柴達(dá)木盆地察爾汗鹽湖地區(qū)風(fēng)沙地貌發(fā)育環(huán)境與過(guò)程
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-29 17:13
【摘要】：柴達(dá)木盆地是中國(guó)風(fēng)沙地貌分布典型地區(qū),是開(kāi)展行星風(fēng)沙地貌比較研究的理想場(chǎng)所。但是由于極端嚴(yán)酷的自然條件,對(duì)柴達(dá)木盆地的認(rèn)識(shí)還十分有限,對(duì)其風(fēng)沙地貌特征及形成和演化過(guò)程尚不夠清楚。因此,有必要深入沙漠腹地了解風(fēng)沙地貌發(fā)育環(huán)境和形成過(guò)程,以期為理解高寒地區(qū)沙漠化的過(guò)程,豐富區(qū)域風(fēng)沙地貌學(xué)的研究成果提供支撐。本文在兩次深入柴達(dá)木盆地考察的基礎(chǔ)上,收集了察爾汗鹽湖地區(qū)不同地貌類(lèi)型沉積物和沙丘表層風(fēng)況等基礎(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù),分析了柴達(dá)木盆地風(fēng)沙地貌的發(fā)育環(huán)境;利用WV-1全色數(shù)據(jù)遙感影像、Google earth高清影像和1:5萬(wàn)區(qū)域等高線地形圖等數(shù)據(jù),對(duì)風(fēng)沙地貌宏觀格局和沙丘形態(tài)參數(shù)進(jìn)行了測(cè)算,探討了典型沙丘的發(fā)育過(guò)程和影響因子,對(duì)沙丘共生地貌格局形成過(guò)程進(jìn)行了初步推斷,得出研究結(jié)論如下:1.研究區(qū)沙丘表層沉積物平均粒徑介于0.79Φ～5.11Φ,以細(xì)沙為主;分選系數(shù)平均值為0.69;偏度平均值為0.11;峰度平均值為1.25。粒度參數(shù)反映沉積環(huán)境復(fù)雜,但以風(fēng)力沉積為主。沉積物礦物構(gòu)成特征表現(xiàn)為輕礦物以石英、長(zhǎng)石為主,石鹽等不穩(wěn)定組份并存,線形沙丘的石鹽含量為13.25%,新月形沙丘為2.0%。重礦物中角閃石、黑云母等不穩(wěn)定礦物所占比例較高;重礦物特征指數(shù)AT;指數(shù)均值為68.82,GZi指數(shù)均值為80.91,ZTR指數(shù)均值為2.15,指示柴達(dá)木盆地地表沉積物重礦物成熟度不高,物源較近。地表沉積物中易溶鹽含量介于0.483%～42.935%之間,均值為19.601%。陽(yáng)離子以Na+為主,平均含量為6.286%;陰離子以Cl-為主,平均含量為10.894%;盆地邊緣沖積扇以硫酸鹽為主,盆地中心及鹽湖附近以氯鹽為主。線形沙丘沉積物中易溶鹽含量高于新月形沙丘。2.柴達(dá)木盆地地面風(fēng)場(chǎng)在行星風(fēng)系西風(fēng)急流北支繞流的影響下,盛行穩(wěn)定的西北氣流。高原季風(fēng)和柴達(dá)木盆地低壓導(dǎo)致風(fēng)速和風(fēng)向存在著季節(jié)變化,全年平均風(fēng)速為3.7m·s-1,最大值出現(xiàn)在春季,最小值出現(xiàn)在冬季;月平均風(fēng)速最大值出現(xiàn)在4月,最低值出現(xiàn)在12月。起沙風(fēng)風(fēng)向以NW、WNW為主,線形沙丘分布區(qū)存在呈45°夾角的兩組次風(fēng)向。柴達(dá)木盆地整體屬于中風(fēng)能環(huán)境,合成輸沙方向?yàn)槲鞅薄⑽?風(fēng)向變率指數(shù)為中比率和高比率,對(duì)應(yīng)風(fēng)向變率為中變率和低變率,寬單峰型風(fēng)況和銳雙峰型風(fēng)況。3.柴達(dá)木盆地中風(fēng)沙地貌的分布面積為3.95×104km2,其中風(fēng)蝕地貌面積為2.64×104km2,流動(dòng)沙漠面積為1.31×104km2。風(fēng)沙地貌空間分布宏觀格局具有大分散,小集中的特征。按照區(qū)域位置和下伏地貌相結(jié)合的辦法,將柴達(dá)木盆地風(fēng)沙地貌劃分4個(gè)風(fēng)沙地貌區(qū)。線形沙丘走向基本保持在289°～298°之間,沙丘高度基本保持在10～20m,沙丘寬度平均值介于30～40m,沙丘寬高比約為4:1,沙丘長(zhǎng)度多在1～2km,丘頂間距平均值介于100～200m。沙丘形態(tài)自東南向西北表現(xiàn)出由長(zhǎng)而平直的直線型轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槎潭叩?Y"型。新月形沙丘迎風(fēng)坡長(zhǎng)與背風(fēng)坡長(zhǎng)之比為3～5倍;沙丘高度為10～20m,獸角寬度為80～140m,寬高比大致保持在8～10倍。新月形沙丘主要分布在沙源供應(yīng)相對(duì)不足的沙漠邊緣地區(qū)。新月形沙丘鏈迎風(fēng)坡長(zhǎng)約為139.4m,背風(fēng)坡長(zhǎng)約為22.4m,沙丘間距介于84.3～170.4m,沙丘脊線走向?yàn)?96°～258°,新月形沙丘鏈沙丘成熟度表現(xiàn)為沙漠邊緣地帶低,中心地帶高。4.高山深盆、南緩北陡的地勢(shì)特征,"南豐北貧"的現(xiàn)代水系格局及其影響下的河流階地和沖積扇,是區(qū)域風(fēng)沙地貌發(fā)育和演變的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)因子。鹽湖退化形成湖積平原及易溶鹽類(lèi)物質(zhì)的存在,進(jìn)一步改變了風(fēng)沙地貌的形態(tài)和格局。柴達(dá)木盆地基底大約形成于第四紀(jì)晚更新世末次冰期,大規(guī)模出現(xiàn)的時(shí)間可能是在12.5ka B.P左右,沙漠為波動(dòng)式發(fā)展演化模式,形成"西風(fēng)-季風(fēng)型"沙漠。研究區(qū)直線型線形沙丘的發(fā)育與處于下風(fēng)向的湖積平原滿足大規(guī)�？v向卷軸渦流形成有關(guān);"Y"型線形沙丘的發(fā)育可能與風(fēng)成沙中含有較高比例的粉沙黏土與易溶鹽的關(guān)系更為緊密;障礙型線形沙丘主要發(fā)育在流線型雅丹體的背風(fēng)側(cè)。新月形沙丘及沙丘鏈的發(fā)育受下墊面性質(zhì)、細(xì)粒湖相沉積物以及易溶鹽在風(fēng)成沙中的比例增加等因素影響,出現(xiàn)由復(fù)雜形態(tài)向簡(jiǎn)單形態(tài)的逆向演替。單一而穩(wěn)定的區(qū)域風(fēng)況是沙丘共生地貌格局發(fā)育的基本條件,平坦開(kāi)闊而均一的干鹽灘下墊面是沙丘共生地貌格局發(fā)育的關(guān)鍵因素,沉積物中含有一定比例的易溶鹽和粉沙黏土是沙丘共生地貌格局發(fā)育的重要原因。
[Abstract]:The Qaidam Basin is a typical area for the distribution of wind sand landforms in China. It is an ideal place to carry out the comparative study of the aeolian geomorphology of the planets. However, because of the extreme harsh natural conditions, the understanding of the Qaidam Basin is still very limited. It is not clear that the characteristics and formation and evolution process of the wind sand geomorphology are not clear. The development environment and formation process of aeolian landforms are expected to provide support for understanding the process of desertification in the high and cold regions and enriching the research results of regional geomorphology. On the basis of two in-depth investigation of the Qaidam Basin, the basic data of the sediments of different geomorphic types and the surface wind conditions of the sand dunes in the Chai Khan Saline Lake area have been collected and analyzed. The development environment of wind sand landforms in the Qaidam Basin, the data of WV-1 panchromatic data remote sensing image, Google earth high definition image and the contour map of 1:5 ten thousand regions, have been used to calculate the macroscopic pattern of sand dunes and the morphological parameters of sand dunes, and the development process and influence factors of typical sand dunes are discussed, and the symbiotic landform pattern of sand dunes is formed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. the average particle size of the surface sediments in the sand dunes in the 1. research area is between 0.79 and 5.11 mm, with fine sand mainly, the average value of the separation coefficient is 0.69, the average of the skewness is 0.11, and the average value of the kurtosis is 1.25. granularity parameter reflecting the complex sedimentary environment, but the wind deposition is the main form of the sediment mineral composition table. There are light minerals with quartz, feldspar mainly, rock salt and other unstable components coexist, the stone salt content of linear sand dunes is 13.25%, the crescent dunes are 2.0%. heavy minerals in the hornblende, black mica, and other unstable minerals, and the heavy mineral characteristic index AT, the mean value of the index is 80.91, the mean of the GZi index is 80.91, the mean of the ZTR index is 2.15, indicating the wood. The heavy mineral maturity of the surface sediments of the Da Mu basin is not high and the source is near. The soluble salt content in the surface sediments is between 0.483% and 42.935%, the mean value of 19.601%. cation is Na+, the average content is 6.286%, the anion is mainly Cl- and the average content is 10.894%; the basin edge alluvial fan is mainly sulphate, the center of the basin and the Saline Lake are attached. The content of soluble salt in the sediment of linear sand dune is higher than that of crescent dune sand dune.2.. The wind velocity and wind direction of the plateau monsoon and Qaidam Basin are seasonal changes, and the average wind speed is 3.7m s-1. The maximum value appears in spring, the minimum value appears in the winter, the maximum monthly wind speed appears in April, the minimum value appears in December. The wind direction of the sand wind is NW, WNW, and the linear sand dune distribution area has 45 degrees of wind direction. The Qaidam Basin belongs to the middle wind energy environment, the direction of synthetic sediment transport is northwest, West and the wind direction variation index is The ratio and high ratio, the variation rate of wind direction change and the low variation rate, the distribution area of the wind and sand landforms in the.3. Qaidam Basin, the wide single peak wind condition and the sharp Shuangfeng type wind condition, is 3.95 x 104km2, of which the wind erosion landform area is 2.64 x 104km2, the flow desert area is 1.31 * 104km2. wind sand geomorphic spatial distribution macro pattern with large dispersion and small size. In accordance with the combination of regional and lower volt surface features, the wind sand landforms in the Qaidam Basin are divided into 4 wind sand landforms. The alignment of the linear sand dunes is basically between 289 and 298 degrees. The sand dune height is basically maintained at 10 ~ 20m, the average value of the sand dune width is between 30 and 40m, the sand dune width and height ratio is about 4:1, and the sand dunes are more than 1 to 2km in length. The average value of the dome distance between 100 and 200m. shows a short and high "Y" form from the southeast to the northwest. The ratio of the length of the upwind slope to the leeward slope of the crescent dunes is 3~5 times, the sand dune height is 10 to 20m, the width of the beast angle is 80 ~ 140m, the width to height ratio is roughly 8~10 times. The main crescent dunes are mainly The upwind slope of the crescent sand dune chain is about 139.4m, the leeward slope is about 22.4m, the sand dune distance is between 84.3 and 170.4m, the sand dune ridge line is 196 to 258 degrees, the crescent dune chain sand dune maturity is low in the desert edge zone, the center zone is high.4. Alpine deep basin, and the south is slow to the north. The terrain features, the modern water system pattern of "Nanfeng North poverty" and the river terrace and alluvial fan under its influence, are the main driving factors for the development and evolution of the regional aeolian sand landforms. The deterioration of Saline Lake forms the existence of the lacustrine plain and the soluble salt material, which further changes the morphology and pattern of the wind sand landforms. The Qaidam basin basement is about to be formed in the first place. The period of the late Pleistocene in the late four period was probably around 12.5ka B.P, and the desert was a wave type development and evolution model, forming a "westerly monsoon" desert. The development of linear linear sand dunes in the study area was related to the formation of the large-scale longitudinal scroll formation in the lacustrine plain in the lower wind direction; the development of "Y" type linear sand dunes was developed. It may be more closely related to the high proportion of sandy clay and soluble salt in the aeolian sand, and the obstacle type linear sand dunes are mainly developed in the leeward side of the streamlined Yalan. The development of the crescent dunes and sand dunes is affected by the underlying surface properties, the fine lacustrine sediments and the increase in the proportion of soluble salts in the aeolian sand, and so on. A single and stable regional wind condition is the basic condition for the development of the symbiotic geomorphic pattern of sand dunes. The flat and open and uniform dry salt flat surface is the key factor for the development of the symbiotic geomorphic pattern in the sand dunes. The sediment contains a certain proportion of soluble salt and sand clay as the symbiotic geomorphology of the dunes. An important reason for the development of the Bureau.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：P931.3
本文編號(hào)：2153408
[Abstract]:The Qaidam Basin is a typical area for the distribution of wind sand landforms in China. It is an ideal place to carry out the comparative study of the aeolian geomorphology of the planets. However, because of the extreme harsh natural conditions, the understanding of the Qaidam Basin is still very limited. It is not clear that the characteristics and formation and evolution process of the wind sand geomorphology are not clear. The development environment and formation process of aeolian landforms are expected to provide support for understanding the process of desertification in the high and cold regions and enriching the research results of regional geomorphology. On the basis of two in-depth investigation of the Qaidam Basin, the basic data of the sediments of different geomorphic types and the surface wind conditions of the sand dunes in the Chai Khan Saline Lake area have been collected and analyzed. The development environment of wind sand landforms in the Qaidam Basin, the data of WV-1 panchromatic data remote sensing image, Google earth high definition image and the contour map of 1:5 ten thousand regions, have been used to calculate the macroscopic pattern of sand dunes and the morphological parameters of sand dunes, and the development process and influence factors of typical sand dunes are discussed, and the symbiotic landform pattern of sand dunes is formed. The main conclusions are as follows: 1. the average particle size of the surface sediments in the sand dunes in the 1. research area is between 0.79 and 5.11 mm, with fine sand mainly, the average value of the separation coefficient is 0.69, the average of the skewness is 0.11, and the average value of the kurtosis is 1.25. granularity parameter reflecting the complex sedimentary environment, but the wind deposition is the main form of the sediment mineral composition table. There are light minerals with quartz, feldspar mainly, rock salt and other unstable components coexist, the stone salt content of linear sand dunes is 13.25%, the crescent dunes are 2.0%. heavy minerals in the hornblende, black mica, and other unstable minerals, and the heavy mineral characteristic index AT, the mean value of the index is 80.91, the mean of the GZi index is 80.91, the mean of the ZTR index is 2.15, indicating the wood. The heavy mineral maturity of the surface sediments of the Da Mu basin is not high and the source is near. The soluble salt content in the surface sediments is between 0.483% and 42.935%, the mean value of 19.601%. cation is Na+, the average content is 6.286%, the anion is mainly Cl- and the average content is 10.894%; the basin edge alluvial fan is mainly sulphate, the center of the basin and the Saline Lake are attached. The content of soluble salt in the sediment of linear sand dune is higher than that of crescent dune sand dune.2.. The wind velocity and wind direction of the plateau monsoon and Qaidam Basin are seasonal changes, and the average wind speed is 3.7m s-1. The maximum value appears in spring, the minimum value appears in the winter, the maximum monthly wind speed appears in April, the minimum value appears in December. The wind direction of the sand wind is NW, WNW, and the linear sand dune distribution area has 45 degrees of wind direction. The Qaidam Basin belongs to the middle wind energy environment, the direction of synthetic sediment transport is northwest, West and the wind direction variation index is The ratio and high ratio, the variation rate of wind direction change and the low variation rate, the distribution area of the wind and sand landforms in the.3. Qaidam Basin, the wide single peak wind condition and the sharp Shuangfeng type wind condition, is 3.95 x 104km2, of which the wind erosion landform area is 2.64 x 104km2, the flow desert area is 1.31 * 104km2. wind sand geomorphic spatial distribution macro pattern with large dispersion and small size. In accordance with the combination of regional and lower volt surface features, the wind sand landforms in the Qaidam Basin are divided into 4 wind sand landforms. The alignment of the linear sand dunes is basically between 289 and 298 degrees. The sand dune height is basically maintained at 10 ~ 20m, the average value of the sand dune width is between 30 and 40m, the sand dune width and height ratio is about 4:1, and the sand dunes are more than 1 to 2km in length. The average value of the dome distance between 100 and 200m. shows a short and high "Y" form from the southeast to the northwest. The ratio of the length of the upwind slope to the leeward slope of the crescent dunes is 3~5 times, the sand dune height is 10 to 20m, the width of the beast angle is 80 ~ 140m, the width to height ratio is roughly 8~10 times. The main crescent dunes are mainly The upwind slope of the crescent sand dune chain is about 139.4m, the leeward slope is about 22.4m, the sand dune distance is between 84.3 and 170.4m, the sand dune ridge line is 196 to 258 degrees, the crescent dune chain sand dune maturity is low in the desert edge zone, the center zone is high.4. Alpine deep basin, and the south is slow to the north. The terrain features, the modern water system pattern of "Nanfeng North poverty" and the river terrace and alluvial fan under its influence, are the main driving factors for the development and evolution of the regional aeolian sand landforms. The deterioration of Saline Lake forms the existence of the lacustrine plain and the soluble salt material, which further changes the morphology and pattern of the wind sand landforms. The Qaidam basin basement is about to be formed in the first place. The period of the late Pleistocene in the late four period was probably around 12.5ka B.P, and the desert was a wave type development and evolution model, forming a "westerly monsoon" desert. The development of linear linear sand dunes in the study area was related to the formation of the large-scale longitudinal scroll formation in the lacustrine plain in the lower wind direction; the development of "Y" type linear sand dunes was developed. It may be more closely related to the high proportion of sandy clay and soluble salt in the aeolian sand, and the obstacle type linear sand dunes are mainly developed in the leeward side of the streamlined Yalan. The development of the crescent dunes and sand dunes is affected by the underlying surface properties, the fine lacustrine sediments and the increase in the proportion of soluble salts in the aeolian sand, and so on. A single and stable regional wind condition is the basic condition for the development of the symbiotic geomorphic pattern of sand dunes. The flat and open and uniform dry salt flat surface is the key factor for the development of the symbiotic geomorphic pattern in the sand dunes. The sediment contains a certain proportion of soluble salt and sand clay as the symbiotic geomorphology of the dunes. An important reason for the development of the Bureau.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：陜西師范大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類(lèi)號(hào)】：P931.3
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