本文關(guān)鍵詞：麥棉兩熟周年秸稈還田對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)形成的影響及其生理機(jī)制　出處：《南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

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【摘要】：轉(zhuǎn)基因抗蟲(chóng)棉迅速推廣,其種植面積約占全國(guó)棉花種植總面積的70%。轉(zhuǎn)基因抗蟲(chóng)棉載鈴多,產(chǎn)量高,但易發(fā)生缺鉀性早衰,導(dǎo)致棉花低產(chǎn)降質(zhì)。我國(guó)鉀礦資源匱乏,需進(jìn)口大量鉀肥。鉀肥價(jià)貴,農(nóng)民施化學(xué)鉀肥積極性不高。作物秸稈含有大量鉀素,還田后可以補(bǔ)充土壤鉀素。于2011年4月在江蘇省南京市(118°50′E,32°02′N)(粘土)和江蘇省大豐市(120°28′E, 33°12′N )(砂壤土)進(jìn)行麥棉兩熟制周年秸稈還田定位試驗(yàn)。選用轉(zhuǎn)基因抗蟲(chóng)棉泗雜3號(hào),在棉花季設(shè)置小麥秸稈還田,0、4500、9000 kg hm-23個(gè)水平(W0、W4500、W9000),在小麥季設(shè)置棉花秸稈還田,0、3750、7500 kg hm-2 3個(gè)水平(C0、C3750、C7500 ),形成9個(gè)周年秸稈還田處理組合。于2012年棉花季增設(shè)2個(gè)鉀肥施用量處理150和300kg K2O hm-2(K150、K300)。本試驗(yàn)從麥棉兩熟周年秸稈還田影響棉花產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)入手,圍繞棉花“葉-鈴”系統(tǒng),揭示秸稈還田下不同棉株、棉鈴對(duì)位葉、棉纖維鉀素水平導(dǎo)致棉花產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)形成差異的生理機(jī)制,為指導(dǎo)麥棉兩熟轉(zhuǎn)基因抗蟲(chóng)棉鉀肥施用、提高麥棉秸稈利用率提供依據(jù)。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1全量麥棉秸稈周年還田可基本替代化學(xué)鉀肥150 kg K2O hm-2麥棉秸稈周年還田和施鉀顯著提高吐絮期棉花群體葉面積和生物量,提高群體總果節(jié)數(shù)降低蕾鈴脫落率,為棉花搭建高產(chǎn)架子提供物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。麥棉秸稈周年還田和施鉀顯著提高棉花群體光合勢(shì)(LAD),而凈同化率(NAR)顯著下降,表明棉花群體光合產(chǎn)物供應(yīng)能力的提高更多是通過(guò)延長(zhǎng)群體光合時(shí)間而不是提高群體同化能力。麥棉秸稈周年還田和施鉀顯著提高棉花鈴數(shù)、鈴重和籽棉產(chǎn)量。綜合比較基于棉株鉀濃度、棉株鉀累積量及籽棉產(chǎn)量的秸稈還田對(duì)化學(xué)鉀肥替代率發(fā)現(xiàn),C7500W9000處理(全量小麥秸稈還田9000 kg hm-2 +全量棉花秸稈還田7500 kg hm-2)對(duì)150 kg K2O hm-2的替代效果最優(yōu),且可使籽棉產(chǎn)量在定位秸稈還田3年內(nèi)較施鉀150 kg K2Ohm-2無(wú)顯著降低。分析棉花群體生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成的變異來(lái)源可知,當(dāng)季小麥秸稈還田和施鉀顯著提高棉花群體生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成,前茬棉花秸稈還田無(wú)顯著影響或提高較少。棉花群體生長(zhǎng)和產(chǎn)量及產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成在南京試點(diǎn)(低鉀黏土)較大豐試點(diǎn)(高鉀砂壤土)更敏感。2麥棉秸稈周年還田提高棉花上部和中部外圍果枝產(chǎn)量和纖維品質(zhì)麥棉秸稈周年還田和施鉀顯著影響棉花產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)在空間上的分布,主要表現(xiàn)于上部果枝和外圍果節(jié)棉鈴。當(dāng)季小麥秸稈還田和施鉀通過(guò)顯著增加上部及中部外圍果枝棉鈴鈴數(shù)、各果枝部位鈴重來(lái)提高棉花產(chǎn)量。前茬棉花秸稈還田對(duì)棉花不同果枝部位鈴數(shù)、鈴重基本無(wú)顯著影響。當(dāng)季小麥秸稈還田和施鉀顯著增加上部及中部外圍果枝棉纖維斷裂比強(qiáng)度、馬克隆值來(lái)提高棉纖維品質(zhì),對(duì)各果枝部位纖維長(zhǎng)度影響較小。前茬棉花秸稈還田顯著降低上部果枝纖維斷裂比強(qiáng)度,對(duì)其余果枝部位纖維品質(zhì)基本無(wú)顯著影響。綜上,從空間分布來(lái)看,上部果枝和各層次外圍果節(jié)產(chǎn)量和棉纖維品質(zhì)更易受到小麥秸稈周年還田和施鉀的正向影響,各果枝部位對(duì)棉花秸稈還田基本無(wú)響應(yīng)。從產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成和纖維品質(zhì)指標(biāo)來(lái)看,在低鉀黏土條件下,鈴重較鈴數(shù)更敏感,馬克隆值較斷裂比強(qiáng)度更敏感,纖維長(zhǎng)度最不敏感。3麥棉秸稈周年還田增加棉鈴對(duì)位葉光合產(chǎn)物輸出和對(duì)位鈴生物量小麥秸稈周年還田和施鉀顯著提高中部果枝內(nèi)圍棉鈴生物量,而棉花秸稈還田對(duì)棉鈴生物量無(wú)顯著影響。小麥秸稈還田和施鉀顯著提高棉鈴對(duì)位葉Pn、SPAD值,顯著降低蔗糖、可溶性糖、淀粉和非結(jié)構(gòu)性碳水化合物含量,顯著提高蔗糖淀粉比,表明棉鈴對(duì)位葉光合產(chǎn)物傾向以蔗糖形式存在,更有利于光合產(chǎn)物輸出。棉花秸稈還田對(duì)棉鈴對(duì)位葉光合性能和碳水化合物含量無(wú)顯著影響。小麥秸稈周年還田和施鉀顯著提高棉鈴對(duì)位葉氮濃度,而棉花秸稈還田無(wú)顯著影響。棉鈴對(duì)位葉C/N與棉鈴生物量顯著負(fù)相關(guān)。在本試驗(yàn)條件下,碳氮代謝相關(guān)酶活性并不能很好解釋光合產(chǎn)物含量在棉鈴對(duì)位葉的變化。綜上,小麥秸稈還田和施鉀較棉花秸稈還田增加棉鈴對(duì)位葉光合產(chǎn)物輸出,較低的棉鈴對(duì)位葉C/N有利于棉鈴生物量的提高。4麥棉秸稈周年還田下通過(guò)提高棉纖維蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)化成纖維素的效率,促進(jìn)纖維生物量累積和纖維品質(zhì)形成小麥秸稈還田和施鉀顯著提高中部果枝內(nèi)圍鈴棉纖維生物量,棉花秸稈還田對(duì)其影響不顯著。在2012年小麥秸稈還田顯著提高棉纖維長(zhǎng)度、馬克隆值,施鉀顯著增加纖維長(zhǎng)度,棉花秸稈還田無(wú)顯著影響;2013年小麥秸稈還田和施鉀顯著提高纖維品質(zhì),棉花秸稈還田顯著提高纖維斷裂比強(qiáng)度和馬克隆值,卻降低了纖維長(zhǎng)度。通過(guò)對(duì)棉纖維品質(zhì)形成過(guò)程的擬合并觀察品質(zhì)形成特征值可知,纖維長(zhǎng)度:2012年小麥秸稈還田和施鉀提高纖維最大伸長(zhǎng)速率,2013年小麥秸稈還田提高纖維最大伸長(zhǎng)速率,施鉀提前快速伸長(zhǎng)起始期延長(zhǎng)快速伸長(zhǎng)期;斷裂比強(qiáng)度和馬克隆值:小麥秸稈還田和施鉀較棉花秸稈還田快速增加速率快,快速增加起始期早,快速增加持續(xù)期長(zhǎng)。小麥秸稈還田下棉纖維蔗糖含量顯著低于施鉀和棉花秸稈還田,而纖維素含量則在小麥秸稈還田和施鉀下顯著提高,表明小麥秸稈還田和施鉀條件下棉纖維蔗糖轉(zhuǎn)化纖維素效率高,且施鉀較小麥秸稈還田處理下纖維細(xì)胞中纖維素合成底物蔗糖更富余。在本試驗(yàn)條件下,蔗糖代謝相關(guān)酶活性并不能很好解釋蔗糖含量在棉纖維細(xì)胞中的變化。棉纖維生物量和纖維長(zhǎng)度與棉鈴對(duì)位葉鉀濃度顯著正相關(guān),在2013年纖維生物量和斷裂比強(qiáng)度與棉鈴對(duì)位葉C/N呈顯著負(fù)相關(guān),表明棉鈴對(duì)位葉中鉀濃度較高和C/N較低有利于纖維生物量的累積和品質(zhì)的優(yōu)化。因此,在不同土壤類型的兩試點(diǎn),基于棉花籽棉產(chǎn)量,麥棉秸稈周年還田實(shí)現(xiàn)了對(duì)化學(xué)鉀肥的替代或部分替代,通過(guò)延長(zhǎng)棉花群體光合時(shí)間,為棉花高產(chǎn)打下基礎(chǔ)。另外,麥棉秸稈周年還田通過(guò)提高棉花上部和中部外圍果枝產(chǎn)量和纖維品質(zhì)進(jìn)而提高產(chǎn)量、品質(zhì)。
[Abstract]:Transgenic cotton spread rapidly, its planting area accounts for the national total area of cotton 70%. transgenic cotton boll load, high yield, but prone to potassium deficiency leads to premature senescence, cotton yield degradation. China's potash resources shortage, need to import large amounts of potash fertilizer. Potash fertilizer price, farmers use chemical fertilizer enthusiasm not high. Crop straw contains large amounts of potassium, soil can replenish the soil potassium. On April 2011 in Jiangsu city of Nanjing province (118 degrees 32 degrees 50 'E, 02' N) (clay) and Jiangsu Dafeng (120 degrees 33 degrees 28 'E, 12' N) (Sha Rangtu) of Wheat the two anniversary of the straw Cotton Cropping system experiment. The transgenic cotton Siza 3 wheat straw, set in the cotton season, 045009000 kg hm-23 (W0, W4500, W9000 level), cotton straw returning in the wheat season, 037507500 kg hm-2 3 level (C0, C3750, C7500), 9 anniversary of straw Combined treatment in 2012. Cotton Season 2 additional K 150 and 300kg K2O hm-2 (K150, K300). The test from two crops of wheat and cotton straw returning anniversary of cotton yield, quality of cotton leaves around - ring "system, revealing the straw under different cotton, leaf subtending cotton fiber. Potassium level leads to the formation of the physiological mechanism of cotton yield and quality difference, for K cooked two transgenic cotton wheat cotton guide application, improve the rate of use on the basis of cotton and wheat straw. The main results are as follows: 1 of the total amount of cotton and wheat straw returning can basically replace chemical fertilizer of 150 kg K2O hm-2 of cotton and wheat straw returning and K anniversary significantly increased the leaf area and biomass of cotton boll increased the total fruit abscission rate to reduce the node number, and provide the material basis for cotton yield of cotton and wheat straw. The shelf build anniversary and potassium significantly improved returning cotton group Body photosynthetic potential (LAD), and net assimilation rate (NAR) decreased significantly, that of photosynthetic products cotton supply capability is more extended through photosynthesis time rather than improve assimilation ability. Cotton and wheat straw returning and potassium significantly increased the annual cotton boll number, boll weight and seed yield. Based on the comparison of cotton potassium concentration, potassium accumulation of cotton and cotton yield of straw chemical potassium replacement rate, C7500W9000 (total amount of wheat straw was 9000 kg hm-2 + total amount of cotton straw was 7500 kg hm-2 150 kg K2O hm-2) to replace the optimal effect, and can make the seed cotton yield in straw positioning 3 years is k 150 kg K2Ohm-2 decreased significantly. Analysis of sources of variation of cotton population growth and yield and yield components of wheat straw and season, when k significantly increased cotton population growth and yield and yield components, the No significant effect of cotton straw stubble or less. Population growth and improve cotton yield and yield components in Nanjing pilot (low potassium clay) is the pilot (Dafeng high potassium sand loam) are more sensitive to.2 cotton and wheat straw incorporation improved the cotton anniversary of upper and middle peripheral fruit yield and fiber quality of cotton and wheat straw returning and K anniversary significant effects of cotton yield and quality distribution in space, mainly in the periphery of the upper branches and fruit Festival. When cotton season wheat straw and potassium significantly increased through the upper part and the middle part of peripheral branches of boll number, boll weight of the fruiting branches increase cotton yield. The stubble cotton straw on different cotton fruiting bolls basically, boll weight had no significant effect. When the season of wheat straw and potassium significantly increased the upper part and the middle part of peripheral branches of cotton fiber breaking strength, micronaire value to improve the quality of cotton fiber, the fruit Branch site fiber length had little effect. The stubble cotton straw was significantly lower than the upper branches of fiber fracture strength, basically had no significant effect on the rest of the fruiting fiber quality. Therefore, judging from the spatial distribution, positive effect on upper branches and levels of peripheral fruit yield and quality of cotton fiber section are more susceptible to wheat straw returning and K anniversary the different fruiting branches of cotton straw no response. From the yield and fiber quality indicators, clay in low potassium condition, boll weight is more sensitive to the boll number, micronaire value is more sensitive than the fracture strength, the fiber length is not sensitive to.3 cotton and wheat straw returning increased annual subtending leaf photosynthesis the product output and biomass of wheat straw returning and on the anniversary of potassium increased significantly in the middle branch of bolls of cotton straw biomass, but had no significant effect on boll biomass of wheat straw. SPAD straw and potassium significantly increased leaf subtending Pn value decreased significantly, sucrose, soluble sugar, starch and non structural carbohydrate content increased significantly than that of sucrose and starch, subtending leaf photosynthetic products tend to exist in the form of sucrose, more conducive to photosynthetic product output. Cotton straw on the subtending leaf light the photosynthesis and carbohydrate content had no significant effect. Wheat straw returning anniversary and potassium significantly increased nitrogen concentration, while cotton straw had no significant effect. C/N and boll subtending leaf biomass was significantly negatively correlated. In this experiment, the carbon and nitrogen metabolism related enzyme activity and can't explain the change of light photosynthate content in the leaves subtending. To sum up, wheat straw and potassium than cotton straw could increase the subtending leaf photosynthetic product output, lower in leaf subtending cotton C/N. The biomass of cotton and wheat straw returning increased.4 anniversary by increasing the efficiency of cotton fiber cellulose into sugar, promote the formation of wheat straw fiber and fiber quality and biomass accumulation of potassium significantly increased the middle branch inside boll cotton biomass, cotton straw has no significant effect on it. Improve cotton fiber length in 2012, wheat straw, micronaire value, potassium significantly increased the fiber length, no significant effect of cotton straw; 2013 wheat straw and potassium significantly improve the fiber quality of cotton straw significantly increased the fiber breaking strength and micronaire, fiber length is decreased. By forming a fitting observation quality formation characteristics the results showed, the fiber length of cotton fiber quality: 2012 wheat straw and potassium increased maximum fiber elongation rate, improve the wheat straw returning in 2013 The maximum fiber elongation rate, K in advance of the rapid elongation period initial rapid elongation period; breaking strength and micronaire value: wheat straw and Cotton Straw Potassium is rapid increasing rate, rapid increase in initial stage of early, rapid increase in long duration. Cotton fiber sucrose content was significantly lower than that of wheat straw under potassium and cotton straw, while the cellulose content in wheat straw and potassium significantly increased, the results showed that the wheat straw and potassium under the condition of cotton fiber sucrose conversion of cellulose with high efficiency, and potassium than wheat straw processing cellulose fiber cell synthesis of sucrose more surplus. Under the conditions of this experiment, the change of sucrose metabolism related enzyme activity and could not explain the sucrose content in cotton fiber cells. Positive correlation of cotton fiber and fiber length and biomass of the subtending leaf potassium concentration in 2013. Annual biomass and fiber breaking strength was negatively correlated with leaf subtending C/N, showed that the higher concentration of C/N and subtending Ye Zhongjia low is propitious to optimize the biomass and accumulation of fiber quality. Therefore, in different soil types of the two pilot, based on cotton yield, cotton and wheat straw returning to achieve chemical anniversary K or partly replace, by extending the cotton canopy photosynthetic time for cotton yield basis. In addition, cotton and wheat straw returning by improving the anniversary of upper and middle peripheral branches of cotton yield and fiber quality and yield and quality.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：S562;S141.4

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1 余超然;麥棉兩熟周年秸稈還田對(duì)棉花產(chǎn)量品質(zhì)形成的影響及其生理機(jī)制[D];南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué);2016年

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本文編號(hào)：1366504