不同水稻品種對氮素響應(yīng)的差異及其農(nóng)藝生理性狀
本文關(guān)鍵詞:不同水稻品種對氮素響應(yīng)的差異及其農(nóng)藝生理性狀 出處:《揚(yáng)州大學(xué)》2017年博士論文 論文類型:學(xué)位論文
更多相關(guān)文章: 水稻 氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種 農(nóng)藝與生理性狀 根系形態(tài)生理 氮肥運(yùn)籌 干濕交替灌溉 產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)
【摘要】:水稻是我國最主要的糧食作物之一。長期以來,為減輕人口增長對糧食需求的壓力,我國一直將提高單位面積產(chǎn)量作為水稻生產(chǎn)的主要任務(wù)。但在另一方面,隨著水稻產(chǎn)量的提高,化肥特別是氮肥的施用量不斷增加,氮肥施用過量已經(jīng)成為我國水稻生產(chǎn)上的一個嚴(yán)重問題。培育和選用氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種(在中、低施氮量下具有較高的產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率)是協(xié)同提高作物產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率的一條重要途徑。但有關(guān)水稻氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種的農(nóng)藝和生理特征尚不清楚,對氮敏感性不同水稻品種的肥水管理技術(shù)缺乏深入研究。本研究以不同水稻品種為材料,研究了不同年代水稻品種對氮素響應(yīng)的特點(diǎn)、氮敏感性不同水稻品種的農(nóng)藝性狀、地上部生理性狀和根系形態(tài)生理特征及其與產(chǎn)量形成和氮肥利用效率的關(guān)系、氮肥運(yùn)籌和灌溉方式對不同品種產(chǎn)量、氮肥利用效率和品質(zhì)的影響及其生理機(jī)制。主要結(jié)果如下:1.不同年代水稻品種對氮素響應(yīng)的差異以生產(chǎn)上不同年代廣泛應(yīng)用的12個代表性中秈稻品種和12個代表性中粳稻品種為材料,設(shè)置零氮、中氮和高氮3種施氮水平,研究品種演進(jìn)過程中產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率的變化特點(diǎn)。隨著品種應(yīng)用年代的演進(jìn),不同年代品種的產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率均獲得較大提高,但對氮素的響應(yīng)表現(xiàn)出較大的基因型差異,F(xiàn)代品種在高施氮量下表現(xiàn)出較高的產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率,早期品種的產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率在高氮水平下則呈下降的趨勢。現(xiàn)代品種產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率的提高主要是由于總穎花量和穗粒數(shù)的增加,但超級稻品種的結(jié)實(shí)率較低,限制了其產(chǎn)量潛力的發(fā)揮;提高超級稻的結(jié)實(shí)率,有望進(jìn)一步提高水稻產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率。2.氮敏感性不同品種的農(nóng)藝性狀以江蘇省生產(chǎn)上廣泛應(yīng)用的11個代表性常規(guī)粳稻品種為材料,設(shè)置ON(全生育期不施氮)和200N(全生育期施氮200 kg hm-2)兩個施氮量處理,研究其產(chǎn)量、對氮素響應(yīng)的特點(diǎn)以及氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種的主要農(nóng)藝性狀。結(jié)果表明,與氮鈍感品種(在低施氮量下產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用率較低)相比,氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種具有較高的干物質(zhì)積累和收獲指數(shù),較高的總穎花量和莖蘗成穗率,較高的葉面積指數(shù)和有效、高效葉面積指數(shù),較高的穎花粒葉比、實(shí)粒粒葉比和粒重粒葉比。相關(guān)分析表明,產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率與上述農(nóng)藝性狀均呈顯著或極顯著正相關(guān),上述農(nóng)藝性狀可作為篩選氮敏感高產(chǎn)水稻品種的農(nóng)藝指標(biāo)。3.氮敏感性不同品種的地上部生理性狀以2個氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種和2個氮鈍感品種為材料,設(shè)置0 N和200 kg N hm-2等2個施氮水平,研究其產(chǎn)量、氮肥利用效率以及地上部生理性狀的變化特點(diǎn)。結(jié)果表明,與氮鈍感品種相比,氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種具有較高的光合速率和氮素積累量,較強(qiáng)的氮代謝酶活性和較高的光合氮素利用效率,抽穗期莖鞘中積累較多的可溶性糖和淀粉,灌漿期莖鞘中非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率高,這是氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率較高的重要生理原因。4.氮敏感性不同品種的根系性狀以2個氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種和2個氮鈍感品種為材料,設(shè)置0,100,200和300 kg hm-2等4個施氮水平。研究氮敏感性不同水稻品種的根系性狀。結(jié)果表明,與氮鈍感品種相比,在施氮量為0,100,200 kg hm-2時,2個氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種表現(xiàn)出較高的產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率;當(dāng)施氮量為300 kg hm-2時,氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種和氮鈍感品種的產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率差異不顯著。與氮鈍感品種相比,氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種在較低的施氮水平時地上部和地下部的生物量和深層根量較高、根系較長,根系氧化力較強(qiáng),根長密度、根系活躍吸收表面積和總吸收表面積較大。品種的根冠特性,尤其是深層根的特性,可用作篩選氮敏感高產(chǎn)水稻品種的根系指標(biāo)。5.氮肥運(yùn)籌對氮敏感性不同品種產(chǎn)量和氮利用效率的影響以2個氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種和2個氮鈍感品種為材料,設(shè)置氮空白,農(nóng)民常規(guī)施肥,實(shí)地氮肥管理和減氮后移4種養(yǎng)分管理模式,研究不同氮肥運(yùn)籌對氮敏感性不同水稻品種產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率的影響。結(jié)果表明,與農(nóng)民常規(guī)施肥相比,實(shí)地氮肥管理和減氮后移均能提高各品種的產(chǎn)量和氮肥利用效率,氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種的增產(chǎn)增效幅度大于氮鈍感品種,氮鈍感品種減氮后移的增產(chǎn)效應(yīng)未達(dá)顯著水平。在實(shí)地氮肥管理和減氮后移處理下,水稻抽穗至成熟期的葉面積指數(shù)和光合勢、籽粒灌漿期的根系氧化力和劍葉光合速率以及營養(yǎng)器官中氮素和非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物向籽粒的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率等都較農(nóng)民常規(guī)施肥處理顯著增加,氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種的增加效果更為明顯。6.氮肥運(yùn)籌對氮敏感性不同品種品質(zhì)的影響以2個氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種和2個氮鈍感品種為材料,設(shè)置氮空白,農(nóng)民常規(guī)施肥,實(shí)地氮肥管理和減氮后移4種養(yǎng)分管理模式;觀察氮肥運(yùn)籌對稻米品質(zhì)的影響。結(jié)果表明,與農(nóng)民常規(guī)施肥相比,實(shí)地氮肥管理和減氮后移顯著提高了各品種的整精米率、膠稠度、熱漿黏度、崩解值、清蛋白和谷蛋白的含量,顯著降低了堊白度、直鏈淀粉含量和糊化溫度。表明無論是氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種還是氮鈍感品種,實(shí)地氮肥管理和減氮后移均可改善稻米品質(zhì)。與氮鈍感品種相比,氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種的加工品質(zhì)和蒸煮食味品質(zhì)較優(yōu),稻米中清蛋白和谷蛋白含量較高,直鏈淀粉含量較低,稻米淀粉黏滯譜性較好,對氮肥的響應(yīng)更為敏感。7.干濕交替灌溉對氮敏感性不同品種產(chǎn)量、水分養(yǎng)分利用效率和米質(zhì)的影響以氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種淮稻5號和氮鈍感品種揚(yáng)粳4038為材料,設(shè)置水層灌溉和全生育期干濕交替灌溉兩種灌溉方式,研究全生育期干濕交替灌溉對水稻產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)和氮肥利用效率的影響。結(jié)果表明,與水層灌溉相比,全生育期干濕交替灌溉顯著降低了灌溉水用量,提高了水分利用效率,提高了產(chǎn)量和產(chǎn)谷利用率、氮收獲指數(shù)和氮肥偏生產(chǎn)力,還提高了稻米的加工品質(zhì)、外觀品質(zhì)、食味品質(zhì)、營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)和淀粉黏滯譜特性。氮敏感高產(chǎn)品種的食味品質(zhì)和營養(yǎng)品質(zhì)等對灌溉方式的響應(yīng)更為敏感。
[Abstract]:Rice is one of the most important grain crops in China. For a long time, in order to reduce the population growth of food demand pressure, China has to improve the yield per unit area as the main task of rice production. But on the other hand, with the increase in rice yield, fertilizer, especially nitrogen fertilizer rate increasing, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer has become a serious problem in rice production in China. The cultivation and selection of sensitive varieties (with high nitrogen in low nitrogen fertilizer yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency) is to improve crop yields and nitrogen use efficiency is an important way. But the agronomic and physiological characteristics of rice yield nitrogen sensitive the variety is not clear, in-depth study of fertilizer management techniques of different varieties of nitrogen deficiency. In this study, the sensitivity of different rice varieties as materials, studied in different rice varieties to nitrogen ring The characteristics, agronomic nitrogen sensitivity of different rice varieties, the physiological traits and root morphological and physiological characteristics and the relationship between the yield and nitrogen use efficiency and yield formation, nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation of different varieties, fertilizer use efficiency and effect of quality and its physiological mechanism. The main results are as follows: 1. in different rice varieties the difference of nitrogen response in a wide range of applications in the production of 12 different representative rice varieties and 12 representative japonica rice varieties as materials, set zero nitrogen, nitrogen and high nitrogen with 3 nitrogen levels, changes in yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency varieties evolution research. With the evolution of varieties in different times, yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency have been improved, but the nitrogen response showed significant genotypic differences. Modern varieties in high nitrogen fertilizer under the table The higher the yield and nitrogen use efficiency, early rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency in high nitrogen level decreased. The yield and nitrogen use efficiency of modern varieties is mainly due to the increase in total number of spikelets and grains per panicle, seed setting rate of super rice varieties with low limit yield potential; improve seed setting rate of super rice, is expected to further improve the 11 conventional japonica rice cultivars representing the agronomic traits of rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency of.2. nitrogen sensitivity of different varieties are widely used in production in Jiangsu Province as materials, set the ON (the whole growth period of nitrogen (200N) and the whole growth period n 200 kg hm-2) two nitrogen treatment, to study the yield, agronomic traits of nitrogen response characteristics and nitrogen sensitive varieties. The results showed that nitrogen and insensitive varieties (in low nitrogen yield and nitrogen utilization rate Lower) compared to nitrogen sensitive varieties with dry matter accumulation and higher harvest index, total spikelets higher flower yield and percentage of productive tillers, higher leaf area index and high effective leaf area index, higher spikelet grain leaf ratio, grain leaf ratio and grain weight of solid grain leaf ratio correlation analysis. Show that the yield and nitrogen use efficiency and the agronomic traits were significant or highly significant positive correlation, the agronomic traits of different varieties can be used as the upper physiological traits of agronomic index.3. nitrogen nitrogen sensitive screening of sensitive rice varieties with high yield, 2 nitrogen and 2 high sensitive products of nitrogen insensitive varieties, set 0 N and kg 200 N hm-2 2 N levels, to study the yield, nitrogen use efficiency and physiological traits change characteristics of the upper ground. The results showed that compared with nitrogen insensitive varieties, nitrogen sensitive varieties had higher photosynthetic rate and nitrogen accumulation The strong activity of nitrogen metabolism, and higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, more accumulation of stem and sheath at heading stage in the soluble sugar and starch, structural carbohydrate translocation to grain rate of non stem and sheath at grain filling stage, this is the root traits of different varieties of nitrogen physiological efficiency is high sensitivity.4. nitrogen utilization and yield nitrogen sensitive high yield varieties with 2 nitrogen sensitive high-yield varieties and 2 nitrogen insensitive varieties as materials, 0100200 and 300 kg hm-2 4 N levels. The root traits of nitrogen sensitivity of different rice varieties. The results showed that compared with nitrogen insensitive species in nitrogen is 0100200 kg hm-2 2, nitrogen sensitive high-yielding varieties showed higher yield and nitrogen use efficiency; when the nitrogen amount was 300 kg hm-2, nitrogen sensitive high-yield varieties and nitrogen insensitive rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency were not significantly different. And nitrogen insensitive products A comparison of nitrogen sensitive varieties in root biomass of low nitrogen level when the shoot and root and root volume is high, long, strong oxidizing ability of root, root length density, root active absorption area and the total absorbing surface area is larger. Root characteristics of varieties, especially the characteristics of deep roots the effect of root can be used as indicators of.5. nitrogen fertilizer nitrogen sensitive screening of rice varieties with high yield of nitrogen sensitive yield and nitrogen use efficiency of different varieties as materials susceptible varieties with 2 nitrogen sensitive high-yield varieties and 2 nitrogen blunt, nitrogen blank, farmers of conventional fertilization, nitrogen management and reduction of N 4 nutrient management mode of different nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of nitrogen yield and nitrogen sensitivity of different rice varieties. The results showed that compared with the conventional fertilization, nitrogen management and reduction of N could improve yield of different varieties And the nitrogen use efficiency, increase production efficiency of nitrogen sensitive high yield varieties than nitrogen insensitive varieties, nitrogen insensitive varieties less nitrogen effect after the shift production was not significant. In the SSNM and reduced N treatments, leaf area index of rice heading to maturity and photosynthetic potential grain filling stage the oxidizing ability of root and flag leaf photosynthetic rate and nitrogen in vegetative organs and non structural carbohydrate translocation to grain rate were significantly compared with conventional fertilization treatment increased, nitrogen sensitive high yield increasing effect is more obvious.6. nitrogen fertilizer on nitrogen sensitive effect of different varieties of quality in 2 varieties with high yield and nitrogen sensitive 2 nitrogen insensitive varieties, nitrogen blank, conventional fertilization, nitrogen management and reducing the N 4 kinds of nutrient management mode; to observe the effects of Nitrogen Application on rice quality. The results show that with the farmers Compared with conventional fertilization, nitrogen management and reducing N significantly improved varieties of milled rice rate, gel consistency, hot viscosity, breakdown value, albumin and glutelin content, significantly reduced the chalkiness, amylose content and gelatinization temperature. It is indicated that nitrogen sensitive varieties or nitrogen blunt susceptible varieties, SSNM and reduction of N can improve rice quality. Compared with nitrogen insensitive varieties, nitrogen sensitive high-yield varieties of processing quality and cooking quality better, higher albumin and glutenin content in rice, low amylose content, starch viscosity profile and better response to nitrogen fertilizer.7. is more sensitive to dry wet alternate irrigation on nitrogen sensitivity of different varieties of yield, effect of water nutrient use efficiency and quality to nitrogen sensitive varieties Huaidao 5 and nitrogen insensitive cultivar Yangjing 4038 as materials, setting water irrigation and growth Dry wet alternate irrigation two irrigation methods, on the whole growth period of dry wet alternate irrigation on rice yield, quality and nitrogen use efficiency were investigated. Results show that, compared with the well watered, the whole growth period of dry wet alternate irrigation significantly reduced the amount of irrigation water, improve water use efficiency, improve the yield and the utilization rate of the valley and the nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen partial productivity, but also improve the processing quality, appearance quality, eating quality, nutritional quality and starch viscosity profile characteristics. Response to irrigation nitrogen sensitive high yield and eating quality and nutritional quality is more sensitive.
【學(xué)位授予單位】:揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2017
【分類號】:S511
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