本文關鍵詞：隴中黃土高原典型人工林土壤水文過程研究　出處：《蘭州大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 隴中黃土高原 典型人工林 土壤水分入滲 土壤水文過程

【摘要】：植被與水分的關系問題是生態(tài)水文學研究的核心問題,正因為如此,生態(tài)水文學一經提出便備受青睞,為干旱半干旱區(qū)以植被建設為主的生態(tài)恢復實踐提供了理論基礎。在水土流失十分嚴重的黃土高原地區(qū),植被恢復與重建迫切需要我們深入研究植物生長與水分之間的相互關系。因此,本文以隴中黃土高原安家溝小流域為研究區(qū),以該區(qū)主要的水土保持樹種檸條、沙棘和油松為研究對象,緊緊圍繞土壤水文過程開展研究。首先收集了研究區(qū)近30年的降雨資料,分析了多年平均降雨分布格局,研究了整個小流域的土壤物理性質及其土壤入滲過程;其次,建立了檸條、沙棘和油松的野外觀測樣地,對三種造林樹種的土壤水文過程進行定位觀測。基于實測數(shù)據(jù),以生態(tài)水文學的理論與方法,研究了檸條、沙棘和油松的冠層降雨截留特征、冠層蒸騰及林下土壤蒸發(fā)過程,然后對比分析三種造林樹種的土壤水文過程,以期為黃土高原生態(tài)重建中的適宜樹種的選擇提供理論依據(jù)。通過研究,主要結論如下:1.對安家溝小流域1981-2010的日降雨數(shù)據(jù)分析表明:生長季年均降雨量為:271.56 mm,年際變異系數(shù)為29.14%。降雨事件以≤5mm的降雨為主,占全年降雨事件的44.55%,≥10mm的降雨頻率很低,但對年降雨的貢獻大,占降雨總量的64.87%。0-10d間隔期(無降雨日)所占比例最大,為年無降水期的87.03%,㧐10d間隔期呈增加趨勢。近30年來,≤5mm d-1的降雨呈下降趨勢,而≥10mm d-1的降雨略有上升,年內總降雨日數(shù)與降雨量均呈下降趨勢。2.研究區(qū)的土壤物理性質及土壤入滲特征均受地形特征和植被類型的影響而具有空間異質性。具體表現(xiàn)在:①陰坡的土壤有機質、總孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度均大于陽坡;陰坡的土壤容重小于陽坡;從整體來看,土壤容重從坡頂?shù)綔系妆憩F(xiàn)出高-低-高的變化規(guī)律。總孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度則呈現(xiàn)出低-高-低的變化規(guī)律;②安家溝流域陰坡的初始入滲率小于陽坡,而穩(wěn)定入滲率和平均入滲率均大于陽坡;坡位對土壤水分入滲也有較大影響,具體表現(xiàn)為坡中坡上坡下坡頂溝底,這恰好與土壤容重在整個流域的分布相反。由此可見,除了坡度與坡向之外,土壤容也是土壤入滲的主要決定因子;③不同樹種入滲過程有明顯的差異性,針葉樹種的入滲率大于灌木樹種。初始入滲速率、穩(wěn)定入滲率、平均入滲率及60min累計入滲量的大小依次為:檸條沙棘油松。植被分布對土壤入滲過程的影響僅限于0-40cm的淺層土壤,對于60cm以下的深層土壤入滲影響不顯著。3.基于安家溝小流域三種植被類型(檸條、沙棘和油松)下的土壤入滲實測數(shù)據(jù),采用kostiakov公式、horton模型和philip模型進行入滲過程擬合,結果發(fā)現(xiàn),horton模型對油松林下的土壤入滲過程模擬精度最好,相關系數(shù)可達0.92,但對檸條和沙棘林下的土壤入滲模擬效果差;kostiakov公式則能較好的模擬油松和檸條林下的入滲過程,但是對沙棘林下的入滲模擬精度不高;philip模型則對檸條、沙棘和油松的三種林下的土壤入滲模擬精度都比較高,因此,philip模型適合于安家溝小流域土壤入滲過程模擬。4.研究期間檸條、沙棘和油松的林冠截留率分別為28%、18.3%和22.4%,樹干莖流率分別為12.3%、8.4%和1.1%。灌木樹種的樹干莖流率大于針葉樹種油松的樹干莖流率。三種林分下穿透雨的變異系數(shù)均隨降雨量的增大而減小。采用gash解析模型對三種人工林的冠截留模擬結果表明:檸條、沙棘和油松的冠層截留量的模擬值均低于實測值。由于gash模型涉及的參數(shù)較多,因此,模型參數(shù)的估算的準確性決定了冠層截留量的模擬精度。本研究以油松冠層截留模擬為例,做了模型參數(shù)敏感性分析,結果表明冠層持水能力s對模型有較大的敏感性,其次,林冠蓋度c及平均蒸發(fā)速率e也是影響冠層截留模擬的重要因子。5.油松在單株和樣方尺度上穿透雨具有相似的空間變異性,即穿透雨的空間異質性隨著降雨量的增大而降低。在降雨量較小時,冠層結構是穿透雨的主要影響因子,而當降雨量較大時,測量誤差與其它非空間因素是影響穿透雨空間分布的主要因子。油松冠層邊緣對穿透雨具有匯聚作用。樹木的冠層結構是促使邊緣效應發(fā)生的主要因素。6.采用熱脈沖技術觀測了灌木樹種檸條、沙棘和油松單株的樹干液流量,基于單株蒸騰觀測的液流量,通過尺度上推(灌木林尺度上推的空間純量為葉面積指數(shù),喬木的空間純量為邊才面積)獲得了2013與2014年兩個生長季林分尺度的日蒸騰量。其中,2013年油松、沙棘和檸條的蒸騰量分別為:305.09mm、243.17mm和203.4mm;2014油松、沙棘和檸條的蒸騰量分別為:251.24mm、220.02mm和189.35mm,由于2013年較2014年高溫多雨,2013年三種林分的蒸騰量均大于2014年。三種林分相比較而言,喬木的蒸騰量大于灌木,其中灌木林中,沙棘的蒸騰量大于檸條。樹木蒸騰量的變化主要受環(huán)境因子的影響,當土壤水分充足時,氣象因子中太陽輻射和飽和水汽壓差是主要影響因子,當土壤水分脅迫時,蒸騰主要受土壤水分的影響。檸條、沙棘與油松生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的土壤水量平衡分析表明,灌木樹種的蒸散耗水量小于油松,其中檸條蒸散的耗水量小于沙棘,三種造林樹種中,檸條具有更好的水土保持功能。
[Abstract]:The problem of relationship between vegetation and water is the core problem of eco hydrology, because of this, the eco hydrology was proposed favored, provides a theoretical basis for ecology in arid and semi arid area in the construction of vegetation restoration practice. Soil erosion is very serious in the Loess Plateau, vegetation restoration and reconstruction of the urgent need for our further study on the relationship between plant growth and soil moisture. Therefore, taking the Loess Plateau in Gansu Anjiagou watershed as the study area, the main area of soil and water conservation species Caragana, sea buckthorn and Pinus tabulaeformis as research object, focus on the research of soil hydrological processes. The first collection of nearly 30 years of rainfall data in the study area. Analysis of the distribution pattern of the average rainfall years, soil physical properties and soil infiltration process of the small watershed; secondly, the establishment of sea buckthorn Caragana, Pinus tabulaeformis and field view Test plots, soil hydrological processes of the three tree species were observed. Based on the measured data, the theory and method of eco hydrology, Caragana, canopy rainfall interception characteristics of sea buckthorn and Pinus tabulaeformis, canopy transpiration and soil evaporation of forest, and soil hydrological processes of the three tree species comparative analysis. In order to provide theoretical basis for suitable species ecological reconstruction in the Loess Plateau selection. Through the research, the main conclusions are as follows: 1. in Anjiagou catchment 1981-2010 daily rainfall data analysis shows that the growing season average annual rainfall is 271.56 mm, the interannual variation coefficient was less than 5mm in 29.14%. rainfall event rainfall, annual rainfall accounted for the 44.55% events, the rainfall frequency is greater than or equal to 10mm is very low, but the contribution of annual rainfall, rainfall accounted for 64.87%.0-10d of the total interval (no rain) is the largest proportion, for the period of 87.03% years without precipitation, ? 10d interval increased. Over the past 30 years, more than 5mm of D-1 rainfall decreased, while D-1 increased slightly more than 10mm years of total rainfall, rain days and rainfall decreased.2. in the study area soil physical properties and soil infiltration characteristics were affected by topography and vegetation types due to spatial heterogeneity. Specific performance in the shady slope soil organic matter, total porosity, capillary porosity and non capillary porosity were higher than that of sunny slope; soil bulk density was lower than that of sunny slope; on the whole, the soil bulk density showed a high - low - high variation from the top to the ditch. The total porosity, capillary porosity and non capillary porosity showed a low high low variation; the initial installation gully in shady slope infiltration rate lower than that of sunny slope, and the stable infiltration rate and average infiltration rate were higher than that of sunny slope; slope position on soil water infiltration also affected Specifically, uphill downhill slope in slope top ditch, which coincided with the soil bulk density distribution in the whole basin instead. Thus, in addition to slope gradient and slope direction, the main factor determining the capacity of soil and soil infiltration; the infiltration process of different species have obvious differences, the infiltration rate is higher than coniferous trees shrub species. The initial infiltration rate, stable infiltration rate, average infiltration rate and cumulative infiltration of the 60min size is as follows: Caragana Seabuckthorn Pinus tabulaeformis in shallow soil. Only 0-40cm distribution of vegetation effect on soil infiltration, the deep soil below 60cm infiltration did not significantly affect the Anjiagou small.3. the three is based on watershed planting types (Caragana, sea buckthorn and Pinus tabulaeformis) the soil infiltration measured data, using the Kostiakov formula, Horton model and Philip model of infiltration process fitting, results show that the Horton model of Pinus tabulaeformis forest under soil infiltration The best process simulation accuracy, the correlation coefficient was 0.92, but the c.korshinsk forest soil infiltration simulation effect; Kostiakov formula can better simulate the infiltration process of Pinus tabulaeformis and Caragana korshinskii, but of seabuckthorn forest infiltration under the simulation accuracy is not high; the Philip model of Caragana, three forest sea buckthorn and Pinus tabulaeformis under the soil infiltration simulation precision is high, therefore, the Philip model is suitable for Anjiagou watershed soil infiltration.4. simulation during the process of Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana korshinskii, Pinus tabulaeformis forest canopy interception rate were 28%, 18.3% and 22.4%, stemflow were 12.3%, stemflow stemflow 8.4% 1.1%. and shrub species than coniferous tree species of Pinus tabulaeformis. The coefficient of variation of throughfall in three plantations were decreased with the increase of rainfall. By using gash analytical model of three kinds of artificial forest canopy interception simulation results showed that Caragana, sea buckthorn Canopy interception of Pinus tabulaeformis and the simulated values were lower than the measured value. Because of the many parameters involved in gash model so that the simulation precision accuracy of estimating model parameters determines the canopy interception. In this study, pine canopy interception simulation as an example, the model parameter sensitivity analysis results show that canopy water holding capacity of s have great sensitivity to model secondly, canopy cover C and the average rate of evaporation is an important factor affecting e canopy interception simulation in a single.5. of Pinus tabulaeformis and quadrat scale spatial variability of throughfall is similar, the throughfall spatial heterogeneity decreased. With the increase of rainfall in the low rainfall, canopy structure is the main influencing factor of throughfall, when the rainfall is bigger, the measurement error and other non spatial factors are the main factors of throughfall spatial distribution of Pinus tabulaeformis canopy throughfall on edge. With the convergence effect. The canopy structure of trees is the main factors contributing to the occurrence of.6. edge effect by the heat pulse observation of shrub species of Caragana, the sap flow of seabuckthorn and Pinus tabulaeformis plants, plant transpiration fluid flow based on the observation, by scaling (Bush scaling space scalar for leaf area index, tree the amount of space for pure edge area) to obtain evapotranspiration in 2013 and 2014 two quarter growth forest scale. Among them, the 2013 transpiration of Pinus tabulaeformis, Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana korshinskii were: 305.09mm, 243.17mm and 203.4mm; 2014 Pinus tabulaeformis, transpiration of Hippophae rhamnoides and Caragana korshinskii were: 251.24mm, 220.02mm and 189.35mm. As of 2013 2014 compared with the high temperature and rainfall, evapotranspiration in 2013 three stands were higher than 2014. Three stands in comparison, transpiration of trees is larger than the shrubs, bushes, transpiration of sea buckthorn than Caragana tree. Influence of wood transpiration is mainly affected by environmental factors, when soil moisture is sufficient, solar radiation pressure and meteorological factors and saturated vapor is the main influencing factor, when the soil water stress, the transpiration effect is mainly affected by soil moisture. The soil water balance of sea buckthorn Caragana, and Pinus tabulaeformis ecosystem analysis showed that evapotranspiration of shrub species the water consumption is less than the evapotranspiration of Caragana Pinus tabulaeformis, the water consumption is less than three of sea buckthorn, afforestation, soil and water conservation function of Caragana has better.

【學位授予單位】：蘭州大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S714

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