本文關(guān)鍵詞：春玉米抗莖倒能力評價及其化學(xué)調(diào)控技術(shù)研究　出處：《中國科學(xué)院研究生院(東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 玉米 倒伏 評價方法 模型 理想株型 作物化學(xué)調(diào)控技術(shù)

【摘要】：東北平原位于世界三大“玉米帶”,由于土壤肥沃,雨熱同期,玉米的單產(chǎn)水平較高,貢獻了我國玉米總產(chǎn)量的35%以上,在國家糧食安全生產(chǎn)中具有舉足輕重的地位。在當(dāng)前生產(chǎn)條件下,由于受育種水平、管理措施及農(nóng)業(yè)氣象等方面的影響,春玉米密植栽培與倒伏的矛盾日益突出,已成為制約春玉米穩(wěn)產(chǎn)和增產(chǎn)的重要因素。本文以4年田間試驗為基礎(chǔ),對吉林省中部糧食主產(chǎn)區(qū)灌漿期風(fēng)災(zāi)倒伏籽粒建成、減產(chǎn)損失以及不同基因型品種抗倒性差異機制進行了研究,同時結(jié)合作物化學(xué)調(diào)控技術(shù),闡明了植物生長調(diào)節(jié)劑(PGRs)提高春玉米抗倒伏能力的生態(tài)與生物學(xué)機制。主要取得如下結(jié)論:1、灌漿期倒伏顯著降低了籽粒灌漿速率,但隨著時間推移,灌漿速率受影響程度減弱;倒伏后上層植株受影響較小,下層植株受影響較大,倒伏后及時進行捆扶處理可以降低倒伏對籽粒灌漿所產(chǎn)生的不利影響。倒伏限制了籽�！皫臁钡慕ǔ�,收獲期倒伏下層、倒伏上層、捆扶處理籽粒干重比對照分別降低20.13%、4.36%和7.56%。2、倒伏后造成籽粒脫水速率減慢,從而導(dǎo)致收獲期籽粒水分含量偏高;倒伏影響籽粒營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)積累量,降低了商品品質(zhì),其中粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量受影響較大,粗淀粉含量受影響較小,其含量相應(yīng)分別下降了1.07~12.83%、5.15~9.33%與0.81~3.30%。3、倒伏降低了春玉米的產(chǎn)量。2012年田間17個倒伏定位樣點最高減產(chǎn)29.68%,最低減產(chǎn)7.02%,平均減產(chǎn)14.75%,回歸分析表明倒伏率每增加1%,產(chǎn)量損失平均增加34.17 kg/公頃。不同倒伏部位植株產(chǎn)量損失不同,倒伏上層與倒伏下層單株產(chǎn)量分別比對照(未倒伏)處理減產(chǎn)10.51%與29.88%;倒伏后玉米行粒數(shù)、穗長和穗粗降低,禿尖長增加,百粒重下降,是導(dǎo)致減產(chǎn)的主要原因。4、吉林省中部地區(qū)春玉米莖倒伏以灌漿后期發(fā)生為主。從倒伏發(fā)生位置來看,主要以第3莖節(jié)倒伏為主,約占56.44%,其次是第5莖節(jié)(16.83%)、第2莖節(jié)(12.87%)和第4莖節(jié)(11.88%),其它莖節(jié)部位發(fā)生倒伏的比率較小。5、玉米重心高度、基部莖折力、單位節(jié)間長度干重可作為生育期評價春玉I米抗倒性的通用指標(biāo)。另外,莖節(jié)長度可作為玉米開花期抗倒性的一級指標(biāo),而穗位高、穿刺強度、莖節(jié)橫切面積、硬皮厚度、木質(zhì)素含量可作為二級評價指標(biāo)�；壳o節(jié)含水量可作為玉米灌漿后期抗倒性的評價指標(biāo)。另外,通過各指標(biāo)對密度變化的敏感性來評價品種抗倒伏性能力可能更加科學(xué),但關(guān)鍵是參照品種的選取。6、不同抗倒性品種籽粒的灌漿特性存在很大差異。先玉335、禾玉33等易倒伏品種,具有灌漿強度大,灌漿期短等特點,而迪卡516和農(nóng)華101等抗倒性強的品種灌漿期持續(xù)時間較XY335等品種延長1-2 d。在光合產(chǎn)物的轉(zhuǎn)移與分配方面,灌漿后期易倒伏品種莖器官向籽粒中轉(zhuǎn)移的干物質(zhì)比例大,同化物在莖器官中分配的比例低,這可能是造成玉米莖稈抗倒伏能力降低的重要機制。7、生育期可通過Safety factors模型對植株的抗倒伏能力進行評價,經(jīng)田間驗證,在玉米灌漿期Safety factors值與倒伏指數(shù)LI存在極顯著相關(guān)性,灌漿期與倒伏指數(shù)LI關(guān)系為Y=3.9503e-0.26LI。另外,本研究還提出了抗莖倒伏品種的理想株型。8、高密度種植條件下,玉米的籽粒產(chǎn)量、生物量、收獲指數(shù)以及倒伏指數(shù)均顯著的受化控處理(T)、品種類型(H)以及環(huán)境因子(Y)的影響。提高收獲指數(shù),降低倒伏率是PGRs提高春玉米籽粒產(chǎn)量的重要途徑。9、穗位高與重心高度降低、基部莖節(jié)變粗、節(jié)長縮短是PGRs提高春玉米抗莖倒能力的重要形態(tài)學(xué)機制;不同化控處理對第2與第3莖節(jié)影響最大,單位長度莖節(jié)干重、結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物木質(zhì)素等含量增加,莖稈抗彎曲強度提高是PGRs提高春玉米抗莖倒能力的重要發(fā)育生物學(xué)機制。在倒伏發(fā)生較嚴(yán)重的年份,PGRs處理可以顯著提高玉米的籽粒產(chǎn)量,而在倒伏發(fā)生不嚴(yán)重的年份,PGRs處理玉米不增產(chǎn)甚至略有下降。因此,根據(jù)氣象預(yù)警信息,一般年份可在拔節(jié)期化控一次,在倒伏發(fā)生嚴(yán)重年份,可在拔節(jié)期和大喇叭口分別進行1次化控處理增強春玉米的抗倒伏能力,這對指導(dǎo)吉林省春玉米安全生產(chǎn)具有重要意義。
[Abstract]:The Northeast Plain is located in the world's three largest corn belt, the fertile soil, rain heat over the same period, corn yields higher levels of contribution of China's total corn yield more than 35%, has a pivotal position in the national food safety. Under the current production conditions, due to the breeding level, management measures and effect of agricultural meteorology other aspects of the contradiction of spring maize planting and cultivation and lodging has become increasingly prominent, has become an important factor restricting the stable and high yield of spring maize. This paper is based on 4 years of field experiments, the completion of major grain producing areas in central Jilin province wind disaster grain filling stage lodging, lodging resistance and yield loss of different genotype varieties difference mechanism the research, combined with crop chemical regulation technology, the plant growth regulator (PGRs) ecological and biological mechanism to improve lodging resistance of spring maize. Main results as follows: 1, grouting Lodging period significantly reduced grain filling rate, but with the passage of time, the filling rate is influenced by the weakening of lodging; upper plants are less affected, lower plants affected by the large lodging timely help bundle treatment can reduce the lodging caused adverse effects on grain filling. Lodging limit grain "pool" built the harvest period, the lower the upper bound of lodging, lodging, help processing grain dry weight than in the control group were reduced by 20.13%, 4.36% and 7.56%.2, resulting in grain dehydration rate slowed down after lodging, resulting in high moisture content grain harvest; effect of lodging grain nutrient accumulation, reduce the quality of the goods, in which the content of crude protein and crude fat in the affected the larger, crude starch content was less affected, the corresponding content decreased by 1.07~12.83%, 5.15~9.33% and 0.81~3.30%.3, reduced the lodging yield.2012 of spring maize field 17 years down The localization of the highest point v cut 29.68%, the lowest average cut 7.02%, cut 14.75%, regression analysis showed that the lodging rate increases 1%, the yield loss increased by an average of 34.17 hectares. Kg/ in different parts of the plant lodging yield loss, lodging and lodging yield were upper lower than the control (without lodging) processing production 10.51% and 29.88%; after lodging of corn grain number per row, ear length and ear diameter decreased, bald tip length, 100 grain weight decreased, is the main reason leading to cut.4, stem lodging of Spring Maize in the central region of Jilin province mainly occurred. Late filling positions from lodging, mainly in the third internode of lodging, accounting for about 56.44%, followed by the fifth internode (16.83%), second (12.87%) and the fourth internode stem (11.88%), other parts of the stem lodging ratio smaller.5, height of corn center, basal stem fracture, unit internode length dry weight can be used as evaluation of spring growth period jade I meters The general index of lodging resistance. In addition, internode length can be used as an index of Maize Flowering and lodging resistance, ear height, puncture strength, stem cross-sectional area, crust thickness, content of lignin can be used as two grade indexes. Basal stem water content can be used as filling stage corn lodging the evaluation index. In addition, the sensitivity of each index of density to evaluate the lodging resistance ability of varieties may be more scientific, but the key is the selection of reference cultivars.6, there is a big difference in filling characteristics of different lodging resistance varieties. Xianyu 335, wo 33 susceptible varieties of jade, with filling intensity and the characteristics of the short period of grain filling, and 516 and Nonghua 101 Deckard strong lodging resistance during grain filling duration is XY335 1-2 D. in terms of species to extend the transfer and distribution of photosynthate, filling stage lodging susceptible variety stem dry matter to grain medium transfer Mass proportion is large, assimilate distribution in stem organs in low proportion, which is probably caused by the important mechanism of.7 reduced corn lodging, growth period by Safety factors model of lodging resistance was evaluated by field validation, in the presence of significant correlation with lodging index LI Safety factors maize the relationship between value, filling period and lodging index LI for Y=3.9503e-0.26LI. in addition, this study also proposed the ideal plant type.8 anti stem lodging varieties, high planting density condition, maize grain yield, biomass, harvest index and lodging index were significantly affected by chemical treatments (T), type (H) and the environment factor (Y). The effects of increasing harvest index, reduce the lodging rate of PGRs is an important way to improve the grain yield of spring maize.9, ear height and height of gravity lower basal stems thicken, shorten the length of section is PGRs increase maize resistance The important morphological mechanisms of stem down the ability of different chemical treatments; the greatest impact on the second and third nodes per unit length, stem dry weight, increase structural carbohydrates such as lignin content, stem bending strength is an important development to improve biological PGRs improve the ability of anti spring maize stalk mechanism. The more serious year in lodging, PGRs treatment can significantly improve the grain yield of maize, and lodging were not serious in years, PGRs corn does not increase production even slightly. Therefore, according to the weather warning information, can control a year generally at the jointing stage, the lodging serious year, be at jointing and booting 1 times of control enhancement of spring maize lodging resistance respectively, it is of great significance to guide the safe production of Spring Maize in Jilin province.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國科學(xué)院研究生院(東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S513

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