本文關(guān)鍵詞：機(jī)械化種植方式對(duì)水稻綜合生產(chǎn)力及稻麥周年生產(chǎn)的影響　出處：《揚(yáng)州大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 機(jī)械化種植方式 水稻 產(chǎn)量及其結(jié)構(gòu) 溫光資源利用 光合物質(zhì)生產(chǎn) 株型 抗倒伏能力 氮素吸收利用 稻麥周年生產(chǎn)

【摘要】：當(dāng)前,經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展迅速,農(nóng)村勞動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)移加劇,給農(nóng)業(yè)帶來(lái)一定的負(fù)面效應(yīng)。加快水稻機(jī)械化進(jìn)程,能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)水稻穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、增產(chǎn),為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)帶來(lái)積極的效應(yīng)。機(jī)械化種植是水稻機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)的重要環(huán)節(jié),也是實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻全程機(jī)械化高產(chǎn)高效生產(chǎn)的難點(diǎn)和研究的熱點(diǎn)。長(zhǎng)江下游稻麥兩熟地區(qū),目前主流的機(jī)械化種植方式有毯苗機(jī)插、機(jī)械直播和缽苗機(jī)插。受前茬小麥生產(chǎn)的影響,不同種植方式有其自身生產(chǎn)的特點(diǎn)及限制。因此,研明高產(chǎn)栽培模式下毯苗機(jī)插、機(jī)械直播和缽苗機(jī)插水稻綜合生產(chǎn)力差異與產(chǎn)量形成的生態(tài)生理特征,能夠?yàn)闄C(jī)械化種植方式的合理推廣應(yīng)用及實(shí)現(xiàn)水稻全程機(jī)械化高產(chǎn)高效生產(chǎn)提供理論參考和數(shù)據(jù)支持。2014-2015年,本試驗(yàn)于揚(yáng)州大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院校外試驗(yàn)基地江蘇省興化市釣魚鎮(zhèn)進(jìn)行,選用常規(guī)粳稻、秈粳雜交稻和雜交秈稻共6個(gè)水稻品種為材料,系統(tǒng)比較研究高產(chǎn)栽培模式下毯苗機(jī)插、機(jī)械直播和缽苗機(jī)插等機(jī)械化種植方式下不同水稻品種產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成特征、溫光資源利用特征、光合物質(zhì)生產(chǎn)特征、株型及抗倒伏特征、氮素吸收利用特征、米質(zhì)性狀和稻麥周年生產(chǎn)特征及差異。主要結(jié)果如下:1.與機(jī)械直播相比,缽苗機(jī)插和毯苗機(jī)插分別顯著增產(chǎn)水稻20.0%和13.1%。其中,秈粳雜交稻和雜交秈稻產(chǎn)量于種植方式間的變化幅度大于常規(guī)粳稻。從產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成因素分析,水稻的結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒重于種植方式間差異不顯著,群體穎花量呈缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的顯著趨勢(shì)。進(jìn)一步分析水稻群體穎花量構(gòu)成,單位面積有效穗數(shù)和穗粒數(shù)分別呈缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播和缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的顯著趨勢(shì)。與機(jī)械直播相比,缽苗機(jī)插和毯苗機(jī)插水稻的穗數(shù)平均減少4.4%和2.6%,穗粒數(shù)平均增加22.1%和13.3%,群體穎花量平均增加16.7%和10.3%。水稻的穗長(zhǎng)、著粒密度、單穗粒重、一次枝梗數(shù)和粒數(shù)、二次枝梗數(shù)和粒數(shù)、二次枝梗粒數(shù)對(duì)穗粒數(shù)的貢獻(xiàn)率及二次枝梗粒數(shù)的結(jié)實(shí)率為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播;一二次枝梗數(shù)比、一二次枝梗粒數(shù)比和一次枝梗粒數(shù)對(duì)總粒數(shù)的貢獻(xiàn)率為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播。因此,保足穗、爭(zhēng)大穗、高穎花量及穩(wěn)定的結(jié)實(shí)率和千粒重,是缽苗機(jī)插較毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播高產(chǎn)的重要特征。2.缽苗機(jī)插和毯苗機(jī)插水稻播種期較機(jī)械直播早28和16 d,致水稻拔節(jié)期提前7-13和5-9 d,抽穗期提前7-15和4-10 d,成熟期提前5-15和3-11 d。與機(jī)械直播相比,毯苗機(jī)插延長(zhǎng)水稻生育期5-14 d,缽苗機(jī)插延長(zhǎng)13-23 d,且生育期延長(zhǎng)主要是由于播種至拔節(jié)期持續(xù)時(shí)間延長(zhǎng)。秈粳雜交稻和雜交秈稻的日產(chǎn)量呈缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的顯著趨勢(shì),常規(guī)粳稻呈毯苗機(jī)插高于缽苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播的趨勢(shì)。最終,產(chǎn)量與生育期和日產(chǎn)量均呈極顯著的正相關(guān)關(guān)系。這說(shuō)明,水稻生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中,延長(zhǎng)全生育期和提高日產(chǎn)量均能增加實(shí)產(chǎn)。相比機(jī)械直播,缽苗機(jī)插和毯苗機(jī)插增加水稻全生育期有效積溫14.9%-19.6%和9.1%-11.6%,增加全生育期太陽(yáng)輻射積累量16.1%-24.8%和8.3%-14.2%。水稻全生育期日均溫度呈缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播,其中營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期(播種至拔節(jié)期)為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播,生殖生長(zhǎng)期(拔節(jié)至抽穗期)和灌漿結(jié)實(shí)期(抽穗至成熟期)為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播。受種植方式的影響,營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期日均溫度低于25.1℃和灌漿結(jié)實(shí)期日均溫度高于20.1℃可攻取高產(chǎn)。因此,長(zhǎng)生育期、高溫光資源利用、營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)期較低的日均溫度和灌漿結(jié)實(shí)期較高的日均溫度,是缽苗機(jī)插水稻高產(chǎn)的重要特征。3.從水稻莖蘗動(dòng)態(tài)分析,缽苗機(jī)插呈“緩升緩降”的態(tài)勢(shì),機(jī)械直播呈“急升驟降”的態(tài)勢(shì),毯苗機(jī)插居于二者之間,成穗率為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的趨勢(shì)。缽苗機(jī)插水稻較毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播水稻群體干物質(zhì)積累量大,其差異隨生育進(jìn)程的推進(jìn)而增大。降低播種至拔節(jié)期水稻干物質(zhì)積累量比例,控制拔節(jié)至抽穗期干物質(zhì)積累量比例,增大抽穗至成熟期干物質(zhì)積累量比例是缽苗機(jī)插較毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播積累更多生物產(chǎn)量的重要途徑。灌漿結(jié)實(shí)期水稻單莖莖鞘重和乳熟后單莖莖鞘的二次充實(shí)狀況均為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播。與毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播相比,缽苗機(jī)插抽穗至乳熟期單莖莖鞘干物質(zhì)輸出率和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率較大,抽穗至成熟期較小。抽穗后水稻的光合勢(shì)、群體生長(zhǎng)率和凈同化率均呈缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的顯著趨勢(shì),極大地提高了缽苗機(jī)插水稻植株群體光合生產(chǎn)能力,為水稻高產(chǎn)的形成奠定物質(zhì)基礎(chǔ)。4.與毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播相比,缽苗機(jī)插使水稻上三葉葉長(zhǎng)增長(zhǎng),比葉重增大,葉基角和披垂度減小;使水稻群體高效葉葉面積增加,劍葉葉綠素含量和凈光合速率協(xié)同增加;使水稻穗型變大,粒葉比提高;并且使水稻株高增高,稈長(zhǎng)增長(zhǎng),穗下節(jié)間增長(zhǎng)。水稻基部1-3節(jié)間于缽苗機(jī)插方式下,較毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播長(zhǎng)度縮短,莖稈變粗,莖壁增厚,節(jié)間干重增加,充實(shí)度變好,抗折力和彎曲力矩增大,倒伏指數(shù)顯著降低。這說(shuō)明,缽苗機(jī)插更能改善水稻株型,優(yōu)化水稻群體結(jié)構(gòu),提升水稻抗倒性能。5.拔節(jié)期水稻含氮率為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播,抽穗和成熟期為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播,差異顯著。主要時(shí)期水稻植株吸氮量于種植方式間的變化趨勢(shì)與含氮量一致,但拔節(jié)期吸氮量于種植方式間差異不顯著,抽穗和成熟期差異顯著。拔節(jié)后水稻的氮素積累量、積累比例和吸收速率均呈缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的顯著趨勢(shì)。水稻百千克籽粒氮素吸收量、偏生產(chǎn)力和氮收獲指數(shù)為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播,而籽粒和干物質(zhì)氮素生產(chǎn)率為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播,差異顯著。這說(shuō)明,缽苗機(jī)插水稻氮素生產(chǎn)效率較低。因此,在今后技術(shù)研發(fā)中應(yīng)重視氮肥的高效利用,以實(shí)現(xiàn)兼顧高產(chǎn)和營(yíng)養(yǎng)高效水稻機(jī)械化生產(chǎn)。抽穗期和成熟期植株葉片、莖鞘和穗部含氮率均為缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播,抽穗后缽苗機(jī)插葉片氮素轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)量、表觀轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)率和轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)貢獻(xiàn)率均顯著大于毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播,為籽粒高效的氮素積累提供保障。6.缽苗機(jī)插的整精米率比毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播分別提高1.6%和4.9%,整精米產(chǎn)量分別提高7.8%和25.9%,改善了稻米加工品質(zhì)。與毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播相比,缽苗機(jī)插稻米的堊白米率、堊白面積和堊白度顯著增加,對(duì)稻米外觀品質(zhì)有不利影響,但缽苗機(jī)插精米蛋白質(zhì)含量較高,有利于稻米營(yíng)養(yǎng)品質(zhì)的改良,其精米蛋白質(zhì)產(chǎn)量分別比毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播提高8.7%和28.0%。3種種植方式相比,缽苗機(jī)插稻米蒸煮食味品質(zhì)表現(xiàn)出一定程度的變優(yōu)趨勢(shì),其中,稻米直鏈淀粉含量、消減值和糊化溫度呈缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的趨勢(shì),膠稠度、峰值黏度、熱漿黏度、最終黏度和崩解值呈缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的趨勢(shì)。食味值于種植方式間無(wú)顯著差異,呈秈粳交水稻和常規(guī)粳稻缽苗機(jī)插毯苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播,雜交秈稻毯苗機(jī)插缽苗機(jī)插機(jī)械直播的趨勢(shì)。7.試驗(yàn)中,水稻騰茬時(shí)間由早到晚依次為缽苗機(jī)插、毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播。因此,小麥的播種期于缽苗機(jī)插水稻茬口早于毯苗機(jī)插和機(jī)械直播水稻茬口,致小麥生育期、生物學(xué)產(chǎn)量和經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量呈缽苗機(jī)插水稻茬口毯苗機(jī)插水稻茬口機(jī)械直播水稻茬口的顯著趨勢(shì)。水稻機(jī)械化種植方式對(duì)稻麥周年生產(chǎn)的影響顯著。與機(jī)械直播水稻-小麥相比,缽苗機(jī)插和毯苗機(jī)插水稻-小麥分別增加周年經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量19.3%和12.2%,增加周年生物學(xué)產(chǎn)量17.5%和11.2%,增加周年日產(chǎn)量9.1%和7.2%。缽苗機(jī)插和毯苗機(jī)插水稻-小麥全生育期較機(jī)械直播水稻-小麥長(zhǎng)32和16 d,其中缽苗機(jī)插水稻-小麥全生育期天數(shù)超過(guò)366 d。水稻周年有效積溫積累量、太陽(yáng)輻射積累量和溫光生產(chǎn)效率均呈缽苗機(jī)插-小麥毯苗機(jī)插水稻-小麥機(jī)械直播水稻-小麥的顯著趨勢(shì)。最終,與機(jī)械直播水稻-小麥相比,缽苗機(jī)插水稻-小麥分別增大周年籽粒和干物質(zhì)光能利用率15.8%和14.0%,毯苗機(jī)插分別增大10.5%和9.5%。由此總結(jié)如下,缽苗機(jī)插在促進(jìn)稻麥周年糧食增產(chǎn)增效生產(chǎn)的作用表現(xiàn)在:①攻大穗,高積累,增水稻產(chǎn)量;②提早播種,協(xié)調(diào)穗粒,提高小麥產(chǎn)量;③緩和稻麥茬口矛盾,延長(zhǎng)稻麥生育周期,改善稻麥生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境,促稻麥周年糧食高產(chǎn)高效生產(chǎn)。
[Abstract]:At present, the economic development is rapid and the transfer of rural labor force is aggravated, which brings some negative effects to agriculture. Speeding up the process of rice mechanization can realize the stable yield and increase production of rice, and bring positive effects to the agricultural production. Mechanized planting is an important link in the mechanized production of rice, and it is also a difficult and hot spot to realize high yield and high efficiency production of whole rice mechanization. At the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the main mechanized planting methods in the two maturing areas of the lower reaches of the Yangtze River include the inserting of the blankets, the direct sowing of the machinery and the inserting of the seedling machine. Influenced by the wheat production in the previous crop, the different planting methods have their own characteristics and limitations. Therefore, ecological and physiological characteristics of high yielding cultivation mode research under the blanket of mechanical transplanting, mechanical direct seeding and seedling transplanting rice difference comprehensive productivity and yield formation, can provide theoretical reference and data support the production of high yield and high efficiency for reasonable application of mechanized planting mode and achieve full mechanization of rice. In 2014-2015, the experiment was conducted in the fishing town of Xinghua city of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University College of agriculture outside the test base, using conventional japonica rice, indica Japonica Hybrid Rice and indica hybrid rice of 6 rice varieties, a systematic comparative study on high yield cultivation mode under the blanket, mechanical direct seeding and Mechanical transplanting seedling transplanting mechanization planting mode the different varieties of rice yield and yield characteristics, temperature and light utilization characteristics, photosynthesis characteristics, plant type and lodging characteristics, nitrogen absorption and utilization characteristics and quality traits of rice and wheat and production characteristics and differences. The main results are as follows: 1. compared with the mechanical direct seeding, the rice seedling inserting and the blanket seedling inserting can increase the yield of rice 20% and 13.1%, respectively. Among them, the yield of Indica and Japonica Hybrid Rice and hybrid indica rice yield was greater than that of conventional japonica rice. From the analysis of yield components, there was no significant difference in seed setting rate and 1000 grain weight between different planting modes. The spikelet size of seedlings showed a significant trend of mechanical seeding with pot seedling machine carpet seedling. Further analysis of the spikelet quantity composition, the effective panicle number per panicle and the number of grains per panicle showed significant trend of mechanical seeding with pot seedling machine carpet, mechanical direct seeding and seedling seeding. Compared with mechanical direct seeding, the number of panicle seedlings and machine transplanted seedlings decreased by 4.4% and 2.6%, and the number of spikelets increased by 22.1% and 13.3%, respectively, and the spikelet number increased by 16.7% and 10.3% respectively. The panicle length, seed setting rate, grain weight per panicle grain density, the contribution rate of the primary branch number and grain number, the two branch number and grain number, the two branch grain number of panicle and two branch grain number for seedling seedling transplanting machine transplanting blanket mechanical direct seeding; one or two branch ratio, one or two branch ratio of grains and a branch grain number of total grain number for the contribution rate of seedling mechanical transplanting machine transplanting machine live blanket. Therefore, Paul foot spike, big spike, high amount of floral organs and stable seed setting rate and grain weight, is a blanket seedling pot seedling of mechanical transplanting machine plug and an important feature of high yield mechanical direct seeding. 2., the seeding time of pot seedling machine transplanting and carpet seedling transplanting rice is 28 and 16 D earlier than that of mechanical direct seeding, which leads to 7-13 and 5-9 D advance at jointing stage, 7-15 and 4-10 D ahead of heading stage, and 5-15 and 3-11 D in advance. Compared with mechanical direct seeding, carpet seedling plug increased the growth period of rice by 5-14 D, and pot seedling transplanting extended 13-23 D, and the extension of growth period was mainly due to the prolongation of seeding to jointing stage. The daily yield of indica Japonica Hybrid Rice and indica hybrid rice is a significant trend of mechanical seeding with pot seedling machine transplanting carpet seedling, and the trend of conventional japonica rice carpet planting is higher than that of pot seedling and mechanical direct seeding. In the end, there was a very significant positive correlation between the yield and the growth period and the daily output. This shows that during the growth of rice, the growth of the whole growth period and the increase of daily yield can increase the yield of the rice. Compared with mechanical direct seeding, pot seedling plug and carpet seedling plug increased the effective accumulated temperature of 14.9%-19.6% and 9.1%-11.6% during the whole growth period of rice, and increased the solar radiation accumulation of 16.1%-24.8% and 8.3%-14.2% during the whole growth period. The average temperature in the whole growth period of rice seedling transplanting seedling transplanting machine blanket live, the vegetative growth stage (from sowing to jointing stage) for seedling machine transplanting seedling transplanting machine blanket live, reproductive growth stage (jointing to heading) and filling stage (from heading to maturity) for pot seedling of mechanical transplanting blanket seedling transplanting machine live. The effects of planting patterns, the vegetative growth stage the average daily temperature lower than 25.1 DEG C and filling stage of average temperature higher than 20.1 DEG C can be captured with high yield. Therefore, long daily growth period, high temperature light resource utilization, low daily growth temperature and higher daily average temperature during grain filling stage are important characteristics of high yield of pot seedling machine transplanted rice. 3., from the analysis of the dynamics of rice stem and tiller, the pot seedling transplanting showed a slow rising and slow descending trend, and the mechanical direct seeding showed a trend of "rapid ascending and descending". The carpet seedling machine Interplanted in two, and the earing rate was the trend of mechanical seeding of pot seedling machine carpet planting machine. The dry matter accumulation of rice seedling machine insert and mechanical direct seeding rice population was larger, and the difference was increased with the advancement of the growth process. Reducing the proportion of dry matter accumulation from sowing to jointing stage, controlling the proportion of dry matter accumulation from jointing to heading stage and increasing the percentage of dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity are important ways to accumulate more biomass than potted seedling transplanter and mechanical direct seeding. The two filling conditions of the single stem sheath weight of rice and the single stem sheath after milk ripening during the grain filling period were the direct seeding of the machine inserted in the seedling machine. Compared with the machine inserting and mechanical direct seeding, the dry matter output rate and transport rate of the single stem sheath of the bowl seedling to the milk ripening stage were larger, and the heading to the mature period was smaller. The photosynthetic potential, population growth rate and net assimilation rate of rice after heading were all significant trend of mechanical seedling direct seeding, and greatly improved the photosynthetic capacity of rice seedlings. 4. and blanket seedling machine insert and
【學(xué)位授予單位】：揚(yáng)州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S233.71
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本文編號(hào)：1346997