本文關(guān)鍵詞：新經(jīng)濟(jì)史視角下的阿根廷發(fā)展悖論—制度變遷與鐘擺式發(fā)展　出處：《中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 阿根廷 鐘擺式發(fā)展 斷裂狀社會(huì) 利益集團(tuán) 民眾主義 自由主義

【摘要】：探索經(jīng)濟(jì)長(zhǎng)期穩(wěn)定增長(zhǎng)的基本機(jī)制是經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中的重要課題。阿根廷為此提供了一個(gè)比較研究的范式。世界經(jīng)濟(jì)“大蕭條”和“二戰(zhàn)”是阿根廷發(fā)展的分水嶺,此前阿根廷是一個(gè)欣欣向榮的富裕之邦,經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮伴隨著政治穩(wěn)定;此后阿根廷卻陷入鐘擺式發(fā)展怪圈,20世紀(jì)最終成為阿根廷“失去的世紀(jì)”。是什么原因造成阿根廷這一發(fā)展悖論,學(xué)術(shù)界大致有文化決定論、依附論、政治危機(jī)、政策失誤論等解答。通過考察阿根廷的發(fā)展路徑,我們發(fā)現(xiàn),阿根廷衰落的根源在于產(chǎn)權(quán)得不到政治制度保障。盡管私有產(chǎn)權(quán)和市場(chǎng)交易在建國之初就確立,但資源稟賦和殖民地傳統(tǒng)使阿根廷產(chǎn)權(quán)以大地產(chǎn)為主,市場(chǎng)交易以直接融入世界經(jīng)濟(jì)體系的大宗農(nóng)牧產(chǎn)品出口為主,這造成了阿根廷現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程中經(jīng)濟(jì)與政治發(fā)展的不平衡,影響了中產(chǎn)階級(jí)的發(fā)育和現(xiàn)代制度的建立運(yùn)行。隨著現(xiàn)代化進(jìn)程發(fā)展,阿根廷外來移民人數(shù)和經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力有所增長(zhǎng),但農(nóng)牧業(yè)寡頭把持國家政治并排斥移民,造成政治權(quán)力和經(jīng)濟(jì)權(quán)利的割裂,加劇了統(tǒng)治危機(jī)。寡頭政府試圖通過普選將新興中產(chǎn)階層納入政治中,卻意外將底層民眾帶入政治生活,形成了勞工集團(tuán)和農(nóng)牧業(yè)出口集團(tuán)二元對(duì)立的社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu)。殖民地遺留的考迪羅主義及其庇護(hù)關(guān)系使市民社會(huì)難以發(fā)展壯大,造成市民社會(huì)無力整合大量原子化的城市勞工,為民眾主義提供了土壤。隨著庇隆上臺(tái)執(zhí)政,其民眾主義意識(shí)形態(tài)以及運(yùn)動(dòng)主義和職團(tuán)主義模式更加劇了社會(huì)分裂和集團(tuán)沖突,各集團(tuán)的狹隘利益逐漸取代共容利益成為社會(huì)主導(dǎo)。高度政治化的社會(huì)中,各集團(tuán)缺乏對(duì)基本制度共識(shí),將“俘獲”政府視為實(shí)現(xiàn)或維護(hù)集團(tuán)利益的唯一途徑,國家淪為操縱再分配的“掠奪之手”�！摆A者通吃”的游戲規(guī)則使阿根廷出現(xiàn)政權(quán)更替危機(jī),頻繁動(dòng)蕩使弱小的中產(chǎn)階級(jí)只能向軍隊(duì)尋求庇護(hù)。缺乏穩(wěn)定預(yù)期使得大規(guī)模國有化或私有化、拒絕承認(rèn)債務(wù)、濫發(fā)貨幣等短視行為成為統(tǒng)治者慣用“伎倆”,最終形成“流寇”政權(quán)輪番上臺(tái)并大肆掠奪的困局。我們的研究表明,經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮需要適宜的產(chǎn)權(quán)制度,但如果沒有政治制度作保障,適宜的產(chǎn)權(quán)就無法建立和正常運(yùn)行。形式上的民主和市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)并不必然帶來經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮,經(jīng)濟(jì)繁榮很大程度上取決于權(quán)力如何運(yùn)作和政府的類型。阿根廷的“失敗”反映出,無論是普選產(chǎn)生的民主政府還是官僚—威權(quán)主義政府,政治家的目標(biāo)更多是謀求私利。要改變社會(huì)激勵(lì)結(jié)構(gòu)和建立“強(qiáng)化市場(chǎng)型政府”,不僅依賴于公共政策選擇,更取決于長(zhǎng)期制度安排。一方面要加強(qiáng)政黨建設(shè),以在更高層次上代表和協(xié)調(diào)各集團(tuán)利益,更根本的是要破解斷裂狀社會(huì)結(jié)構(gòu),加強(qiáng)培育市民社會(huì),使得國家與社會(huì)通過博弈和妥協(xié)達(dá)成力量均衡和相互制約,最終建立現(xiàn)代制度結(jié)構(gòu)。
[Abstract]:To explore the basic mechanism of long-term and stable economic growth is an important subject in economics. Argentina provides a comparative research paradigm for this purpose. The world economy "the Great Depression" and "World War II" is a watershed in the development of Argentina, after Argentina is a thriving prosperity of the state, accompanied by economic prosperity and political stability; after Argentina fell in the pendulum development cycle, twentieth Century eventually became Argentina's lost century". What is the cause of the paradox of the development of Argentina, the academic circle has a general solution of cultural determinism, attachment theory, political crisis, policy error theory and so on. Through the investigation of the development path of Argentina, we find that the root of the decline of Argentina is that the property rights can not be guaranteed by the political system. Although the private property market transactions and established in the beginning of the founding of the colony, but natural resources and traditional Argentina property to real estate market transactions, directly into the world economic system of export of bulk agricultural products, which resulted in the process of modernization of Argentina economic and political development is not balanced, the establishment of influence the operation of the middle class and the development of modern system. With the development of modernization process, the number and strength of immigrants in Argentina have increased. However, the oligarchs of agriculture and animal husbandry hold the national politics and exclude immigrants, resulting in the separation of political power and economic rights, exacerbating the rule crisis. The oligarchic government tried to bring the emerging middle class into politics by universal suffrage, but unexpectedly brought the underlying people into the political life, forming a social structure of two opposing groups, namely labor group and agricultural and animal husbandry Export Group. The colonial legacy of caudillismo and patronage make civil society are difficult to develop, resulting in civil society to the integration of a large number of Atomic City workers, provides the soil for the people ". As Peron came to power, his populism ideology and the mode of movement and vocational group played a more important role in social split and group conflict. The narrow interests of all groups gradually replaced the common interest and became the dominant society. In a highly politicized society, all groups lack consensus on basic systems, and capture the government as the only way to realize or maintain the interests of the group. The state has become the "grabbing hand" of manipulating redistribution. The "winner takes all" rules of the game to Argentina regime change crisis, frequent unrest of the small middle class army only to seek asylum. The lack of stability is expected to make large-scale nationalization or privatization, refused to acknowledge the debt, junk currency and other short-sighted behavior become rulers used "tricks", and ultimately the formation of "bandits" regime and plundered the dilemma turns on stage. Our research shows that economic prosperity needs a suitable property right system, but if there is no political system to guarantee, the right property right can not be established and normal operation. Formal democracy and market economy do not necessarily bring economic prosperity, and the prosperity of the economy depends largely on how power works and the type of government. The "failure" of Argentina reflects that whether the democratic government produced by universal elections or the bureaucratic - authoritarian government, the goal of politicians is to seek private interests. The change of the social incentive structure and the establishment of "strengthening the market type government" depend not only on the choice of public policy, but also on the long-term institutional arrangement. On the one hand to strengthen the construction of the party, to at a higher level of representation and coordination of the group interests, more fundamental is to crack the fracture shape of social structure, strengthen the cultivation of civil society, the state and society through the game and compromise the balance of power and restrict each other, the eventual establishment of modern system structure.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國社會(huì)科學(xué)院研究生院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：F178.3
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本文編號(hào)：1345461