中國西北地區(qū)沙塵氣溶膠及其對(duì)氣象場的影響
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2019-03-24 14:57
【摘要】：利用地面觀測資料,借助耦合了起沙模塊的大氣/化學(xué)全耦合模式(WRF/Chem),分析沙塵預(yù)報(bào)過程中的敏感因子,確定了適用于中國西北地區(qū)起沙參數(shù)化方案的敏感因子的取值,模擬了中國西北地區(qū)的強(qiáng)沙塵天氣過程,分析了沙塵氣溶膠的輻射強(qiáng)迫及其與邊界層的相互作用。沙塵暴預(yù)報(bào)對(duì)防災(zāi)減災(zāi)非常重要,然而目前沙塵暴的模擬預(yù)報(bào)尚存在較大的不確定性,其中沙塵排放即起沙參數(shù)化方案是否適當(dāng)是一個(gè)關(guān)鍵影響因素。本文將邵亞平2004年提出的起沙參數(shù)方案與WRF/Chem相結(jié)合,模擬了沙塵過程中沙塵粒子的排放、大氣中PM10的沉降、輸送和垂直分布特征,檢驗(yàn)了模式在中國地區(qū)的適用性,表明模式能夠很好的模擬中國西北地區(qū)的沙塵過程,PM10濃度模擬值和范圍與觀測結(jié)果符合很好。通過敏感性實(shí)驗(yàn)分析了沙塵模式起沙參數(shù)化方案中土壤塑性壓力P和起沙因子cy對(duì)地表水平沙通量以及垂直沙通量的影響,結(jié)合發(fā)生在中國西北地區(qū)的沙塵天氣過程,分析了兩個(gè)參數(shù)對(duì)沙塵暴模擬的不確定性,選擇確定了適用于中國西北地區(qū)的土壤塑性壓力P和起沙因子cy的取值。模擬的強(qiáng)沙塵暴過程表明,沙塵排放區(qū)域集中在張掖-武威-民勤一線,排放最大值超過55000 mg/m2,PM10在沙塵排放源地迅速沉降到地面,其中民勤地區(qū)干沉降占沙塵排放的約5%,銀川地區(qū)干沉降量占72%,敦煌地區(qū)沙塵排放僅為4.01 mg/m2,干沉降量為6.23 mg/m2,而民勤地區(qū)排放量達(dá)到5040.79 mg/m2,干沉降量為231.74 mg/m2,西安地區(qū)沙塵干沉降為63.62 mg/m2。此次沙塵天氣的主要沙塵源地位于民勤,黑風(fēng)暴過程中民勤PM10排放為5.04 t/km2;分析PM10不同地區(qū)的垂直濃度分布情況,發(fā)現(xiàn)PM10集中分布在3000 m以下的大氣中,并能夠擴(kuò)散到更高被輸送到幾千公里外。模擬分析了沙塵氣溶膠對(duì)邊界層內(nèi)氣象場的影響,結(jié)果表明沙塵氣溶膠對(duì)地面溫度的影響與沙塵層的高度、濃度和時(shí)段有關(guān)。在夜間,高濃度的沙塵氣溶膠能夠加熱低層大氣,可以使得低層大氣升高1℃以上,沙塵氣溶膠的這種“保溫”作用還與地表反照率相關(guān),地表反照率越大加熱越強(qiáng);而在沙塵氣溶膠所在的中上層具有降溫的作用。在白天,沙塵氣溶膠使低層降溫,地面溫度降低約3℃。沙塵氣溶膠濃度隨高度的變化導(dǎo)致不同高度其對(duì)大氣的作用存在差異,夜間沙塵氣溶膠濃度越高加熱作用越強(qiáng)烈,隨著高度的增加及沙塵氣溶膠濃度的降低,這種加熱大氣的能力減弱。夜間,沙塵氣溶膠的加熱作用能夠使得大氣穩(wěn)定度降低,邊界層高度抬升,平均約400 m。白天,沙塵氣溶膠的冷卻作用能夠使大氣穩(wěn)定度增強(qiáng),導(dǎo)致邊界層高度降低約700 m,風(fēng)速出現(xiàn)相應(yīng)改變,水平風(fēng)速增大約1 m/s,垂直風(fēng)速增大,最大可達(dá)0.22 m/s。通過模擬對(duì)比實(shí)驗(yàn),分析沙塵氣溶膠對(duì)地面向下的長波輻射通量(GLW)、地面向下的短波輻射通量(SWDOWN)和大氣層頂向外的長波輻射通量(OLR)的影響。結(jié)果表明沙塵氣溶膠對(duì)短波輻射通量的影響十分顯著,可以導(dǎo)致地面向下的短波輻射通量減小42.51%;沙塵氣溶膠高濃度地區(qū),地面向下的短波輻射通量減小約300 W/m2,沙塵氣溶膠濃度較低地區(qū),地面向下的短波輻射通量減小約100 W/m2。沙塵氣溶膠對(duì)地面向下的長波輻射通量的影響與沙塵氣溶膠濃度和源地有關(guān),由于輸送的沙塵氣溶膠能夠增大地面向下的長波輻射通量,起到降低地面溫度的作用,而當(dāng)?shù)仫L(fēng)蝕排放到大氣中的沙塵氣溶膠,能夠減小地面向下的長波輻射通量,具有“保溫”大氣的作用,使夜間大氣溫度升高。沙塵氣溶膠通過散射作用增加大氣層頂向上的長波輻射通量,從而降低大氣溫度。分析不同地點(diǎn)的輻射通量的變化,發(fā)現(xiàn)沙塵氣溶膠對(duì)地面向下的長波輻射通量的影響,平均17.49~50.49 W/m2;地面向下的短波輻射通量的影響為-3.30~-49.46 W/m2;大氣層頂向外的長波輻射通量的影響為-25.29~28.83 W/m2。
[Abstract]:Using the ground observation data, by means of the atmospheric/ chemical all-coupled mode (WRF/ Chem), which is coupled with the sand-forming module, the sensitive factor in the sand-dust prediction process is analyzed, and the value of the sensitive factor for the sand-sand parameterization scheme in the northwest of China is determined. The strong sand-dust weather in the northwest of China is simulated, and the radiative forcing of the dust aerosol and its interaction with the boundary layer are analyzed. The prediction of sandstorm is very important to the disaster prevention and reduction. However, there are still great uncertainties in the simulation and prediction of the dust storm. Combined with WRF/ Chem, the paper has simulated the emission of sand and dust in the process of dust and the settlement, transport and vertical distribution of PM10 in the atmosphere, and examined the applicability of the model in China. It is shown that the model can well simulate the sand-dust process in the northwest of China, and the simulation value and range of the PM10 concentration are in good agreement with the observation. The influence of the soil plastic pressure P and the sand-forming factor cy on the surface water level and the flux of the vertical sand in the sand-sand model of the sand-dust model was analyzed by the sensitivity experiment, and the sand-dust weather process in the northwest of China was combined. The uncertainty of the two parameters on the sandstorm simulation is analyzed, and the value of the soil plastic pressure P and the sand-starting factor cy for the northwest of China is selected. The simulated strong sandstorm process shows that the sand-dust emission area is concentrated in the first line of Zhangye-Wuwei-Minqin, the emission maximum of which is more than 55000mg/ m2, and the PM10 is rapidly settled to the ground in the dust emission area, where the dry settlement of the Minqin area accounts for about 5% of the dust emission, and the dry settlement in the Yinchuan area accounts for 72%. The dust emission in Dunhuang area is only 4.01 mg/ m2, the dry settlement amount is 6.23 mg/ m2, and the discharge of the Minqin area reaches 5040.79 mg/ m2, the dry settlement amount is 231.74 mg/ m2, and the dust dry settlement in Xi 'an area is 63.62 mg/ m2. The main dust source of the sand-dust weather is in Minqin, the PM10 of Minqin in the process of black storm is 5.04 t/ km2, and the vertical concentration distribution in different areas of PM10 is analyzed, and the concentration of PM10 is found to be distributed in the atmosphere below 3000m, and can be spread to a higher level to be delivered to several thousand kilometers. The effect of the dust aerosol on the weather field in the boundary layer is simulated and analyzed. The results show that the effect of the dust aerosol on the surface temperature is related to the height, concentration and time period of the dust layer. In the night, the high-concentration dust aerosol can be used to heat the lower atmosphere, so that the atmosphere of the lower layer can be increased by more than 1 DEG C, and the "heat preservation" effect of the dust aerosol is also related to the surface albedo, and the higher the surface albedo is, the stronger the heating is; And the middle upper layer of the dust aerosol is provided with a cooling effect. During the day, the dust aerosol cools the lower layer and the surface temperature is reduced by about 3 & deg; C. The influence of the concentration of the dust aerosol on the atmosphere is different. The higher the concentration of the dust aerosol at night, the stronger the heating effect, and the ability of the heated atmosphere to decrease with the increase of the height and the decrease of the concentration of the dust aerosol. during the day, the cooling effect of the dust aerosol can enhance the stability of the atmosphere, and the height of the boundary layer is reduced by about 700m, and the wind speed changes correspondingly, The horizontal wind speed is increased by about 1 m/ s, and the vertical wind speed is increased to a maximum of 0.22 m/ s. The influence of the dust aerosol on the long-wave radiation flux (GLW), the downward short-wave radiation flux (SWDOWN) and the long-wave radiation flux (OLR) on the top of the atmosphere is analyzed by means of simulation and contrast experiments. The results show that the effect of the dust aerosol on the short-wave radiation flux is very significant, which can lead to a reduction of the short-wave radiation flux of 42.51% in the ground, the short-wave radiation flux in the high-concentration area of the dust aerosol is reduced by about 300W/ m2 and the dust aerosol concentration is lower, The short-wave radiation flux down the ground is reduced by about 100 W/ m2. the effect of the dust aerosol on the downward long-wave radiation flux of the ground is related to the concentration and the source of the dust aerosol, The long-wave radiation flux of the downward surface of the ground can be reduced, the effect of the "heat preservation" atmosphere is provided, and the temperature of the atmospheric air is increased. The dust aerosol increases the long-wave radiation flux in the top of the atmosphere by means of scattering, thereby reducing the atmospheric temperature. The change of the radiation flux in different locations was analyzed, and the effect of the dust aerosol on the long-wave radiation flux of the surface was found to be 17.49-50.49 W/ m2. The effect of the surface-down short-wave radiation flux was-3.30--49.46W/ m2, and the influence of the atmospheric top-to-outer long-wave radiation flux was-25.29-28.83 W/ m2.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P425.55
[Abstract]:Using the ground observation data, by means of the atmospheric/ chemical all-coupled mode (WRF/ Chem), which is coupled with the sand-forming module, the sensitive factor in the sand-dust prediction process is analyzed, and the value of the sensitive factor for the sand-sand parameterization scheme in the northwest of China is determined. The strong sand-dust weather in the northwest of China is simulated, and the radiative forcing of the dust aerosol and its interaction with the boundary layer are analyzed. The prediction of sandstorm is very important to the disaster prevention and reduction. However, there are still great uncertainties in the simulation and prediction of the dust storm. Combined with WRF/ Chem, the paper has simulated the emission of sand and dust in the process of dust and the settlement, transport and vertical distribution of PM10 in the atmosphere, and examined the applicability of the model in China. It is shown that the model can well simulate the sand-dust process in the northwest of China, and the simulation value and range of the PM10 concentration are in good agreement with the observation. The influence of the soil plastic pressure P and the sand-forming factor cy on the surface water level and the flux of the vertical sand in the sand-sand model of the sand-dust model was analyzed by the sensitivity experiment, and the sand-dust weather process in the northwest of China was combined. The uncertainty of the two parameters on the sandstorm simulation is analyzed, and the value of the soil plastic pressure P and the sand-starting factor cy for the northwest of China is selected. The simulated strong sandstorm process shows that the sand-dust emission area is concentrated in the first line of Zhangye-Wuwei-Minqin, the emission maximum of which is more than 55000mg/ m2, and the PM10 is rapidly settled to the ground in the dust emission area, where the dry settlement of the Minqin area accounts for about 5% of the dust emission, and the dry settlement in the Yinchuan area accounts for 72%. The dust emission in Dunhuang area is only 4.01 mg/ m2, the dry settlement amount is 6.23 mg/ m2, and the discharge of the Minqin area reaches 5040.79 mg/ m2, the dry settlement amount is 231.74 mg/ m2, and the dust dry settlement in Xi 'an area is 63.62 mg/ m2. The main dust source of the sand-dust weather is in Minqin, the PM10 of Minqin in the process of black storm is 5.04 t/ km2, and the vertical concentration distribution in different areas of PM10 is analyzed, and the concentration of PM10 is found to be distributed in the atmosphere below 3000m, and can be spread to a higher level to be delivered to several thousand kilometers. The effect of the dust aerosol on the weather field in the boundary layer is simulated and analyzed. The results show that the effect of the dust aerosol on the surface temperature is related to the height, concentration and time period of the dust layer. In the night, the high-concentration dust aerosol can be used to heat the lower atmosphere, so that the atmosphere of the lower layer can be increased by more than 1 DEG C, and the "heat preservation" effect of the dust aerosol is also related to the surface albedo, and the higher the surface albedo is, the stronger the heating is; And the middle upper layer of the dust aerosol is provided with a cooling effect. During the day, the dust aerosol cools the lower layer and the surface temperature is reduced by about 3 & deg; C. The influence of the concentration of the dust aerosol on the atmosphere is different. The higher the concentration of the dust aerosol at night, the stronger the heating effect, and the ability of the heated atmosphere to decrease with the increase of the height and the decrease of the concentration of the dust aerosol. during the day, the cooling effect of the dust aerosol can enhance the stability of the atmosphere, and the height of the boundary layer is reduced by about 700m, and the wind speed changes correspondingly, The horizontal wind speed is increased by about 1 m/ s, and the vertical wind speed is increased to a maximum of 0.22 m/ s. The influence of the dust aerosol on the long-wave radiation flux (GLW), the downward short-wave radiation flux (SWDOWN) and the long-wave radiation flux (OLR) on the top of the atmosphere is analyzed by means of simulation and contrast experiments. The results show that the effect of the dust aerosol on the short-wave radiation flux is very significant, which can lead to a reduction of the short-wave radiation flux of 42.51% in the ground, the short-wave radiation flux in the high-concentration area of the dust aerosol is reduced by about 300W/ m2 and the dust aerosol concentration is lower, The short-wave radiation flux down the ground is reduced by about 100 W/ m2. the effect of the dust aerosol on the downward long-wave radiation flux of the ground is related to the concentration and the source of the dust aerosol, The long-wave radiation flux of the downward surface of the ground can be reduced, the effect of the "heat preservation" atmosphere is provided, and the temperature of the atmospheric air is increased. The dust aerosol increases the long-wave radiation flux in the top of the atmosphere by means of scattering, thereby reducing the atmospheric temperature. The change of the radiation flux in different locations was analyzed, and the effect of the dust aerosol on the long-wave radiation flux of the surface was found to be 17.49-50.49 W/ m2. The effect of the surface-down short-wave radiation flux was-3.30--49.46W/ m2, and the influence of the atmospheric top-to-outer long-wave radiation flux was-25.29-28.83 W/ m2.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：蘭州大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P425.55
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