本文關鍵詞：東北黑土區(qū)典型小流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染源解析及防控措施效果評估　出處：《中國科學院研究生院(東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

  更多相關文章： 農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染 源解析 穩(wěn)定同位素 最佳管理措施 效果評估 東北黑土區(qū)

【摘要】：由農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染導致的水環(huán)境質(zhì)量下降和水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)破壞是全世界共同關注的重要環(huán)境問題,水土流失既是面源污染發(fā)生的動力也是污染物遷移的載體。因此,識別水土流失特征,明確農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染來源及主要影響因素,并采取有效防控措施對改善農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染現(xiàn)狀,加快水生態(tài)環(huán)境修復重建、流域水資源管理具有重要意義。本研究選擇東北低山丘陵區(qū)典型小流域(吉林省東遼縣杏木小流域)為研究對象,采取標準小區(qū)定位監(jiān)測、野外試驗觀測相結(jié)合的方法,研究了坡面和小流域尺度農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染特征,分析了典型污染物主要來源及貢獻率,評估了典型面源污染防控措施的效果。通過研究得出以下主要結(jié)論:(1)研究區(qū)侵蝕性降雨主要發(fā)生在6-8月,降雨量和雨強是影響坡耕地水土流失和面源污染物輸出的重要因素,且表現(xiàn)為顯著的正線性相關性。坡度也是坡耕地水土流失和面源污染物輸出的重要影響因素。(2)坡耕地徑流中總氮(TN)和總磷(TP)的濃度均超過“地表水環(huán)境質(zhì)量標準”Ⅴ類水限值。氮(N)是坡耕地輸出的主要面源污染物,2013-2014年TN的年輸出量占面源污染物總輸出量的55%-69%。(3)坡耕地徑流中NH4+-N濃度值最高,村屯徑流中NO3--N、TN和TP濃度值最高;不同土地利用方式下,四種面源污染物輸出負荷大小為耕地林地村屯,對小流域面源污染物輸出的貢獻率分別為68.0%-70.7%,16.0%-21.3%和10.7%-13.3%。N是小流域最主要的農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染物,硝態(tài)氮(NO3--N)輸出負荷大于銨態(tài)氮(NH4+-N)。(4)坡耕地徑流中NO3--N和NH4+-N主要來源分別為大氣降雨、土壤和化肥,林地徑流中兩種形態(tài)N來源為大氣降雨和土壤,而村屯徑流中N主要來源于大氣降雨、生活污水和排泄物。2013-2014年土壤源對坡耕地、林地地表徑流中NO3--N的貢獻率最大,分別為51.38%-54.13%和52.82%-69.11%;農(nóng)村生活污水和畜禽排泄物污染源分別在2013(51.30%)和2014年(50.64%)對村屯徑流中NO3--N的貢獻率最大。(5)壟向區(qū)田措施防治水土流失和面源污染的效果顯著,不同區(qū)田處理5-9月徑流量削減54%-68%,泥沙量流失降低91%-97%,糧食產(chǎn)量增長14.96%-25.67%,75 cm檔距處理水土保持效果好于65 cm、85 cm檔距,并且75 cm檔距面源污染負荷削減效果最佳;壟向區(qū)田4種面源污染物年輸出量削減率可達80.60%-93.47%。(6)植草帶措施能夠延遲產(chǎn)流發(fā)生時間,顯著減少坡耕地水土流失量及面源污染物輸出負荷。苜蓿草帶在5-9月份徑流削減率達到55.36%-100%,泥沙削減率達91.47%-98.03%,四種面源污染物輸出負荷的削減率達到68.85%-90.23%;自然恢復草帶徑流、泥沙削減率分別為6.66%-100%、76.11%-89.63%,面源污染物輸出負荷削減率達15.82%-73.90%,苜蓿草帶的污染防控效果優(yōu)于自然恢復的植被草帶�？傮w而言,N、O同位素技術能夠較好的應用于農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染源解析,為有效開展農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染防治工作提供了科學依據(jù);壟向區(qū)田和植草帶兩種措施具有良好的面源污染防控效果,能夠在源頭上減少東北黑土區(qū)坡耕地水土流失和農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染,削減污染物負荷輸出,降低對水體環(huán)境的危害,尤其適宜在黑土區(qū)水源地流域水土保持及生態(tài)環(huán)境恢復與重建工作中進行推廣應用。
[Abstract]:The decline of water environment quality and the destruction of water ecosystem caused by agricultural non-point source pollution is an important environmental problem all over the world. Soil and water loss is both the driving force of non-point source pollution and the carrier of pollutant migration. Therefore, identifying the characteristics of soil and water loss, identifying the sources and main influencing factors of agricultural non-point source pollution, and taking effective prevention and control measures are of great significance for improving the current situation of agricultural non-point source pollution, speeding up the rehabilitation and reconstruction of water ecological environment, and managing water resources in river basins. This study selects typical small watershed of hilly region in Northeast China (Dongliao County of Jilin province apricot wood small watershed) as the research object, adopt the method of standard cell positioning monitoring, field observation of combining the characteristics of slope and Small Watershed Agricultural non-point source pollution, analyzes the main sources and the contribution rate of typical pollutants, evaluation. The typical non-point source pollution prevention and control measures of the effect. The following conclusions can be drawn from the study: (1) the erosive rainfall in the study area mainly occurred in 6-8 months, and rainfall and rainfall intensity were the important factors that affected soil and water loss and the output of non-point source pollutants, and showed a significant positive linear correlation. Slope is also an important factor affecting soil and water loss and the output of non-point source pollutants in sloping land. (2) the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in the runoff of sloping farmland is more than the water limit of the "surface water environmental quality standard". Nitrogen (N) is the main surface source pollutant in the output of slope farmland, and the annual output of TN in 2013-2014 years accounts for 55%-69% of the total output of the source pollutants. (3) the runoff in slope land value is the highest concentration of NH4+-N, NO3--N, TN and villages in the runoff TP concentration is highest; the different land use patterns, four kinds of non-point source pollutants output load into farmland woodland villages of small watershed non-point source pollutant output accounted for 68.0%-70.7%, 16.0%-21.3% and 10.7%-13.3%. N is the main agricultural non-point source pollutant in small watershed, and the output load of nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) is greater than ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N). (4) NO3--N and NH4+-N were the main sources in slope farmland runoff to rainfall, soil and fertilizer, woodland runoff in two forms of N source for atmospheric rainfall and soil, and villages in runoff N mainly from rainfall, sewage and waste. 2013-2014 soil source on NO3--N slope land, runoff in the maximum contribution rate were 51.38%-54.13% and 52.82%-69.11%; rural sewage and livestock excreta pollution sources in 2013 (51.30%) and 2014 (50.64%) the maximum rate of NO3--N in runoff contribution. (5) to control soil ridge area measures of erosion and non-point source pollution effect, different area 5-9 monthly runoff reduced 54%-68%, sediment erosion decreased 91%-97%, grain yield increase of 14.96%-25.67%, 75 cm span treatment effect of soil and water conservation in 65 cm, 85 cm and 75 cm span, the span of non-point source pollution the effect of the optimal load shedding; ridge tillage 4 kinds of non-point source pollutants annual output reduction rate of up to 80.60%-93.47%. (6) take measures to delay planting runoff occurrence time, and significantly reduce the amount of non-point source pollution load of slope farmland soil erosion. Alfalfa with 5-9 month runoff reduction rate reached 55.36%-100%, the sediment reduction rate reached 91.47%-98.03%, four kinds of non-point source pollutants output load reduction rate reached 68.85%-90.23%; natural restoration with grass runoff and sediment reduction rate were 6.66%-100%, 76.11%-89.63%, non-point source pollutant output load reduction rate of 15.82%-73.90% is better than that of pollution prevention and control effect of alfalfa belt the natural restoration of vegetation with grass. Overall, N and O isotope technology can be better applied to the agricultural non-point pollution source analysis, provide a scientific basis for effective prevention and control of agricultural non-point source pollution; ridge with two kinds of measures to field planting and non-point source pollution prevention and control has good effect, can reduce the slope coveron soil erosion and Agriculture Non-point source pollution at the source, reduce pollutant load output, reduce the harm to the aquatic environment, especially suitable for soil and water conservation in the water basin soil area and restoration of the ecological environment and promote the application of reconstruction work.
【學位授予單位】：中國科學院研究生院(東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：X71;X52

【參考文獻】

相關期刊論文 前10條

1 高鳳杰;侯大偉;姜晗;鄭惠玉;閆巖;張穎;;阿什河流域農(nóng)業(yè)非點源污染源解析及空間異質(zhì)性[J];東北農(nóng)業(yè)大學學報;2014年09期

2 李瑞;楊光檄;李勇;杜迪;劉鳳仙;;貴州省喀斯特地區(qū)典型小流域水土流失面源污染研究[J];水土保持應用技術;2014年04期

3 王珊珊;張帥;王詩樂;沈海龍;高大文;;河岸帶喬木樹種配置方式對面源污染物NH_4~+-N的去除效果[J];森林工程;2014年04期

4 許曉鴻;隋媛媛;張瑜;歐洋;羅莉莉;李陽;;東北丘陵區(qū)溝蝕發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀及影響因素分析[J];土壤學報;2014年04期

5 余龍飛;李炳文;張逸;王章瑋;;我國一些站點降雨和森林穿冠水中銨態(tài)氮的同位素豐度[J];環(huán)境化學;2013年09期

6 許曉鴻;隋媛媛;張瑜;王永豐;劉明義;劉艷軍;;黑土區(qū)不同耕作措施的水土保持效益[J];中國水土保持科學;2013年03期

7 肖波;喻定芳;趙梅;王慶海;申小波;;保護性耕作與等高草籬防治坡耕地水土及氮磷流失研究[J];中國生態(tài)農(nóng)業(yè)學報;2013年03期

8 史靜;盧諶;張乃明;;混播草帶控制水源區(qū)坡地土壤氮、磷流失效應[J];農(nóng)業(yè)工程學報;2013年04期

9 湯潔;劉暢;楊巍;李昭陽;吳佳曦;;基于SWAT模型的大伙房水庫匯水區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)非點源污染空間特性研究[J];地理科學;2012年10期

10 唐佐芯;王克勤;;草帶措施對坡耕地產(chǎn)流產(chǎn)沙和氮磷遷移的控制作用[J];水土保持學報;2012年04期

相關會議論文 前1條

1 王朝霞;哈志宏;;遼源市楊木水庫生活飲用水源地環(huán)境保護研究[A];中國環(huán)境科學學會2006年學術年會優(yōu)秀論文集（中卷）[C];2006年

相關博士學位論文 前5條

1 梁冬梅;小流域面源污染特征與控制技術研究[D];吉林大學;2014年

2 艾蕾;南水北調(diào)中線水源區(qū)典型流域土壤侵蝕與水環(huán)境特征研究[D];華中農(nóng)業(yè)大學;2013年

3 蒲玉琳;植物籬—農(nóng)作模式控制坡耕地氮磷流失效應及綜合生態(tài)效益評價[D];西南大學;2013年

4 陳自祥;利用水體中溶解性硝酸根離子中的氮氧同位素組成來識別中國太湖和巢湖水體中氮污染源的研究[D];中國科學技術大學;2012年

5 王偉偉;長江口潮灘營養(yǎng)動態(tài)與穩(wěn)定同位素指示研究[D];華東師范大學;2011年

相關碩士學位論文 前3條

1 張俊萍;利用N、O同位素技術研究太n圃撕又械姆植繼卣骷襖叢碵D];安徽理工大學;2015年

2 李陽;伊通河流域農(nóng)業(yè)面源污染負荷估算及其防治對策研究[D];東北師范大學;2012年

3 王萍;攔截草帶對坡耕地水土流失及氮磷輸出的控制作用研究[D];西南林業(yè)大學;2011年

，

本文編號：1339988