤化學(xué)特性的影響不同土層之間,各處理玉米和小麥季成熟期土壤總氮含量0-10 cm土層高于10-20 cm土層;不同處理之間比較,N-N處理的玉米和小麥季成熟期0-10 cm土層土壤總氮含量最高,而N-SR處理的10-20 cm土層土壤總氮含量最高;從玉米季成熟期0-20 cm土層土壤總氮含量平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理高于玉米季免耕處理,但是從小麥季成熟期0-20 cm土層土壤總氮含量平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理低于玉米季免耕處理;不同土層之間,各處理小麥季成熟期土壤NH4+-N含量0-10 cm土層高于10-20 cm土層,而土壤NO3--N含量10-20 cm土層高于0-10 cm土層;從周年成熟期0-20 cm土層土壤NH4+-N含量平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理的10-20 cm土層土壤NH4+-N含量高于玉米季免耕處理,0-10 cm土層土壤NH4+-N含量低于玉米季免耕處理;從小麥季成熟期0-20 cm土層土壤NO3--N含量平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理高于玉米季免耕處理;不同土層之間,各處理玉米和小麥季成熟期土壤p H 10-20 cm土層比0-10 cm土層高17.50%;從玉米季成熟期0-20 cm土層土壤p H平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理低于玉米季免耕處理;從小麥季成熟期0-20 cm土層土壤p H平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理的0-10 cm土層土壤p H低于玉米季免耕處理,而10-20 cm土層土壤p H高于玉米季免耕處理;不同處理之間比較,N-N處理的玉米和小麥季成熟期0-20 cm土層土壤p H最高。5.耕作方式對(duì)土壤生物特性的影響不同土層之間,各處理小麥季成熟期土壤微生物量碳0-10 cm土層高于10-20 cm土層;不同處理之間比較,N-N處理的小麥季0-10 cm和10-20 cm土層土壤微生物量碳含量最高,N-N和N-R處理的小麥季0-10 cm和10-20 cm土層土壤微生物量氮含量高于其他處理;不同土層之間,各處理小麥季成熟期土壤有機(jī)碳0-10 cm土層高于10-20 cm土層;不同處理之間比較,N-N處理的小麥季0-10 cm和10-20 cm土層土壤有機(jī)碳含量最高;從玉米季和小麥季成熟期0-20 cm土層土壤有機(jī)碳平均值分析,玉米季免耕處理高于玉米季深松+旋耕處理;從小麥季開花期0-20 cm土層土壤硝化潛力平均值分析,玉米季免耕處理比玉米季深松+旋耕處理高18.78%;不同處理之間比較,N-N處理的小麥季開花期0-20 cm土層土壤硝化潛力最高,N-SR處理最低;從小麥季開花期0-20 cm土層土壤反硝化潛力平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理比玉米季免耕處理高4.67%;不同處理之間比較,N-R處理的小麥季開花期0-20 cm土層土壤反硝化潛力最高,SR-SR處理最低;6.耕作方式對(duì)溫室氣體排放的影響在玉米-小麥一年兩熟模式中,耕作方式對(duì)第一周年N2O排放有顯著影響,對(duì)第二周年N2O排放無(wú)顯著差異(P0.05);從兩年N2O排放平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理顯著高于玉米季免耕處理;不同處理之間比較,SR-SR處理N2O排放量最高,N-N處理N2O排放量最低;耕作方式對(duì)小麥季、玉米季和周年的CH4排放無(wú)顯著差異(P0.05);從兩年CH4排放平均值分析,玉米季深松+旋耕處理高于玉米季免耕處理;玉米季深松+旋耕處理的單位面積和單位產(chǎn)量的GWP高于玉米季免耕處理;不同處理之間比較,SR-SR處理的單位面積和單位產(chǎn)量的GWP最高,N-N處理單位面積和單位產(chǎn)量的GWP最低。
[Abstract]:Corn wheat farming system is one of the most important grain production system in the world. At present, corn and wheat yield still need further increase to meet the demands of a growing population. In order to further improve the yield of crops, excessive N fertilizer, resulting in serious environmental problems and the low rate of nitrogen fertilizer utilization farmland is also an important greenhouse gas. The emission source, cultivation and cultivation agronomic measures significantly affected N2O and CH4 emissions of greenhouse gases. Chinese is the world's largest producer of wheat, corn, wheat and corn respectively in the world, the yield of 17.9% and 23.8%, and one of the farmland is the biggest carbon emitter China. North China Plain is China grain producing areas. The corn wheat two crops a year is the main mode of farming. In order to further improve the yield and nitrogen use efficiency of crop, a lot of scholars on farming, cultivation of agricultural technology. Carrying out creative research, and in terms of greenhouse gas emission are also carried out related research on crop yield, but the annual comprehensive effect of tillage, nitrogen utilization efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions is not clear, so the study on high yield in wheat varieties Jimai 22 as the test material, test.2012~2013 located at Dongping County of Shandong province wheat Tai'an test base growth season 4 tillage methods (N): no tillage, subsoiling and no tillage (SN), rotary tillage (R), rotary tillage after subsoiling (SR), 2013 corn season in the wheat season based on split set processing (N) and deep tillage pine and rotary tillage (SR), a total of 8 treatments: no tillage maize season, winter wheat no tillage (N-N); maize no tillage, rotary tillage (N-R); winter wheat maize no tillage, subsoiling tillage after wheat season (N-SN); maize no tillage, subsoiling tillage after wheat season (N-SR); maize subsoiling after rotary tillage, small Wheat no tillage (SR-N); maize season after subsoiling tillage, rotary tillage (SR-R); winter wheat maize season after subsoiling tillage, subsoiling tillage after wheat season (SR-SN); maize season after subsoiling tillage, subsoiling tillage after wheat season (SR-SR).2013~2014 growing season of wheat and corn in 2014 last year consistent processing and testing and the study of different tillage methods on maize wheat annual crop yield, soil characteristics, effects of nitrogen use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions, and provide a theoretical basis and technical support in order to improve the productivity of farmland in North China Plain and carbon sequestration. The main results are as follows: 1. the effects of tillage on crop yield in maize wheat a year two familiar pattern, N-SR and SR-SR treatments could significantly increase crop yield average yield of two year anniversary; anniversary crop is N-SRSR-SRN-SNSR-SNSR-RN-RN-NSR-N; two year average yield of maize no tillage than subsoiling and rotary High 1.55%.2. tillage tillage on nitrogen absorption and utilization effect on corn wheat two crops a year model, N-SR treatment can significantly improve the absorption amount of annual crop nitrogen, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen partial productivity; two annual average wheat nitrogen uptake for N-SRSR-RSR-SRN-NSR-SNN-RSR-NN-SN, nitrogen harvest index was N-SRSR-SNSR-SRN-SNSR-RN-RSR-NN-N, the average annual nitrogen partial factor productivity N-SRSR-SRSR-SNN-RSR-RN-NN-SNSR-N; growth season in maize, compared with subsoiling and rotary tillage, no tillage maize season were higher nitrogen uptake, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen partial productivity.3. effects of Tillage Methods on soil physical properties in corn wheat two crops a year model, N-N treatment significantly improved the soil bulk density 0-10,10-20 and the 20-30cm layer; compared with subsoiling and rotary tillage, no tillage treatments significantly increased wheat and The soil bulk density of maize mature stage of 0-10,10-20 and 20-30cm layer; N-N significantly increased the maize wheat annual soil moisture, SR-N, between the other no significant difference between.4. tillage on soil chemical properties of different soil layers, the total nitrogen content of the maize and wheat season maturity soil cm soil was higher than that of 0-10 10-20 cm soil layer; comparison between different treatments, maize and wheat season N-N processing maturity 0-10 cm soil total nitrogen content is the highest, while the N-SR processing of 10-20 cm soil total nitrogen content is the highest; from the analysis of maize mature 0-20 cm soil total nitrogen content in maize season average, subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment was higher than that of corn season of no tillage treatment, but the average value from wheat maturity analysis 0-20 cm soil total nitrogen content, maize subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment was lower than that of maize no tillage treatment between different soil layers, respectively; Wheat mature content of soil NH4+-N 0-10 cm soil layer was higher than that of 10-20 cm soil layer, and soil NO3--N content in 10-20 cm soil layer was higher than that of 0-10 cm soil layer; analysis from the anniversary of maturity 0-20 cm soil average content of NH4+-N, the maize season deeploosing + rotary tillage 10-20 cm soil NH4+-N was higher than that of maize no tillage, soil 0-10 cm the soil NH4+-N content was lower than that of maize no tillage; wheat maturity average analysis from 0-20 cm soil NO3--N content, maize subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment was higher than that of maize no tillage treatment; different soil layers, the maize and wheat season maturity soil P than 0-10 cm H 10-20 cm soil layer 17.50%; from the analysis of the maize season mature 0-20 cm soil P H average maize season deeploosing + P treatment is lower than that of maize no tillage treatment; mean value analysis from wheat mature 0-20 cm soil P H, The maize season deeploosing + rotary tillage 0-10 cm soil P H was lower than that of maize no tillage treatment, while the 10-20 cm soil P H was higher than that of maize no tillage treatment; comparison between different treatments, between maize and wheat season N-N processing maturity 0-20 cm soil P H.5. the maximum effect of Tillage Methods on soil biological characteristics the different soil layer, the wheat mature period of soil microbial biomass carbon in 0-10 cm soil layer was higher than that of 10-20 cm soil layer; comparison between different treatments, the treatment of N-N 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in wheat season soil microbial biomass carbon content is the highest, N-N and N-R treated 0-10 cm and 10-20 cm in wheat season soil microbial biomass nitrogen content is higher than the other treatment; different soil layers, the wheat maturity of soil organic carbon in 0-10 cm soil layer was higher than that of 10-20 cm soil layer; comparison between different treatments, N-N treatment of CM and 0-10 in wheat season cm soil layer is 10-20 The highest content of organic carbon; analysis of the average value of the maize and wheat season maturity 0-20 cm soil organic carbon, maize no tillage treatment was higher than that of maize subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment; wheat flowering from mean value analysis 0-20 cm soil nitrification potential, maize no tillage subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment than that in rice season high 18.78%; comparison among the different treatments, N-N treatment of wheat season flowering 0-20 cm soil nitrification potential is highest, the lowest in N-SR treatment during childhood; analyze the average flowering period 0-20 cm soil denitrification potential, maize deeploosing + rotary tillage than no tillage maize season high 4.67%; comparison between different treatments, the N-R treatment of wheat flowering season 0-20 cm soil denitrification potential is highest, the lowest in the treatment of SR-SR; 6. tillage on greenhouse gas emissions in corn wheat two crops a year in tillage on the first anniversary of N2 O emissions have a significant effect, no significant difference on the second anniversary of the emission of N2O (P0.05); N2O emissions from two mean value analysis, maize season deeploosing + rotary tillage was significantly higher than that of maize no tillage treatment; comparison between different treatments, SR-SR treatment the highest N2O emissions, N-N emissions of N2O minimum tillage on wheat season; there was no significant difference between the maize season and annual emissions of CH4 (P0.05); CH4 emissions from two years average analysis, maize subsoiling and rotary tillage treatment was higher than that of maize no tillage; yield maize season deeploosing + P treatment unit area and unit GWP is higher than that of maize no tillage treatment; comparison between different treatments, SR-SR treatment unit area the highest and the yield per unit of GWP, N-N per unit area and per unit yield of GWP was the lowest.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2015
【分類號(hào)】：S513;S512.1

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