利用特定轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的mRNAs誘導(dǎo)小鼠體細(xì)胞重編成為多能狀態(tài)的研究
發(fā)布時間:2017-03-19 23:04
本文關(guān)鍵詞:利用特定轉(zhuǎn)錄因子的mRNAs誘導(dǎo)小鼠體細(xì)胞重編成為多能狀態(tài)的研究,,由筆耕文化傳播整理發(fā)布。
【摘要】:細(xì)胞分化是一個由少數(shù)特化細(xì)胞變?yōu)橐粋完全分化的細(xì)胞類型的發(fā)育生物學(xué)過程。在多細(xì)胞生物的發(fā)育過程中,細(xì)胞分化使得生物由一個簡單的合子變?yōu)榫哂袕?fù)雜細(xì)胞類型和組織的系統(tǒng)。細(xì)胞分化過程是一個龐大的基因調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò),包括一些進(jìn)化保守的分子過程,比如細(xì)胞信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo),參與調(diào)控分化相關(guān)基因的開關(guān)。盡管目前已有眾多關(guān)于細(xì)胞分化的調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制的研究,但對于發(fā)育過程中細(xì)胞分化和特異化的機(jī)制尚不明確。為了解決之一問題,將已分化的細(xì)胞逆轉(zhuǎn)為多能性細(xì)胞,進(jìn)而探討細(xì)胞的分化機(jī)制就顯得尤為必要。長時間以來,大部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為細(xì)胞在分化過程中會失去不再需要的染色體或永久可滅活的基因,因此這些分化的體細(xì)胞命運無法重新編程。但是,細(xì)胞融合、體細(xì)胞核移植等實驗方法以及提取的所有細(xì)胞表明細(xì)胞的命運可以被逆轉(zhuǎn)并具有胚胎時期的特性,這暗示可溶性的反式作用因子在細(xì)胞中的存在,且可以賦予細(xì)胞從一個狀態(tài)轉(zhuǎn)變到另一個狀態(tài)的能力,通過發(fā)現(xiàn)和識別,這些因子被認(rèn)定主導(dǎo)細(xì)胞特化和分化作用。這就表明在細(xì)胞分化過程中起重要作用的是可逆的表觀遺傳變化,而非不可逆的基因變化。對基因重編程的不同理解為進(jìn)一步探索在發(fā)育過程中細(xì)胞分化機(jī)制提供了新的方法和途徑。目前利用體細(xì)胞重編程產(chǎn)生多能性細(xì)胞已取得很大成就,為進(jìn)一步了解分化和去分化機(jī)制提供幫助,并在科學(xué)和醫(yī)學(xué)上領(lǐng)域能夠取代ES細(xì)胞以克服非倫理限制。此外,細(xì)胞重編程獲得的多能性細(xì)胞在醫(yī)療過程避免了免疫排斥的風(fēng)險,因為它來自于患者自身的細(xì)胞。而且,它能夠參與到組織工程、再生醫(yī)學(xué)細(xì)胞替代療法和藥物開發(fā)。目前通過體細(xì)胞核移入卵母細(xì)胞(SCNT)以及體細(xì)胞和多能性細(xì)胞進(jìn)行細(xì)胞融合的方法能夠使細(xì)胞進(jìn)行重編程而具有多能性。最近通過病毒介導(dǎo)特定轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(TFs)異位表達(dá)也具有同樣的功效。自此,由于病毒介導(dǎo)轉(zhuǎn)基因在操作過程中的危險,以及轉(zhuǎn)基因介導(dǎo)的方法因DNA序列集成的限制可導(dǎo)致原癌基因表達(dá)導(dǎo)致惡性腫瘤和不良后果,所以該方法一直在不斷的改進(jìn)。盡管把以非整合DNA為基礎(chǔ)的方法如:腺病毒,仙臺病毒或空病毒法作為質(zhì)粒、小環(huán)狀和非整合型附著載體的使用,DNA的集成問題還是難以避免。故而,通過DNA轉(zhuǎn)染的方式讓相關(guān)蛋白質(zhì)和轉(zhuǎn)錄因子在細(xì)胞中表達(dá)使得體外多能性的誘導(dǎo)成為可能。但是,這一方法仍然面臨眾多問題:成本高,效率低以及無法完全了解轉(zhuǎn)入細(xì)胞中蛋白質(zhì)的具體功能。而且,在非整合重編程獲得多能性細(xì)胞的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)過表達(dá)和microRNAs轉(zhuǎn)染與多能性有關(guān)聯(lián),但是具體機(jī)制尚不明確。最近,科學(xué)家使用一種更加安全的重編程方法:通過導(dǎo)入編碼重編程因子的mRNA分子進(jìn)入體細(xì)胞(mRNA介導(dǎo)的基因傳遞)。這種方法在造血干細(xì)胞、充質(zhì)基質(zhì)細(xì)胞、樹突狀細(xì)胞、淋巴細(xì)胞和來源于神經(jīng)元中的星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞中使用能夠高效的促進(jìn)蛋白表達(dá);并且成纖維細(xì)胞和星形膠質(zhì)細(xì)胞被重編程為心肌細(xì)胞。目前這項技術(shù)已經(jīng)證實,在人類體細(xì)胞成編程產(chǎn)生多能性性細(xì)胞,在轉(zhuǎn)染的體細(xì)胞多能性基因被成功激活。依賴相關(guān)因子易位表達(dá)的重編程與主要的基因,表觀遺傳修飾相結(jié)合能夠克服重編程過程中的轉(zhuǎn)錄障礙。鑒于利用重編程因子mRNA來誘導(dǎo)小鼠的多能性的相關(guān)報道較少,我們在使用mRNA轉(zhuǎn)染方法的基礎(chǔ)上,旨在將小鼠成纖維細(xì)胞去分化或重編程,逆向回到其多能性特性細(xì)胞的發(fā)育階段。為了實現(xiàn)這一目標(biāo)成果,首先我們克隆與多能性相關(guān)的基因或因子的全序列,插入T7啟動子下游,構(gòu)建真核表達(dá)載體。其次,包含因子的新型重組載體用于體外合成mRNA,轉(zhuǎn)染至受體成纖維細(xì)胞中,目的是重編程具有胚胎干細(xì)胞特性,通過特異的形態(tài)學(xué)、分子和功能分析檢測這些重編程獲得的細(xì)胞的特性。最后,探索重編程機(jī)制,通過在重編程過程中跟蹤其表達(dá)和啟動子甲基化變化,我們檢測了一些多能性標(biāo)記的遺傳和表觀遺傳變化以及表觀遺傳分子的影響。本研究為更好的理解重編程過程調(diào)節(jié)提供基礎(chǔ),并且有助于發(fā)現(xiàn)早期胚胎發(fā)育機(jī)制。本研究結(jié)果包括以下幾點:1.根據(jù)Gnen Bank公布的四個多能性轉(zhuǎn)錄因子Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc,和Klf4 (OSCK)的序列并克隆。從鼠的睪丸、小腸和結(jié)腸等組織中反轉(zhuǎn)錄(RTPCR)獲得OSCK的開放閱讀框或編碼區(qū)(CDS)。結(jié)果顯示,OSCK的CDS長度分別為1059 bp,960 bp,1320 bp和1452 bp。NCBI BLAST測序結(jié)果顯示,每一個基因都與屬的參考序列具有高序列同源,Oct4, Sox2, c-Myc和Klf4分別為100%,100%,100%和99%。這些說明克隆的四個基因序列正確。2.通過體外克隆真核表達(dá)載體下游到T7啟動子的開放閱讀框(ORF)來構(gòu)建體外轉(zhuǎn)錄模板并且在體外轉(zhuǎn)錄反應(yīng)過程中在5’端加帽子,在3’端加poly (A)尾巴。合成的mRNA通過陽離子脂質(zhì)體轉(zhuǎn)染到小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞中,轉(zhuǎn)染第二天RT-PCR檢測到mRNA的高表達(dá)。間接免疫熒光染色表明該mRNA表達(dá)的蛋白在細(xì)胞核中表達(dá)。3.通過流式細(xì)胞(FACS)分選轉(zhuǎn)染編碼GFP的mRNA的細(xì)胞,我們優(yōu)化的轉(zhuǎn)染體系為每1×105 MEF最適mRNA量為lug,并且檢測出持續(xù)幾天均具有高表達(dá),隨后由于mRNA和蛋白的降解而降低,結(jié)果說明了需要幾次重復(fù)轉(zhuǎn)染mRNA來保持蛋白的長時間高水平表達(dá),這對于細(xì)胞重編程來說是必需的。經(jīng)過五次連續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)染,觀察到成纖維細(xì)胞的間充質(zhì)表面出現(xiàn)細(xì)胞形態(tài)變化,呈現(xiàn)緊湊的上皮細(xì)胞的形狀,且在轉(zhuǎn)染期間不斷增加直到在重編程的第8天出現(xiàn)類似克隆的結(jié)構(gòu),隨著時間變化,在第15天,克隆數(shù)量達(dá)到100-130個,尺寸上逐漸增大,呈現(xiàn)明顯的邊緣,具有高的核質(zhì)比。新生的類ES克隆呈現(xiàn)AKP陽性,通過RT-PCR或免疫染色技術(shù)顯示表達(dá)ES細(xì)胞特異性標(biāo)記基因。新轉(zhuǎn)變的細(xì)胞同樣也顯示出與ESC相近的啟動子甲基化模式以及體內(nèi)和體外分化為三個主要發(fā)育的胚層的能力,免疫染色顯示胚層特異性標(biāo)記物顯示陽性;βⅢ微管蛋白(外胚層),平滑肌肌動蛋白(SMA)(中胚層)以及Sox17(內(nèi)胚層)。在體內(nèi),畸胎瘤形成包含所有三個胚層的組織,包括軟骨、肌肉、脂肪(中胚層),色素上皮組織(外胚層)以及上皮組織(內(nèi)胚層)。因此,當(dāng)轉(zhuǎn)染鼠特異合成mRNA,鼠多能性基因的激活和誘導(dǎo)的多能性干細(xì)胞的產(chǎn)生可以通過一個安全的方式獲得。4.在此期間,通過檢測的一些多能性標(biāo)志物的表達(dá)水平與啟動子甲基化狀態(tài),本研究檢測了在重編程期過程中相關(guān)基因的表達(dá)變化。上皮基因如E-鈣粘蛋白(CDH1)持續(xù)上調(diào)伴隨,間葉細(xì)胞基因如Snail和Thyl持續(xù)下調(diào),并伴隨間質(zhì)細(xì)胞向上皮細(xì)胞的過渡過程中的形態(tài)變化。轉(zhuǎn)染和非轉(zhuǎn)染多能性基因的表達(dá):在轉(zhuǎn)染期間(第一個6天)表現(xiàn)轉(zhuǎn)錄因子(OSCK)顯著上調(diào),轉(zhuǎn)染停止后這些因子有一段時間的下調(diào)。我們的研究揭示了當(dāng)大部分轉(zhuǎn)錄因子降解過程中,在第12天開始產(chǎn)生了第二次的基因上調(diào),原因可能是由于這些因子的內(nèi)源性基因被激活。一旦在實驗中轉(zhuǎn)染,我們檢測到重編程過程中多能性相關(guān)的因子(Oct4, Nanog, REX1和N-Myc1)的啟動子區(qū)域的甲基化水平逐漸減少,結(jié)果表明它們是激活的非活性的多能性基因。這可能是由于啟動子區(qū)/或增強子區(qū)域逐步去甲基化,從而激活這些因子。5.在這項研究中,我們證明,在小鼠胚胎成纖維細(xì)胞進(jìn)入重編程過程中使用維生素C和組織蛋白去乙酰化抑制劑能夠促進(jìn)的多能性相關(guān)基因的高效表達(dá)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】:重編程 多能性 甲基化 誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞 小分子 克隆 體外轉(zhuǎn)錄
【學(xué)位授予單位】:揚州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】:博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】:2015
【分類號】:R329.2
【目錄】:
- Abstract3-7
- 摘要7-16
- List of abbreviations16-18
- Chapter 1. Review of literature18-83
- 1. Embryo development18-19
- 2. Stem Cell Sources and Pluripotency19-21
- 2.1 Embryonic Stem Cells19-20
- 2.2 Adult Stem Cells20-21
- 2.3 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells21
- 2.4 Trans-differentiation21
- 3. Pluirpotency mechanism and its controlling network21-25
- 4. Importance and limitations of Pluripotent Cells25-26
- 5. Cellular Reprogramming26-35
- 5.1 Methods of Reprogramming27-35
- 5.1.1 Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer(SCNT)28-30
- 5.1.2 Cell Fusion30-32
- 5.1.3 Whole Cell Extracts32-33
- 5.1.4 Controlling the expression of the master transcription factors33-35
- 6. Induced pluripotency35-49
- 6.1 Variable parameters of the induced pluripotency37-48
- 6.1.1 Choice of Reprogramming Factors37-38
- 6.1.2 Choice of Cell Type38-39
- 6.1.3 Factors delivery into target cells39-45
- 6.1.3.1 Viral transduction of the transgenes of defined transcription Factors39-41
- 6.1.3.2 Non-Viral introduction of transgenes encoding the reprogramming factors41-42
- 6.1.3.3 Transgene-Free Reprogramming42-45
- 6.1.3.3.1. Protein-Based Reprogramming42-44
- 6.1.3.3.2. Reprogramming Mediated by mRNA Encoding Defined Factors44-45
- 6.1.3.3.3. Pluripotency induction by microRNAs45
- 6.1.4 Culture and derivation conditions45-48
- 6.1.4.1 Culture conditions during reprogramming45-46
- 6.1.4.2 Small Molecules46-48
- 6.2 Identification and characterization of the reprogrammed pluripotent Cells48-49
- 7. Molecular mechanism of induced pluripotency49-53
- 8. Epigenetics and reprogramming53-62
- 8.1 Epigenetic code53-54
- 8.2 Epigenetic modifications during reprogramming to pluripotency54-62
- 8.2.1 Global chromatin reorganization in pluripotency reprogramming57
- 8.2.2 Roles of DNA modifications in ESC maintenance and reprogramming to pluripotency57-61
- 8.2.3 Histone modification and remodeling during iPS reprogramming61-62
- 9. New scientific streams have emerged from reprogramming technology62-67
- 9.1 Cell Replacement for Regenerative Medicine63-64
- 9.2 Tissue Engineering64
- 9.3 Disease modeling and disease physiopathology64-65
- 9.4 Drug Discovery and Toxicity Assessment65-66
- 9.5 Limitations and Perspective66-67
- References67-83
- Chapter 2. Molecular cloning of the pluripotency genes.83-100
- 1. Introduction83-85
- 2. Material and methods85-94
- 2.1 RNA extraction85-87
- 2.2 cDNA synthesis87
- 2.3 cDNA quality assessment87-88
- 2.4 Primer design and PCR amplification88-90
- 2.5 Gel purification of PCR Products90
- 2.6 Ligation of Genes into cloning vector90-91
- 2.7 Preparation of the competent cells for transformation91
- 2.8 Transformation of Ligated DNA into Bacterial Cells91-92
- 2.9 Colonies pick up,screening for positive colonies and plasmid extraction92-93
- 2.10 Screening for Positive Colonies93
- 2.11 DNA Sequencing to Confirm Correct DNA Identity93-94
- 3. Results94-97
- 3.1 PCR amplification of the interested factors94-95
- 3.2 Cloning of factors into the simple T vector95-96
- 3.3 Confirmation of the successful cloning of the desired genes96-97
- 4. Discussion97-98
- References98-100
- Chapter 3. In vitro transcription and assessment of muline pluripotency transcrlption factors'mRNAs100-114
- 1. Introduction100-102
- 2. Mate rials and methods102-105
- 2.1 Restriction Enzyme Digestion & Purification of the interested products102
- 2.2 Ligation of Gene into Expression Vector102
- 2.3 Bacterial transformation,colonies pick up and screening of the positive colonies102-103
- 2.4 In vitro transcription of mRNAs of the four transcription factors(Oct4,Sox2,c-Myc and Klf4)103-104
- 2.4.1 Linearization of the recombinant plasmids103-104
- 2.4.2 Capped transcription reaction assembly104
- 2.4.3 Poly(A)tailing procedure104
- 2.5 Recovery of the synthesized RNA104-105
- 2.6 In vitro assessment of the synthesized mRNAs105
- 3 Results105-110
- 3.1 Construction of the expression plasmids containing the transcription factors105-107
- 3.2 In vitro transcription of the desired factors107-108
- 3.3 Evaluation of the synthesized mRNAs108-110
- 4. Discussion110-111
- References111-114
- Chapter 4. Reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells by mRNAs transfection114-140
- 1. Introduction114-116
- 2. Materials and methods116-124
- 2.1 Mouse Embryonic fibroblast(MEF)Isolation116
- 2.2 Cell Culture116-117
- 2.3 Cell Harvesting117-118
- 2.4 Cell freezing118
- 2.5 Cell Thawing and Recovery118-119
- 2.6 Cell transfection119
- 2.7 Flourescence Activated Cell Sorting(FACS)119
- 2.8 Alkaline phosphatase staining119-120
- 2.9 Immuno-fluorescence120
- 2.10 Quantitative real-Time PCR(qPCR)120-121
- 2.11 Bisulfite Genomic Sequencing121-122
- 2.12 In Vitro Differentiation of mRNA iPSCs122
- 2.13 Teratoma Formation and Histological Analysis122-123
- 2.14 Apoptosis and dead cell detection123-124
- 2.15 Karyotyping of the cells124
- 3. Results124-135
- 3.1 Isolation of mouse embryonic fibroblast cells124-125
- 3.2 Optimization of the transfection conditions125-126
- 3.3 Kinetics and stability monitoring of the intracellular expressed proteins126-127
- 3.4 Subcellular localization of the transfected factors127-130
- 3.5 Morphological changes during reprogramming process130
- 3.6 Morphological characterization of the generated colonies130-131
- 3.7 Immunofluorescence identification of the generated colonies131-132
- 3.8 Molecular characterization of the generated pluripotent like cells132-133
- 3.9 The developmental potential of the derived pluripotent like cells133-135
- 4. Discussion135-136
- References136-140
- Chapter 5. Genetic and epigenetic changes during reprogramming by mRNAs140-163
- 1. Introduction140-141
- 2. Materials and methods141-145
- 2.1 Cell culture141
- 2.2 Cell transfection141-142
- 2.3 Immuno-fluorescence142
- 2.4 Quantitative real-Time PCR(qPCR)142
- 2.5 Genomic DNA extraction142
- 2.6 Bisulfite conversion(C-T conversion) of DNA142-143
- 2.7 PCR amplification of the desired product(promoter region)143-144
- 2.8 Gel purification of PCR products and its cloning144
- 2.9 Methylation status analysis144-145
- 3. Results145-157
- 3.1 Expression level changes in the introduced factors and pluripotency markers during reprogramming145
- 3.2 Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition(MET)during reprogramming145-148
- 3.3 Changes in methylation status of pluripotency factors' promoters during reprogramming148-157
- 4. Discussion157-160
- References160-163
- Chapter 6. Effect of some small molecules on the genetic changes duringreprogramming163-175
- 1. Introduction163-165
- 2. Materials and methods165
- 2.1 Cell culture165
- 2.2 Cell transfection165
- 2.3 Quantitative real-Time PCR(qPCR)165
- 2.4 Alkaline phosphatase staining165
- 3. Results165-170
- 4. Discussion170-172
- References172-175
- Conclusion175-176
- Acknowledgements176-177
- Publications177-178
【相似文獻(xiàn)】
中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫 前10條
1 柯為;骨髓干細(xì)胞的多能性及其應(yīng)用[J];生物工程學(xué)報;2002年04期
2 潘少輝;胡s
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