【摘要】：由于全球氣候變化,在過去幾十年里全球范圍內(nèi)頻繁爆發(fā)強降雨和洪澇災(zāi)害,科學(xué)家們紛紛預(yù)測未來全球發(fā)生強降雨及洪澇災(zāi)害將會持續(xù)爆發(fā),其強度和頻率都會增大。全世界范圍內(nèi)頻繁發(fā)生的洪澇災(zāi)害會影響陸地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)和濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中物種的分布和多度以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的正常功能。基于以上背景,本論文致力于研究以下問題:(1)以喜旱蓮子草為例,探討植物在不同水淹情況下從環(huán)境中吸收氧氣及其傳遞過程,尤其是植物不定根和通氣組織對不同水淹環(huán)境的響應(yīng)特性。(2)植物上述的響應(yīng)特性對其生長和存活的影響。本研究中我們?yōu)榱饲笞C非連續(xù)莖髓腔在部分水淹植物中的功能以及對水淹植物水淹耐受性的影響,我們使用了髓腔阻塞法,使用氧微電極對受淹植物體內(nèi)的氧氣變化動態(tài)進行了,同時我們檢測了髓腔阻塞后對部分水淹植物生長的影響。另外許多植物在水淹過程中會產(chǎn)生大量的不定根,為了探究不定根除了從水體中吸收營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)和水分以外的其他功能(例如:從水體中吸收氧氣),我們使用氧微電極,探測了不定根從水體中吸收氧氣的能力;隨后我們采取不定根去除的處理方式檢測了不定根對水淹植物耐淹性的貢獻。最后我們通過控制水體中溶解氧和營養(yǎng)鹽濃度等實驗方法來驗證不定根對不同水環(huán)境的特定響應(yīng),及其對植物水淹耐受性的影響。主要研究結(jié)果如下:(1)許多植物莖和枝由節(jié)和節(jié)間構(gòu)成,由實心的節(jié)隔板隔離開的非連續(xù)通氣組織似乎無助于氣體在植物體內(nèi)的運輸,但迄今為止此觀點并無確切的研究數(shù)據(jù)證實。我們的實驗結(jié)果證實,在部分水淹的情況下,僅僅阻塞莖內(nèi)的一個節(jié)間的通氣組織就會影響氣體在莖中的輸送,進而在被阻塞節(jié)間以下的毮腔和皮層中的氧氣含量會急劇下降;髓腔阻塞會抑制遭受部分水淹的植物的生長、增強淹沒莖段上不定根的生長。綜上結(jié)果可以得出,雖然非連續(xù)通氣組織被實心的節(jié)隔板隔開,但該組織仍然能幫助氣體輸送并有助于提高植物被淹器官中的氧氣含量,從而對受淹植物生長和水淹耐受發(fā)揮積極作用。(2)許多植物受淹后會在受淹器官上長出不定根,不定根是否具有從水中吸收氧氣的功能沒有得到研究證實,也不清楚該功能對植物在長期水淹環(huán)境中生存和生長的貢獻。、研究發(fā)現(xiàn)不定根可以從水體中直接吸收氧氣并且可以將氧氣運輸?shù)街参矬w的其他組織器官中;研究發(fā)現(xiàn)莖上長有不定根的被淹植株能夠更加有效地利用其體內(nèi)的碳水化合物儲備,延長其在水淹環(huán)境中的存活時間。(3)不定根發(fā)生和生長會受水淹影響,但不定根產(chǎn)生及形態(tài)特征是否會受水體中溶氧水平和營養(yǎng)水平的影響并不清楚。我們的研究表明,水體中溶解氧和營養(yǎng)鹽匱乏均會影響受淹喜旱蓮子草的生長,同時會導(dǎo)致植物產(chǎn)生具有較高根表面積體積比的不定根。實驗發(fā)現(xiàn),水體中營養(yǎng)鹽匱乏不會影響不定根中通氣組織管道大小,而水體中低溶解氧含量會使植物產(chǎn)生的不定根中的通氣組織管道增粗,因為通氣組織管道增粗會降低氣體運輸阻力,提高不定根對營養(yǎng)物質(zhì)的吸收能力,從而提高植物對水淹環(huán)境的耐受能力。(4)植物在遭受部分水淹的情況下,其水面上的莖段會將氧氣輸送到水下器官和組織中,氧氣在受淹器官和組織中輸送的過程中會逐漸消耗,所以離水面越遠的被淹器官得到的氧氣含量就越少,因此我們假設(shè)被淹植株莖內(nèi)氧氣含量逐漸降低的現(xiàn)象會影響離水面距離不同的莖部位上不定根的產(chǎn)生。在本論文研究中發(fā)現(xiàn),水體中營養(yǎng)含量的多少會改變不定根在受淹喜旱蓮子草莖段上生長的空間格局;隨著水體中營養(yǎng)含量降低,喜旱蓮子草的不定根產(chǎn)生會增強并且不定根會更多地在離水面較近的莖節(jié)上產(chǎn)生�？傊�,不定根和非連續(xù)莖髓腔均可以提高被水淹植物的體內(nèi)的氧氣含量,因此被淹植物的水淹耐受性會有所改善。但是針對不定根及非連續(xù)莖髓腔對不同環(huán)境條件在激素和分子方面的響應(yīng)特性的研究究還很有限,建議未來應(yīng)注重耐水淹植物在激素和分子方面的機制研究。
[Abstract]:As a result of global climate change, over the past few decades, heavy rainfall and flood disasters have been erupted around the world. Scientists have predicted that the intensity and frequency of heavy rainfall and flood will continue to increase in the future. Frequent flooding in the world will affect terrestrial ecosystems and wetland ecosystems. The distribution and abundance of species in the state system and the normal functions of the ecosystem. Based on the above background, this thesis is devoted to the following problems: (1) taking the lotus seed as an example, the absorption of oxygen and its transmission process in the environment under different flooding conditions, especially the response of plant adventitious roots and aeration tissues to different waterflooded environments, is discussed. Characteristics. (2) the effects of the response characteristics of plants on their growth and survival. In this study, in order to prove the function of the discontinuous medullary cavity in some waterflooded plants and the tolerance to water flooded plants, we used the medullary cavity blocking method, and the oxygen microelectrode was used to change the oxygen dynamics in the flooded plant. At the same time, we detected the effect of the intramedullary obstruction on the growth of some waterflooded plants. In addition, many plants produced a large number of adventitious roots in the water flooding process. In order to explore the function of the adventitious roots in addition to absorbing nutrients and water from the water body (for example: absorbing oxygen from the water), we used oxygen microelectrodes to detect the uncertainty. The ability of roots to absorb oxygen from water; then we used adventitious root removal to detect the contribution of adventitious roots to water flooded plants. Finally, we verified the specific responses of the adventitious roots to different water environments by controlling the dissolved oxygen and the concentration of nutrients in the water, and the tolerance to water flooding in plants. The main results are as follows: (1) many plant stems and branches are composed of nodes and internodes, and the discontinuous ventilatory tissue that is separated from solid septum septum does not seem to be helpful to the transport of gas in the plant, but so far this view has not been confirmed by exact data. The ventilatory tissue in one Internode in a blocked stem will affect the delivery of gas in the stem, and then the oxygen content in the cavity and cortex below the blocked internodes will decrease sharply; the medullary obstruction inhibits the growth of partially flooded plants and increases the growth of the adventitious roots on the submerged stems. The results can be concluded, although discontinuous. Ventilatory tissue is separated by a solid partition board, but the tissue can still help gas transport and help improve the oxygen content in the submerged organs of plants, thus playing an active role in the growth and flooding tolerance of flooded plants. (2) many plants will grow adventitious roots on the flooded organs, and whether the adventitious roots can absorb oxygen from the water. The function has not been confirmed, nor is it clear that the function contributes to the survival and growth of plants in a long-term waterflooded environment. The study found that the adventitious roots can absorb oxygen directly from the water and transport oxygen to other tissues and organs of the plant. (3) the occurrence and growth of adventitious roots and growth will be affected by water flooding, but the effects of the formation and morphological characteristics of the adventitious roots and their morphology are not clearly affected by the level of dissolved oxygen and the nutrient level in the water. Our study shows that both dissolved oxygen and nutrients are scarce in the water body. It is found that the lack of nutrients in water does not affect the size of the aerated tissue pipes in the adventitious roots, and the low dissolved oxygen content in the water body makes the aerated tissue pipe in the adventitious roots produced by the plant grow thicker because of the fact that the water in the plant is produced by the low dissolved oxygen content. The thickening of gas tissue pipes will reduce the resistance of gas transportation and increase the absorptive capacity of the adventitious roots to nutrients, thus improving the tolerance of plants to water flooded environment. (4) in the case of partial flooding, the plants will transport oxygen to the subaqueous organs and tissues on the surface of the water, and oxygen is transported in the flooded organs and tissues. It is gradually consumed in the process, so the less oxygen content is obtained from the submerged organs from the water, so we assume that the gradual reduction of oxygen content in the stems of the flooded plants will affect the production of the adventitious roots on the stem parts of different distances from the water. The spatial pattern of the growth of the stem segments of the flooded lotus seed grass; with the decrease of the nutrient content in the water body, the adventitious roots of the lotus root will be enhanced and the adventitious roots will be produced more on the stem nodes near the water. The tolerance of plants to water flooding will be improved. However, the response characteristics of adventitious roots and discontinuous stem medullary cavity to different environmental conditions in different environmental conditions are still limited. It is suggested that the mechanism of water tolerant plants should be paid more attention to in the future.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：西南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：Q945

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