貧窮是發(fā)展中國家的中心問題,是由收入、消費(fèi)、健康、糧食和教育等影響因素引起的問題。盡管包括中國和巴基斯坦在內(nèi)的世界上所有發(fā)展中國家都希望減少貧困,但在解決這一問題的整體方法上還沒有達(dá)成共識(shí)。中國是一個(gè)快速發(fā)展的國家,巴基斯坦是一個(gè)正在采取有效措施來減少貧困的發(fā)展中國家。自1978年經(jīng)濟(jì)改革以來,中國就開始提出建議,并取得了顯著的減貧效果。但是巴基斯坦的貧困程度卻隨著時(shí)間的推移一直波動(dòng)。本文旨在了解中巴貧困的影響因素和減貧政策,通過對(duì)中國減貧進(jìn)程的學(xué)習(xí),比較巴基斯坦減貧進(jìn)程落后的原因。本文利用巴基斯坦信德省和中國安徽省的家庭調(diào)查原始數(shù)據(jù),在家庭調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,采用問卷調(diào)查的方法收集原始數(shù)據(jù)。最終的問卷調(diào)查是基于預(yù)先測試的調(diào)查,輔以面對(duì)面的訪談來收集數(shù)據(jù)。在了解了有關(guān)村莊及其人口的信息后,制定了一套綜合抽樣方法,利用這種方法來調(diào)查目標(biāo)家庭。調(diào)查對(duì)象來自巴基斯坦信德省Kambar Shahdadkot（16個(gè)村）和Badin（14個(gè)村）地區(qū)的30個(gè)村,以及中國安徽省亳州（18個(gè)村）和舒城（12個(gè)村）縣的30個(gè)村。本論文共使用了 800份整的問卷,其中包括400份來自巴基斯坦,400份來自中國。... 

【文章來源】：安徽農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)安徽省

【文章頁數(shù)】：201 頁

【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士

【文章目錄】：
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
摘要
ABSTRACT
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
    1.1 China's Progress to Reduce Poverty
        1.1.1.
stStage: Structural Reform Promotes Poverty Relief（1978-1985）">            1^stStage: Structural Reform Promotes Poverty Relief（1978-1985）
nd Stage: Oriented-Development Poverty-Relief Drives（1986-1993）">            2^nd Stage: Oriented-Development Poverty-Relief Drives（1986-1993）
rd Stage:National Eight-Seven Poverty Alleviation Plan（1994-2000）">            3^rd Stage:National Eight-Seven Poverty Alleviation Plan（1994-2000）
th Stage:Poverty Reduction Strategy in the New Century（2001-2010）">            4^th Stage:Poverty Reduction Strategy in the New Century（2001-2010）
th Stage:Oriented-Development Poverty Reduction for China" s="" rural="" areas（2011-2020）'="">            5^th Stage:Oriented-Development Poverty Reduction for China's Rural Areas（2011-2020）
        1.1.2. Public Investment in Education, Research and Infrastructure
        1.1.3. Labour Absorption in Non-farm Sector and Urbanization
        1.1.4. Regional Cooperation and Globalization
        1.1.5. Rising Inequality in China
    1.2 Poverty reduction in Pakistan:A Historical view
        1.2.1. Land Reforms
        1.2.2. Agricultural Growth and Rural Poverty
        1.2.3. Rural Non-farm Economy
        1.2.4. Urbanization
        1.2.5. Public Spending
            1.2.5.1. Rural & Social Development
            1.2.5.2. Safety Nets and Income Transfer Programs
    1.3 Significance of the study
    1.4 Research Objectives
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
    2.1 Definition and Concept of poverty
    2.2 Classifications/Types of poverty
        2.2.1 Absolute Poverty
        2.2.2 Relative Poverty
        2.2.3 Situational Poverty
        2.2.4 Generational Poverty
        2.2.5 Urban Poverty
        2.2.6 Rural Poverty
    2.3 Causes of poverty
        2.3.1 Causes of poverty in Pakistan
            2.3.1.1 Poor Governance
            2.3.1.2 Corruption
            2.3.1.3 Lack of Education
            2.3.1.4 Over Population
            2.3.1.5 Health
            2.3.1.6 Unemployment
        2.3.2 Causes of poverty in China
            2.3.2.1 Natural Environmental Factors
            2.3.2.2 Educational Factors
            2.3.2.3 Health Factors
            2.3.2.4 Institutional Factors
    2.4 The Vicious cycle of poverty theory
CHAPTER 3: THE THEORY BASIS HYPOTHESIS AND RESEARCHMETHODOLOGY
    3.1 Study Area
    3.2 Hypothesis
    3.3 Household Survey Mechanisms
    3.4 Data Collection and Data Analysis
    3.5 Econometric Model and Variable Specification
        3.5.1 Binary logit model
        3.5.2 Ordinary least Squares （OLS） regression
        3.5.3 Specification of variables
    3.6 Measurement of Inequality
CHAPTER 4: INFLUENCING FACTORS OF RURAL POVERTY ANDGOVERNMENTSUBSIDYPOLICIES
    4.1 Demographic Factors
        4.1.1 Age of the Household Head and Poverty
        4.1.2 Household Size and Poverty
        4.1.3 Female-Male Ratio and Poverty
        4.1.4 Dependency Ratio and Poverty
        4.1.5 Number of Infants in a Household and Poverty
    4.2 Economic Factors
        4.2.1 Land Ownership （acre） Operational Land Holding （acre/mu） in a Household andPoverty
        4.2.2 Livestock Ownership in a Household and Poverty
        4.2.3 Family Income Earners in a Household and Poverty
        4.2.4 Outside Income Earners/Migrate Workers and Poverty
    4.3 Social Factors
        4.3.1 Health issues and Poverty
        4.3.2 Education of Household Head and Poverty
    4.4 Government Subsidy Policies
CHAPTER 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
    5.1. Influencing Factors of Rural Poverty and Poverty Reduction between China andPakistan
        5.1.1 Descriptive statistics （China and Pakistan）
            5.1.1.1 Demographic Factors
            5.1.1.2 Economic Factors
            5.1.1.3 Social Factors
            5.1.1.4 Government subsidy policies
        5.1.2 Correlation Test
            5.1.2.1 Correlation Test （Pakistan）
            5.1.2.2 Correlation Test （China）
        5.1.3 Binary Logit Method
            5.1.3.1 Binary Logit Method （Pakistan）
            5.1.3.2 Binary Logit Method （China）
        5.1.4 Ordinary Least Square Regression
            5.1.4.1 Ordinary Least Square Regression （Pakistan）
            5.1.4.2 Ordinary Least Square Regression （China）
        5.1.5 Comparative analysis of the results between China and Pakistan
        5.1.6 Measurement of Inequality
            5.1.6.1 Measurement of Inequality （Pakistan）
            5.1.6.2 Measurement of Inequality （China）
    5.2. Women Economic Status and Rural Poverty between China and Pakistan
        5.2.1 Basic Demographic Characteristics of Women （Pakistan and China）
        5.2.2 Women Employment Status （Pakistan and China）
        5.2.3 Women'Contribution to Household’s Total Income （Pakistan and China）
        5.2.4 Women Empowerment and Decision Power
            5.2.4.1 Women Empowerment and Decision Power （Pakistan）
            5.2.4.2 Women Empowerment and Decision Power （China）
        5.2.5 Probit Regression Analyses （Pakistan and China）
        5.2.6 Comparative Analysis of the Results between China and Pakistan
CHAPTER 6: POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES
    6.1 Poverty Reduction Strategies of China
        Stage Ⅰ: System Transition, Economic Results, and Poverty Reduction（1978-1985）
        Stage Ⅱ: Establishment of Institutions, Strengthening of organization, and Development ofPoverty Alleviation（1986-1993）
        Stage Ⅲ: Formulating Plans, Resolving Food and Clothing Issues, and Vigorous PovertyAlleviation （1994-2000）
        Stage Ⅳ: Promulgating Outlines, Consolidating Achievements, and Poverty Alleviation in theNew Era （2001-2010）
    6.2 Poverty Reduction Strategies of Pakistan
        6.2.1 Land Reform and their Failure
            6.2.1.1 The Land Reforms of 1959
            6.2.1.2 The Land Reforms of 1972 and 1977
        6.2.2 Social Safety Nets Programs
            6.2.2.1 Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund （PPAF）
            6.2.2.2 Benazir Income Support Programs （BISP）
                Complementary Initiatives
                    （ⅰ）.Waseela-e-Rozgar
                    （ⅱ）. Waseela-e-Haq
                    （ⅲ）. Waseela-e-Sehet
                    （ⅳ）. Waseela-e-Taleem
        6.2.3 Zakat
        6.2.4 Pakistan Bait-ul-Mal
            Major Projects/Achievements of PBM:
                （a）. Individual Financial Assistance（IFA）
                （b）. PBM Thalassemia Center
                （c）. Special Friends of PBM
                （d）. Pakistan Sweet Homes （Orphanage）
                （e）. PBM Great Homes （Old Homes）
        6.2.5 Employees Old Age Benefits Institution （EOBI）
        6.2.6 Workers Welfare Fund （WWF）
        6.2.7 Microfinance Facilities
CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES
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