本文關鍵詞：長江、黃河中上游地區(qū)退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益特征及價值化研究　出處：《中國林業(yè)科學研究院》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 退耕還林工程 森林生態(tài)效益 森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務 生態(tài)連清體系 分布式測算模型 價值化

【摘要】：退耕還林工程作為我國一項重大林業(yè)生態(tài)工程,從1999年開始試點實施,至2014年新一輪退耕還林工程啟動,歷經(jīng)了15年。工程的開展顯著恢復和改善我國中西部,尤其是長江、黃河中上游地區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境,不僅增加林地面積,而且保護優(yōu)良耕地、提高糧食產(chǎn)量、增加農(nóng)民收入、促進經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型、社會、經(jīng)濟、生態(tài)效益得到綜合發(fā)展。長江、黃河中上游地區(qū)是我國重要的生態(tài)功能區(qū),也是退耕還林工程實施和生態(tài)效益監(jiān)測的重點地區(qū)。對該地區(qū)退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益的研究,將為新一輪退耕還林工程實施提供重要的科技支撐。本研究基于截至2013年底研究區(qū)退耕還林工程資源面積數(shù)據(jù),退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益監(jiān)測站、森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)定位觀測研究站及其它輔助觀測站點長期定位觀測數(shù)據(jù)和權(quán)威部門和機構(gòu)公布社會公共數(shù)據(jù),采用退耕還林工程生態(tài)連清技術體系和分布式測算模型,選取涵養(yǎng)水源、保育土壤等7項指標,對我國長江、黃河中上游省份以及流域所在地區(qū)退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益物質(zhì)量和價值量進行評估與特征分析;同時對森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務評估中物質(zhì)量轉(zhuǎn)價值量理論方法和森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能向生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務的轉(zhuǎn)化率進行探討;利用數(shù)據(jù)包絡分析和通徑分析等模型對研究區(qū)退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益影響因素進行相關性研究。得出主要結(jié)論如下:(1)長江、黃河中上游省份退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益物質(zhì)量:涵養(yǎng)水源307.31億m3/a、固土4.47億t/a、保肥1524.32萬t/a、固碳3448.54萬t/a、釋氧8175.71萬t/a、林木積累營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)79.42萬t/a、提供空氣負離子6.62×1025個/a、吸收污染物248.33萬t/a、滯塵3.22億t/a、防風固沙1.79億t/a。價值量(按2014年現(xiàn)價):研究區(qū)退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益總價值10071.50億元/a。其中涵養(yǎng)水源3680.28億元/a、保育土壤941.76億元/a、固碳釋氧1560.21億元/a、林木積累營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)143.36億元/a、凈化大氣環(huán)境1919.77億元/a、生物多樣性保護1444.87億元/a、森林防護381.25億元/a。(2)森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務物質(zhì)量向價值量轉(zhuǎn)化時,應符合“等效替代法則”和“權(quán)重當量平衡”原則,不僅要考慮經(jīng)濟學和商品市場理論,還應考慮生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務原理和過程,通過在眾多合理價格參數(shù)中再平衡,使得不同地區(qū)不同類型森林的各項服務間比例與森林實際情況一致。(3)以森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)滯納空氣顆粒物為例,探討森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能向服務的轉(zhuǎn)化率。不同樹種滯納顆粒物的能力與其功能向服務轉(zhuǎn)化率存在差異,轉(zhuǎn)化率最高的樹種是雪松和矮紫杉,分別為95%和85%,白皮松和側(cè)柏最低,轉(zhuǎn)化率為47%和48%。樹種滯納顆粒物的能力與其功能向服務的轉(zhuǎn)化率無必然聯(lián)系,其原因主要與葉片微觀結(jié)構(gòu)特征有關。(4)退耕還林工程營造林通過地上和地下兩部分結(jié)構(gòu)影響水土保持生態(tài)效益。保肥效益與工程所在地區(qū)土壤條件有關,并與植被地表覆蓋度、植被類型、坡度和土壤類型等因子密切相關。固碳釋氧能力受樹種、林種、林齡等影響。林木積累營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)生態(tài)效益與林分凈初級生產(chǎn)力密切相關,而后者又與地區(qū)水熱條件和樹種組成有關。凈化大氣環(huán)境生態(tài)效益與植被葉面積、樹冠構(gòu)造、葉片表皮毛、化學成分和葉面蠟質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等密切相關,具有粗糙表面結(jié)構(gòu)的闊葉樹種葉片,在捕獲、截留顆粒物方面具有更好的效果。林木通過降低風速、削弱風力、固定沙地和防止風蝕作用在風沙區(qū)發(fā)揮著顯著生態(tài)效益。(5)退耕還林工程投入與產(chǎn)出數(shù)據(jù)包絡模型分析表明,研究區(qū)省份均為技術有效和規(guī)模有效,其政策導向、規(guī)模調(diào)整方向有一定科學性,盲目性成分較少。水土保持效益(包括涵養(yǎng)水源和保育土壤)在研究區(qū)發(fā)揮著森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務主導作用,碳匯及營養(yǎng)積累、凈化大氣環(huán)境和生物多樣性保護服務均與退耕區(qū)本底環(huán)境、水熱條件、樹種選擇有關,具地域特征性。在退耕林種選擇和林木撫育時,應針對性增加技術有效性和規(guī)模有效性,繼而提升退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益價值。(6)利用通徑分析模型對影響退耕還林工程各類因素的直接和間接效應研究表明,退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益與退耕地還林面積、工程投資金額極顯著正相關,與工程資源面積、宜林荒山荒地造林和生態(tài)林資源面積顯著正相關。退耕還林工程投資金額對研究區(qū)退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益直接影響效應最大,直接通徑系數(shù)為2.9074。退耕還林工程資源面積和3種植被恢復類型資源面積均顯著影響工程生態(tài)效益間接效應,間接通徑系數(shù)為4.5470、5.0123、5.0592和4.1461。退耕還林工程投資金額,退耕地還林、退耕還林工程、生態(tài)林的資源面積及它們之間相互作用為主導因素,共同控制轉(zhuǎn)化過程的強度和方向。
[Abstract]:The project of returning farmland to forest in China as a major forestry ecological projects, from 1999 to 2014 began to implement a pilot, a new round of returning farmland to forest project started, after 15 years. The project was the restoration and improvement of China's central and western regions, especially in the Yangtze River, the ecological environment in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, not only to increase the forest area, and excellent protection of cultivated land, increase food production, increase farmers' income and promote economic transformation, social, economic and ecological benefits of comprehensive development. The Yangtze River in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is an important ecological function region of our country, but also the implementation of the project of returning farmland to forest and ecological monitoring in key areas. The research on the ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest in the region the project, will be a new round of reforestation project provides important scientific support. This research is based on the study area by the end of 2013, the project of returning farmland to forest resources area data, returning farmland to forest engineering State benefits monitoring station, long-term forest ecosystem research station and other auxiliary stations observation data and the authoritative department and the public agency released data, the project of returning farmland to forest ecological system and continuous distributed calculation model, selects 7 indicators of water conservation, soil conservation, on China's Yangtze River, analysis and evaluation with the characteristics of farmland in the upper reaches of the Yellow River River Basin provinces and region ecological forest engineering material quality and value; at the same time on forest ecosystem services evaluation in quality to value theory and method of forest ecosystem service to ecological system conversion are discussed; the correlation by using data envelopment analysis and path analysis. Ecological effect model of the study area of returning farmland to forest engineering factors. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the Yangtze River, the upper reaches of the Yellow River province back The project of forest ecological benefit tillage quality: Water Conservation 30 billion 731 million m3/a soil fertilizer 447 million t/a, 15 million 243 thousand and 200 t/a, 34 million 485 thousand and 400 t/a of carbon sequestration and oxygen release, 81 million 757 thousand and 100 t/a, 794 thousand and 200 t/a of forest nutrient accumulation, provide air negative ion 6.62 x 1025 /a 2 million 483 thousand and 300 t/ a, the absorption of pollutants, dust 322 million t/a, wind and sand 179 million the t/a. value (in 2014 price): the project of returning farmland to forest ecological benefit of the total value of 1 trillion and 7 billion 150 million yuan /a. and 368 billion 28 million yuan for water conservation and soil conservation /a, 94 billion 176 million yuan /a, carbon fixation and oxygen release of 156 billion 21 million yuan /a, the forest nutrient accumulation of 14 billion 336 million yuan /a, 191 billion 977 million yuan /a purification of atmospheric environment, biodiversity protection 144 billion 487 million /a yuan, 38 billion 125 million yuan of forest protection /a. (2) into the forest ecosystem service quality to the value, should be consistent with the "equivalent substitution rule" and the "equivalent weight balance" principle, should not only consider the economics And the theory of commodity markets, also should consider the ecosystem service principle and process, through many parameters of rebalancing in the reasonable price, the proportion of consistent with the actual situation of the forest service of different types of forests in different regions. (3) in the forest ecosystem for the air particles as an example, to explore the conversion of forest ecological service the function of the system. The ability of different species for particles and its function to service transformation rate differences, the highest conversion rate of the species is cedar and Taxus cuspidata, respectively 95% and 85%, and the lowest ability of Pinus bungeana orientalis, the conversion rate was 47% and 48%. fine particles and the species function to service the conversion rate is not necessarily related, the reason is mainly related with the leaf microstructure characteristics. (4) the ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest project afforestation by ground and underground structure of two parts of soil and water conservation benefit and the fertilizer. The soil condition, and vegetation coverage, vegetation type, slope and soil type and other factors are closely related to carbon sequestration by forests, species, age and other effects. The accumulation of forest net primary productivity and forest ecological benefits of nutrients are closely related, the latter area and hydrothermal conditions and species composition of purification of atmospheric environment. Ecological and vegetation canopy structure, leaf area, leaf trichomes, closely related to the chemical composition and structure of leaf wax, with broad leaved tree species leaves, rough surface structure has a better effect in the capture, interception of particles. Trees weakened by reducing the wind speed, wind, and prevent the erosion of fixed sandy land play a significant ecological benefits in the sandy area. (5) the project of returning farmland to forest input and output data envelopment analysis model showed that the study area provinces are the technology efficiency and scale efficiency, the The policy orientation, scale adjustment direction of science, blindness of less components. The benefits of soil and water conservation (including water conservation and soil conservation) in the study area plays a leading role in forest ecosystem services, carbon sequestration and nutrient accumulation, environment purification and biodiversity protection service and farmland area of the environment, water and heat conditions and the selection of tree species, with regional characteristics. In forest species and forest tending, should be targeted to increase the technical efficiency and scale efficiency, and enhance the value of the ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest project. (6) using the path analysis of direct and indirect effect on returning farmland to forest project of all kinds of factors model shows that the project of returning farmland to forest, ecological and land forest area, the project investment amount was significantly positively correlated, and engineering resources area, barren hills wasteland afforestation and forest resources area is significant In the study area. The ecological benefits of returning farmland to forest project of returning farmland to forest project investment directly affects the maximum effect, the direct path coefficient is 2.9074. the project of returning farmland to forest resources area and 3 vegetation restoration types resources area had significant effects on the ecological benefits of the program of indirect effect, indirect path coefficient is 4.5470,5.0123,5.0592 and 4.1461. of returning farmland to forest project investment the amount of land, forests, returning farmland to forest project, ecological forest resources between area and their interaction as the dominant factor, the strength and direction of the common control conversion process.

【學位授予單位】：中國林業(yè)科學研究院
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S718.5

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 李玉婷;張建軍;田寧寧;趙榮瑋;;黃土高原半干旱區(qū)退耕還林對土壤微量元素的影響[J];農(nóng)業(yè)機械學報;2015年08期

2 牛香;宋慶豐;王兵;房瑤瑤;任軍;汪兆洋;薛沛沛;郭慧;;吉林省森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務功能[J];東北林業(yè)大學學報;2013年08期

3 樊勝岳;烏日嘎;趙丹華;徐裕財;;沙漠化地區(qū)生態(tài)建設政策執(zhí)行過程中的交易成本分析[J];干旱區(qū)地理;2012年05期

4 杜家菊;陳志偉;;使用SPSS線性回歸實現(xiàn)通徑分析的方法[J];生物學通報;2010年02期

5 吳云;曾源;吳炳方;李曉松;武文波;;基于MODIS數(shù)據(jù)的三北防護林工程區(qū)植被覆蓋度提取與分析[J];生態(tài)學雜志;2009年09期

6 馮劍豐;李宇;朱琳;;生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能與生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務的概念辨析[J];生態(tài)環(huán)境學報;2009年04期

7 李延梅;牛棟;張志強;曲建升;;國際生物多樣性研究科學計劃與熱點述評[J];生態(tài)學報;2009年04期

8 王兵;魯紹偉;;中國經(jīng)濟林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務價值評估[J];應用生態(tài)學報;2009年02期

9 張國棟;;綠色廣西的夢想并不遙遠——訪全國人大代表、廣西自治區(qū)黨委書記郭聲琨[J];綠色中國;2008年05期

10 高志強;劉紀遠;;中國植被凈生產(chǎn)力的比較研究[J];科學通報;2008年03期

相關博士學位論文 前1條

1 郭雨華;中國西北地區(qū)退耕還林工程效益監(jiān)測與評價[D];北京林業(yè)大學;2009年

相關碩士學位論文 前5條

1 周文淵;湖南省慈利縣退耕還林工程生態(tài)效益評價研究[D];北京林業(yè)大學;2011年

2 吳穹;秭歸縣退耕還林工程效益評價[D];北京林業(yè)大學;2011年

3 秦彩欣;承德縣退耕還林工程綜合效益評價研究[D];河北農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2009年

4 段慶彬;黃土高原森林植被對徑流與侵蝕產(chǎn)沙的影響研究[D];北京林業(yè)大學;2009年

5 位志宇;基于包絡分析方法的陜北地區(qū)退耕還林（草）模式研究[D];西安建筑科技大學;2004年

，

本文編號：1367795