本文關(guān)鍵詞：長(zhǎng)期輪作與施肥對(duì)土壤肥力的影響及其綜合評(píng)價(jià)　出處：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 輪作 土壤肥力 數(shù)值化 綜合評(píng)價(jià)

【摘要】：輪作與施肥是旱作農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)提高糧食產(chǎn)量、促進(jìn)土壤養(yǎng)分平衡、提高水肥資源利用效率的重要措施。論文針對(duì)黃土高原旱作農(nóng)田土壤肥力需要提升這一核心問題,在長(zhǎng)期輪作與施肥定位試驗(yàn)基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)耕層土壤的物理、養(yǎng)分及生物學(xué)性質(zhì)進(jìn)行全面的比較和分析,探討長(zhǎng)期定位施肥對(duì)構(gòu)成土壤肥力水平各因素的影響,采用模糊數(shù)學(xué)綜合評(píng)價(jià)法對(duì)不同輪作系統(tǒng)的土壤肥力進(jìn)行了數(shù)值化綜合評(píng)價(jià),探討了不同輪作與施肥系統(tǒng)27年后的土壤肥力水平,并分析了土壤肥力水平與作物產(chǎn)量的相關(guān)性。取得的主要結(jié)論如下:1.作物長(zhǎng)期輪作與施肥能改善土壤的緊實(shí)度和通氣狀況。輪作27年后,休閑地的土壤緊實(shí)度偏緊(容重為1.29 g·cm-3),苜蓿單施磷肥(容重為0.97 g·cm-3)及施NPM(容重為0.99 g·cm-3)的土壤過松。苜蓿連作條件下單施有機(jī)肥、施NPM的土壤孔隙度比休閑地分別增加了11.39%、10.20%;小麥連作條件下單施有機(jī)肥的土壤孔隙度比休閑地高9.15%;在NPM配施條件下糧豆輪作的土壤孔隙度比休閑地高8.87%,糧飼輪作的土壤孔隙度比休閑地高7.95%。2.苜蓿連作比其他輪作系統(tǒng)更有利于土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的積累;不同輪作系統(tǒng)中,NPM配施比其他施肥處理更有利于土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的積累。苜蓿連作不施肥、單施磷肥及施NPM的土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量分別為29.87 g·kg-1、28.08 g·kg-1、41.04g·kg-1,苜蓿連作施NPM的土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量最高;小麥連作8個(gè)施肥處理中,施NM及施NPM較有利于土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)的積累,分別為20.37 g·kg-1和20.98 g·kg-1。苜蓿連作比其他輪作系統(tǒng)更有利于土壤氮素的積累;不同輪作系統(tǒng)中,均為施NPM比其他施肥方式更有利于土壤氮素的積累。苜蓿連作條件下,不施肥、單施磷肥及施NPM的土壤全氮含量分別為2.05 g·kg-1、1.86 g·kg-1、2.59g·kg-1,土壤速效氮含量分別為129.27 mg·kg-1、114.86 mg·kg-1、163.34 mg·kg-1;小麥連作8個(gè)施肥處理中,施NM、NPM的全氮含量分別為1.31 g·kg-1和1.40 g·kg-1,速效氮含量分別為75.13mg·kg-1和73.98 mg·kg-1。施NPM有利于土壤磷的積累;施NPM條件下,試驗(yàn)中不同輪作系統(tǒng)對(duì)磷素的累積效應(yīng)依次是苜蓿連作糧豆輪作糧飼輪作小麥連作玉米連作。在施NPM條件下,苜蓿連作的土壤全磷含量為1.13 g·kg-1,速效磷含量為68.14 mg·kg-1;小麥連作的土壤全磷及速效磷含量分別為1.03 g·kg-1和40.64 mg·kg-1;玉米連作的全磷及速效磷含量分別為0.92 g·kg-1和26.76 mg·kg-1;糧豆輪作的土壤全磷及速效磷含量分別為1.07g·kg-1和47.29 mg·kg-1,糧飼輪作的土壤全磷及速效磷含量分別為1.03 g·kg-1和42.95 mg·kg-1。施用有機(jī)肥的土壤速效鉀含量較高,土壤速效鉀含量達(dá)到一級(jí)水平;未施用有機(jī)肥的土壤速效鉀含量較低,為二級(jí)或三級(jí)水平;施NPM條件下,苜蓿連作、小麥連作的土壤速效鉀含量高于玉米連作、糧豆輪作及糧飼輪作。苜蓿連作施NPM的土壤速效鉀含量為488.34 mg·kg-1,小麥連作施有機(jī)肥的處理M、PM、NM、NPM的土壤速效鉀含量分別為470.50 mg·kg-1、309.58 mg·kg-1、547.02 mg·kg-1、500.53 mg·kg-1;糧豆輪作及糧飼輪作系統(tǒng)中施NPM的土壤速效鉀為301.82 mg·kg-1、427.61 mg·kg-1。3.土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶及脲酶的酶活性對(duì)輪作與施肥措施響應(yīng)敏感;苜蓿連作有利于土壤蔗糖酶、磷酸酶、脲酶活性提高;施用有機(jī)肥有利于磷酸酶活性的提高。4.土壤蔗糖酶活性、磷酸酶活性、脲酶活性及過氧化氫酶活性均與土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)、全氮及速效氮含量呈極顯著線性相關(guān);土壤磷酸酶活性與土壤全磷、速效磷及速效鉀均呈極顯著線性相關(guān);土壤過氧化氫酶活性與土壤全磷及速效鉀含量顯著線性相關(guān)。土壤蔗糖酶活性與土壤速效氮含量相關(guān)性最高,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.4462(P0.01);土壤磷酸酶活性與速效氮含量的相關(guān)性最高,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.7228(P0.01);土壤脲酶活性與土壤速效氮含量相關(guān)性最高,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.6379(P0.01);土壤過氧化氫酶活性與全氮含量的相關(guān)性最高,相關(guān)系數(shù)為0.3345(P0.01)。5.糧草8年輪作8個(gè)處理間的土壤細(xì)菌、真菌、放線菌數(shù)量差異明顯,糧草3年輪作的3個(gè)處理間的土壤細(xì)菌、真菌、放線菌數(shù)量差異不明顯。輪作與施肥系統(tǒng)的土壤細(xì)菌、真菌、放線菌數(shù)量普遍高于休閑地,小麥連作單施N的土壤真菌,糧草8年輪作系統(tǒng)中馬鈴薯茬土壤放線菌數(shù)量均略低于休閑地,其原因有待于進(jìn)一步研究。6.苜蓿連作或施用有機(jī)肥有利于培肥土壤,苜蓿連作條件下不施肥、單施磷肥及施NPM的土壤肥力IFI分別為71.35、71.20、87.87,小麥連作、玉米連作、糧草8年輪作、糧草3年輪作、糧豆輪作、糧飼輪作的土壤肥力IFI低于70.00。有機(jī)肥與化肥合理配合施用能更好的發(fā)揮肥料培肥土壤的作用。小麥連作施肥8個(gè)處理中,施用有機(jī)肥(M、PM、NM、NPM)處理的土壤肥力IFI分別為55.15、54.92、60.62、63.13,未施有機(jī)肥(CK、N、P、NP)處理的土壤肥力IFI分別為40.02、39.65、46.43、47.46。
[Abstract]:Crop rotation and fertilization is to increase food production in dry farming areas, improving soil nutrient balance, an important measure to improve the utilization efficiency of water and fertilizer. The soil fertility of dry farmland in the Loess Plateau to enhance the core problem, based on long-term rotation and fertilization experiment, the soil physical, conduct a comprehensive comparison and analysis of nutrients and to investigate the biological properties, effect of long-term fertilization on the composition of soil fertility factors, the numerical evaluation on soil fertility of different rotation system by using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method, discusses the soil fertility level after 27 years of different fertilization and rotation system, and analyzes the relationship between soil fertility and crop yield. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. crop long-term rotation and fertilization can improve soil compactness and ventilation conditions. After 27 years of rotation, leisure places The soil compaction tight (bulk density is 1.29 G - cm-3), alfalfa P (bulk density was 0.97 G - cm-3) and NPM (bulk density was 0.99 G - cm-3) of the soil loose. Alfalfa under organic fertilizer application, soil porosity NPM than fallow were increased by 11.39%, 10.20%; continuous wheat under soil porosity of organic fertilizer is 9.15% higher than fallow soil porosity; crop legume rotation conditions than fallow 8.87% in NPM with high porosity, soil grain and forage rotation than leisure more than other high 7.95%.2. alfalfa cropping rotation system for soil organic matter accumulation in different rotation system; NPM than other treatments, more conducive to the accumulation of soil organic matter. Alfalfa continuous cropping without fertilization, soil organic matter content of P and NPM were 29.87 G - kg-1,28.08 G - kg-1,41.04g - kg-1, the soil organic matter of Alfalfa NPM The highest content of wheat cropping; 8 fertilizer treatments, NM and NPM fertilizer was beneficial to the accumulation of soil organic matter, were 20.37 g kg-1 and 20.98 g kg-1. more than other alfalfa continuous cropping rotation system for soil nitrogen accumulation; different rotation systems, both for the application of NPM to more than other treatments the soil nitrogen accumulation. Under the conditions of continuous cropping alfalfa, fertilization, soil total nitrogen content P and NPM were 2.05 G - kg-1,1.86 G - kg-1,2.59g - kg-1, the content of soil available nitrogen were 129.27 Mg - kg-1114.86 Mg - kg-1163.34 Mg - kg-1; small as Ludovic Magnin in the 8 fertilization treatments NM the total nitrogen content of NPM was 1.31 g kg-1 and 1.40 g kg-1, the content of available nitrogen were 75.13mg kg-1 and 73.98 mg kg-1. NPM applied to soil phosphorus accumulation; application of NPM under the condition of test in different rotation system on the effect of phosphorus accumulation should be followed Continuous cropping alfalfa crop legume rotation forage rice rotation continuous wheat maize continuous cropping. Under NPM conditions, the soil total phosphorus content of alfalfa was 1.13 G - kg-1, available phosphorus content was 68.14 mg kg-1; the content of total phosphorus and available phosphorus in wheat continuous cropping soil were 1.03 g kg-1 and 40.64 mg kg-1; total phosphorus and available phosphorus content in maize continuous cropping were 0.92 g kg-1 and 26.76 mg kg-1; the content of total phosphorus and available phosphorus in the soil crop legume rotation were 1.07g kg-1 and 47.29 mg kg-1, the content of total phosphorus and available phosphorus in forage rice rotation soil were 1.03 g and 42.95 Mg - kg-1. - kg-1 the application of organic fertilizer soil available potassium content, soil available potassium content did not reach the first level; the content of available potassium in soil organic fertilizer was low, two for grade three or NPM; under the condition of continuous cropping alfalfa, the content of soil available potassium was higher than that of continuous wheat continuous cropping of corn grain, soybean rotation And forage crops. Soil available potassium of Alfalfa NPM application was 488.34 Mg - kg-1, M continuous wheat fertilizer, organic fertilizer PM, NM, NPM content of soil available potassium was 470.50 Mg - kg-1309.58 Mg - kg-1547.02 Mg - kg-1500.53 Mg - kg-1; soil available potassium NPM grain soybean rotation and forage rice rotation system was 301.82 mg - kg-1427.61 Mg - kg-1.3. soil invertase, phosphatase and urease activity in response to sensitive to rotation and fertilization measures; continuous cropping alfalfa is beneficial to soil invertase, phosphatase, urease activity increased; organic fertilizer is beneficial to improve the activity of the.4. phosphatase activities of soil invertase, phosphatase the activity of urease activity and catalase activity and soil organic matter, was a significant linear correlation between the total nitrogen and available nitrogen content; soil phosphatase activity and soil total phosphorus, was a significant linear correlation between available phosphorus and available potassium soil; The soil catalase activity and soil total phosphorus and available potassium content were significant linear correlation. Soil invertase activity and soil available nitrogen content in the highest correlation, the correlation coefficient was 0.4462 (P0.01); soil phosphatase activity and available nitrogen content in the highest correlation, the correlation coefficient was 0.7228 (P0.01); soil urease activity and soil available nitrogen content correlation the highest correlation coefficient was 0.6379 (P0.01); catalase activity and total nitrogen content in soil had the highest correlation, the correlation coefficient was 0.3345 (P0.01) of soil bacteria,.5. forage 8 years rotation among the 8 treatments of fungi, actinomycetes significantly, soil bacteria, 3 forage processing 3 years rotation between fungi the number of actinomycetes, the difference is not obvious. Soil bacteria, crop rotation and fertilization system of fungi, actinomycetes was higher than that of fallow, soil fungi in wheat continuous cropping single nitrogen N, potato food 8 years rotation system Stubble soil actinomycetes were slightly lower than that of leisure, the reasons need to be further studied.6. or alfalfa organic fertilizer to the soil fertility, alfalfa continuous cropping without fertilization, soil fertility and fertilizer P IFI NPM 71.35,71.20,87.87 respectively, wheat continuous cropping, maize continuous cropping 8 years, forage rotation, forage 3 years of crop rotation, crop legume rotation, soil fertility IFI forage rice rotation was lower than that of 70.00. organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer combined application can better play the role of soil fertilizer. 8 wheat continuous fertilization treatment, application of organic fertilizer (M, PM, NM, NPM) IFI soil fertility were 55.15,54.92,60.62,63.13. No organic fertilizer (CK, N, P, NP) soil fertility IFI treatment were 40.02,39.65,46.43,47.46.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S158
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本文編號(hào)：1413090