本文關(guān)鍵詞：有機(jī)物料對寧夏人工草地的改良作用　出處：《寧夏大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 有機(jī)物料 林木枝條 人工草地 改良效果 寧夏

【摘要】：人工草地是發(fā)展現(xiàn)代畜牧業(yè)的重要基地。寧夏屬于旱半干旱區(qū),為我國沙漠化最嚴(yán)重的地區(qū)之一,嚴(yán)重影響了寧夏的草地生態(tài),同時也嚴(yán)重制約當(dāng)?shù)厣鐣?jīng)濟(jì)全面協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展。因此,在大面積的沙化區(qū)建立人工草地不僅是大力加快寧夏畜牧業(yè)發(fā)展的需求,也是改善當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)環(huán)境的需要。本研究圍繞寧夏防護(hù)林等森林資源可以產(chǎn)生相對豐富的林木枝條等有機(jī)物料但利用不合理的特點,首先以寧夏最常見的楊樹枝條為主要有機(jī)物料,2012-2015年研究了林木枝條不同施用方式及灌溉條件對寧夏中部干旱帶沙化區(qū)人工草地建植前后土壤水肥特征及建植后對紫花苜蓿產(chǎn)量及品質(zhì)和微生物特性的影響。2014年-2015年設(shè)置了模擬試驗,對比研究了土壤混施楊樹枝條等不同有機(jī)物料以及楊樹枝條混施量和楊樹枝條施用方式對人工草地建植區(qū)沙化土壤的改良效果。主要研究結(jié)果如下：(1)2012-2015年田間試驗結(jié)果表明,林木枝條的不同施用方式與對照比較均能有效增加人工草地建植前后土壤的蓄水量,在灌溉區(qū)表現(xiàn)為混施粉碎枝條+表施未粉碎枝條混施粉碎枝條表施粉碎枝條對照的趨勢,在非灌溉區(qū)呈現(xiàn)為混施粉碎枝條+表施未粉碎枝條表施粉碎枝條混施粉碎枝條對照的趨勢；對土壤密度、孔隙度和持水量等物理性質(zhì)的改善、多數(shù)養(yǎng)分含量提高及pH值降低的效果而言,灌溉區(qū)和非灌溉區(qū)均表現(xiàn)為混施粉碎枝條+表施未粉碎枝條混施粉碎枝條表施粉碎枝條對照的趨勢；但處理間的全鉀含量在試驗期間差異均不顯著(P0.05),而水解氮含量變化在灌溉區(qū)同多數(shù)養(yǎng)分變化一致,在非灌溉區(qū)表現(xiàn)為混施粉碎枝條+表施未粉碎枝條混施粉碎枝條對照表施粉碎枝條,即表施粉碎枝條有可能激發(fā)了微生物固持氮素的現(xiàn)象。(2)2015年田間試驗結(jié)果表明,林木枝條的不同施用方式對建植后人工草地紫花苜蓿的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)影響不同于土壤理化性質(zhì)。不論灌溉區(qū)還是非灌溉區(qū),紫花苜蓿產(chǎn)量在處理間均為表施粉碎枝條處理下最大;混施粉碎枝條和混施粉碎枝條+表施未粉碎枝條紫花苜蓿的產(chǎn)量在灌溉區(qū)與對照無差異,而在非灌溉區(qū)低于對照。對品質(zhì)的影響而言,與對照相比3種改良方式均有效的改善了紫花苜蓿的品質(zhì),但3種改良方式對紫花苜蓿品質(zhì)改善效果的差異不明顯。(3)2015年的田間試驗結(jié)果還表明,不論灌溉區(qū)還是非灌溉區(qū),3種施用方式間均以混施粉碎枝條+表施未粉碎枝條處理對提高土壤微生物碳氮和5種酶活性的效果最明顯,而表施粉碎枝條和混施粉碎枝條間的指標(biāo)變化規(guī)律不一致,但均優(yōu)于對照。通過高通量測序?qū)?xì)菌群落結(jié)構(gòu)的研究表明,施用林木枝條可以促進(jìn)優(yōu)勢門細(xì)菌proteobacteria(平均34.5%)和bacteroidetes(平均7.0%)相對豐度的提高,且處理間相對豐度變化依次為混施粉碎枝條+表施未粉碎枝條混施粉碎枝條表施粉碎枝條對照的趨勢;另外,protebacteria 和 bacteroidetes與土壤養(yǎng)分含量、微生物碳氮含量及酶活性間呈正相關(guān),而與pH值負(fù)相關(guān)。(4)2014年模擬試驗結(jié)果表明,混施不同有機(jī)物料(牛糞、小麥秸稈、稻殼、楊樹枝條、槐樹枝條、榆樹枝條、葡萄樹枝條)對草地土壤保水能力影響不同,以混施楊樹枝條和小麥秸稈表現(xiàn)出最佳的保水性能。進(jìn)一步對楊樹枝條施用效果的研究表明,草地土壤保水能力隨著楊樹枝條混施比例的增加而提高;從楊樹枝條施用方式(表施粉碎枝條、表施不粉碎枝條、混施粉碎枝條、混施粉碎枝條+表施不粉碎枝條)效果看,以直接表施粉碎枝條效果最佳,而田間試驗以表旆粉碎枝條+混施不粉碎枝條的保水性最佳,其原因是田間表施不粉碎的枝條厚度遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)高于模擬試驗所致。(5)2015年對混施楊樹枝條等7種有機(jī)物料的模擬試驗結(jié)果表明,混施7種有機(jī)物料后均可以提高草地土壤多數(shù)的養(yǎng)分含量,但僅除混施牛糞和對照相比對水解氮含量的影響不顯著外,其他6種有機(jī)物料的混施均普遍對水解氮含量、有效鋅含量和有效銅含量具有降低趨勢,但混施牛糞大幅度提高了土壤EC值�；焓�7種有機(jī)物料均具有提高土壤呼吸速率、微生物碳含量、微生物氮含量、過氧化氫酶活性及纖維素酶活性,但亦除混施牛糞顯著提高了脲酶活性外,其他有機(jī)物料均具有降低脲酶活性的趨勢。從小麥生長的表現(xiàn)看,小麥秸稈和林木枝條(楊樹枝條、槐樹枝條、榆樹枝條、葡萄樹枝條)均能有效促進(jìn)春小麥光合作用和生物量的積累,但5種材料間變化規(guī)律不明顯。綜合7種有機(jī)物料的改良效果,以小麥秸稈、楊樹枝條和槐樹枝條在改良沙化土壤方面效果最佳。(6)201 5年對楊樹枝條混施比例的模擬試驗結(jié)果表明,隨著楊樹枝條混施比例的增加(2%-11%),草地土壤的pH值和多數(shù)的養(yǎng)分含量(有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮、全磷、全鉀、有效磷、速效鉀、有效鐵、有效鎂、有效錳)呈增加趨勢,但水解氮含量和有效銅含量出現(xiàn)減小的趨勢；隨著楊樹枝條混施比例的增加,土壤呼吸、微生物碳、微生物氮、過氧化氫酶活性和纖維素酶活性亦隨著增加,而脲酶活性隨著楊樹枝條混施比例的增加而減小;從小麥的生理生長狀況看,隨著楊樹枝條混施比例的增加小麥的光合速率、氣孔導(dǎo)度、蒸騰速率、葉綠素含量、株高、分蘗和生物量出現(xiàn)先升高后降低的趨勢,總體上以5%的混施比例對春小麥的生長促進(jìn)效果最明顯。(7)2015年對楊樹枝條施用方式的模擬試驗結(jié)果表明,表施粉碎枝條、表施不粉碎枝條、混施粉碎枝條和混施粉碎枝條+表施不粉碎枝條均降低了土壤EC值、水解氮含量和有效銅含量,而提高了pH值、有機(jī)碳含量、全氮含量、全磷含量和全鉀含量；但2種表施同時還降低了有效磷、有效鉀、有效鐵、有效鎂和有效鋅含量。然而2種表施措施提高微生物活性,而混施粉碎枝條和混施粉碎枝條+表施不粉碎枝條降低了脲酶活性。4種楊樹枝條的施用方式均促進(jìn)了小麥的光合作用和生物量的積累,但表施粉碎枝條和混施粉碎枝條+表施不粉碎枝條的效果最佳。綜上所述,林木枝條和秸稈類有機(jī)物料是改良寧夏人工草地的良好材料,特別確定出寧夏最常見的楊樹枝條改良當(dāng)?shù)厝斯げ莸氐睦碚摽尚行裕阂詶顦渲l混施土壤方式改良人工草地時,5%的混施量效果最佳；但表施楊樹枝條粉碎物對土壤水分的保持能力最佳,且在促進(jìn)作物生長方面也優(yōu)于混施,但對土壤物理性質(zhì)的改善及養(yǎng)分的提高效果不及混施。需要注意的是,施用林木枝條和秸稈類有機(jī)物料均可造成土壤碳氮失衡,引起了微生物固持碳素,需要在施用時調(diào)節(jié)土壤碳氮比。
[Abstract]:Artificial grassland is an important base for the development of modern animal husbandry. Ningxia belongs to arid and semi arid region, China is one of the most serious desertification areas, seriously affected the Ningxia grassland ecosystem, but also restrict the local social and economic development. Therefore, in a large area of desert region to establish artificial grassland is not only to accelerate the development of Ningxia animal husbandry needs, also need to improve the local ecological environment. This study focused on Ningxia shelter forest and other forest resources can produce relatively rich tree branches and other organic materials but with unreasonable, first with the most common Ningxia poplar branches as the main organic materials, 2012-2015 of different application methods and irrigation conditions the tree branches of the Middle Arid Zone of Ningxia desertification areas planting artificial grassland and soil fertility characteristics and planting of Alfalfa Yield and quality and microbial characteristics The effect of simulation experiment in.2014 -2015, a comparative study of the soil mixed application of different organic materials such as poplar branches and branches of poplar and poplar branches mixed fertilizer application methods on planting artificial grassland desertification soil improvement effect. The main results are as follows: (1) the field test results show that 2012-2015. Different application methods were compared with the control tree branches can effectively increase the storage capacity of the soil after planting artificial grassland, in the irrigation area for the mixed application of grinding surface without crushing branches + branches of mixed application of grinding surface grinding control trend of branch branches, in non irrigated areas showed the mixed application of grinding surface without surface grinding + branch branch crushing branches mixed fertilizer control trend of crushing branches; density of soil, improve the soil porosity and water holding capacity and other physical properties, and improve the pH most nutrient content decreases the effect of Irrigation District, and Non irrigated areas were mixed application of grinding surface without crushing branches + branches of mixed application of grinding surface grinding control trend of branch branches; but the content of total potassium treatment differences during the test were not significant (P0.05), while the hydrolysis nitrogen content change with most nutrients in Irrigation District, in non irrigated agricultural area mixed application of grinding surface without crushing branches + branches of mixed application of grinding surface grinding control branch branches, namely the surface grinding branches may stimulate the microbial immobilization of nitrogen (2) in 2015. The field test results show that different application of tree branches on Yield and quality of alfalfa planting artificial grassland in soil different properties. Regardless of irrigation area or non irrigation area, the yield of alfalfa were grown under maximum crushing branches in the treatment of mixed application; crushing branches and mixed fertilizer application without crushing crushing branches + branches Alfalfa Yield in irrigation area and control no difference, while in non irrigation area was lower than that of control. In terms of quality, compared with the 3 kinds of improved methods are effective to improve the quality of alfalfa, but the difference of 3 kinds of improved methods to improve the effect on the quality of alfalfa was not obvious. (3) the field test the results also show that in 2015, regardless of irrigation area or non Irrigation District, the 3 application methods are in mixed application of grinding surface without crushing branches + branches the most obvious treatment to improve soil microbial carbon and nitrogen and 5 kinds of enzyme activity and effect of surface grinding and crushing branches of mixed application of index variation among the branches inconsistent. It was better than the control. Through the study of high-throughput sequencing on the bacterial community structure showed that the application of tree branches can promote the advantages of door of bacterial Proteobacteria (average 34.5%) and Bacteroidetes (average 7%) relative abundance is high, and the treatment The relative abundance changes in mixed fertilizer + surface without crushing crushing branches branches of mixed application of grinding surface grinding control trend of branch branches; in addition, protebacteria and Bacteroidetes and soil nutrient content, microbial carbon and nitrogen content and enzyme activities were positively correlated with pH value, and the negative correlation (4 2014). Simulation results show that the the mixed application of different organic materials (cow dung, wheat straw, rice husk, poplar branches, tree branches, elm branches, vine branches) have different effects on water conservation capacity in grassland soil, mixed fertilization of poplar twigs and wheat straw showed water retention performance best. Further study on the application effect of poplar branches showed that water Paul grassland soil capacity with poplar branches increased the proportion of mixed fertilizer increased from poplar branches; application methods (surface grinding surface not broken branches, branches, mixed application of crushing branches, mixed fertilizer + surface not crushed crushing branches Branches) effect, to direct surface grinding branches is best, and field test to form mixed fertilizer + crushing branches Pennant not crushed branches of water retention, the reason is that the thickness of surface field branches not crushed is much higher than the simulation test result. (5) in 2015 to Yang Shuzhi and other 7 kinds of mixed application of organic materials. Simulation results show that the mixed application of 7 kinds of organic materials can improve the nutrient content in the soil of grassland most, but only the mixed application of cow dung and compared to the control effect on the hydrolysis of nitrogen content was not significant, generally on the hydrolysis of mixed application of nitrogen content of other 6 kinds of organic material, available zinc content and effective copper content has decreased, but the mixed application of cattle manure significantly increased soil EC value. The mixed application of 7 kinds of organic materials can improve the soil respiration rate, microbial carbon content, microbial nitrogen content, catalase activity and cellulase activity, but also in mixed fertilizer Cattle manure significantly increased urease activity and other organic materials could reduce urease activity trends from wheat growth performance, wheat straw and tree branches (Yang Shuzhi, elm tree branches, branches, vine branches) can effectively promote spring wheat photosynthesis and biomass accumulation, but 5 changes the rule of material between the improvement effect is not obvious. The synthesis of 7 organic materials, wheat straw, poplar branches and tree branches in the sandy soil improvement effect best. (6) the simulation results of 2015 when the ratio of mixed poplar branches showed that with poplar branches increased the proportion of mixed fertilizer (2%-11%), grassland soil the value of pH and most of the nutrients (organic matter, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total potassium, available phosphorus, available potassium, available iron, available mg, Mn) showed an increasing trend, but the hydrolysis of nitrogen and copper content decreased; with Yang The branches of the increase in the proportion of mixed fertilizer, soil respiration, microbial biomass carbon, microbial nitrogen, catalase activity and cellulase activity also increased with the increase of the urease activity with branches of poplar mixed increase application ratio decreases from wheat; physiological and growth situation, with Yang Shuzhi a mixed application of the increase in the proportion of wheat photosynthetic rate. The stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, chlorophyll content, plant height, tillering and biomass increased first and then decreased, in general, 5% of the proportion of mixed fertilizer on spring wheat growth promoting effect is most obvious. (7 2015) of poplar twigs application methods of the simulation test results show that the surface grinding surface not branches. Crushing branches, branches and mixed fertilizer mixed fertilizer crushing crushing branches + branches are not crushed mulching reduced soil EC value, hydrolysable nitrogen and available Cu content, and improve the pH value, organic carbon content, total nitrogen content, total phosphorus content and The total potassium content of 2 kinds of surface; but also reduces the effective phosphorus, available potassium, available iron, available magnesium and zinc content. However, the 2 measures to improve the surface activity of the microorganism, and the mixed application of crushing branches and mixed fertilizer crushing branches + not crushed branches reduced surface urease activity in.4 poplar branches application both promote photosynthesis and biomass accumulation of wheat, but the surface grinding and crushing branches mixed fertilizer + branches surface not crushed branches best. In summary, tree branches and straw organic materials is a good material for the improvement of Ningxia artificial grassland, especially determine the theoretical feasibility of the most common Ningxia poplar branches improved local artificial grassland: the branches of poplar mixed fertilizer soil improved artificial grassland, mixed fertilizer was the best effects of 5%; but the surface poplar branches crushed on soil moisture retention capacity and promote the best. Growth is better than that of mixed fertilizer, but not on the improvement of soil physical properties and nutrient and improve the effect of mixed application. Note that the application of tree branches and straw organic materials could cause soil carbon and nitrogen balance, causing microbial immobilization in carbon, soil carbon and nitrogen application at day.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：寧夏大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S812

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