【摘要】：黃河龍羊峽-劉家峽位于青藏高原的東北緣,地處地殼抬升強(qiáng)烈的青藏高原和相對抬升的黃土高原之間的過渡地帶。構(gòu)造上研究區(qū)處于西秦嶺和南祁連塊體接合部,區(qū)域構(gòu)造復(fù)雜,同時(shí)也位于東亞季風(fēng)、西南季風(fēng)及西風(fēng)帶的交匯部位,因此獨(dú)特的地理位置使得黃河上游對高原隆升和全球氣候的變化響應(yīng)極為敏感。在此特殊的區(qū)域構(gòu)造、三大氣流系統(tǒng)交匯的背景條件下晚更新世以來研究區(qū)黃河谷地巨型滑坡(方量大于1×108 m3)密集發(fā)育,并且多數(shù)滑坡曾堵塞黃河河道形成堰塞湖。黃河谷地巨型滑坡堵塞黃河,具有規(guī)模大,分布密度高,堵塞黃河時(shí)間長,滑體保留時(shí)間久的特征,給人民生命財(cái)產(chǎn)造成威脅,同時(shí)也對黃河上游谷地帶來巨大的地貌效應(yīng)。堰塞湖的存在使得堰塞壩上下游一定范圍內(nèi)形成一個(gè)獨(dú)特有別于整個(gè)黃河流域的局部沉積環(huán)境,這一局部的河谷沉積環(huán)境至今還未進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)研究。因此,論文在對研究區(qū)龍羊峽-劉家峽段黃河階地尤其是與巨型滑坡或堰塞湖有孕生關(guān)系的(低)階地進(jìn)行地貌研究和測年的基礎(chǔ)上,對循化盆地的戈隆布滑坡、尖扎盆地的德恒隆和鎖子滑坡、貴德盆地黃河支流尕讓河岸坡的阿什貢滑坡的滑坡特征、形成機(jī)制、對應(yīng)堰塞湖規(guī)模及其與黃河階地等的地貌關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析,研究巨型滑坡堵河事件與黃河演化之間的關(guān)系,主要取得以下認(rèn)識和研究成果:(1)結(jié)合已有研究基礎(chǔ),論文總結(jié)出研究區(qū)黃河河谷構(gòu)造運(yùn)動史及其相應(yīng)拔河高度。論文還對上述三個(gè)盆地內(nèi)12個(gè)黃河階地剖面尤其是與堰塞湖有孕生關(guān)系的階地剖面進(jìn)行地層學(xué)研究和16個(gè)光釋光樣品進(jìn)行年代學(xué)研究,這一工作將填補(bǔ)研究區(qū)尤其是尖扎和循化盆地很多低階地?zé)o測年數(shù)據(jù)的空白。并初步總結(jié)出黃河上游河谷岸坡發(fā)育特征:所有低階地(六級以下)的堆積形成年代過程都發(fā)生在晚更新世以來冰期或者冰期向間冰階過渡期和高原季風(fēng)減緩時(shí)期。因此研究區(qū)所有低階地的堆積形成主要受氣候控制,但也對區(qū)域構(gòu)造積極做出響應(yīng),主要體現(xiàn)在階地的平均下切速率與GPS構(gòu)造抬升速率基本一致。(2)論文對研究區(qū)5個(gè)典型巨型堵河滑坡進(jìn)行了野外地質(zhì)調(diào)查,采集了12個(gè)光釋光樣品進(jìn)行年代學(xué)研究,并對堰塞湖范圍和潰壩洪峰流量進(jìn)行了計(jì)算,結(jié)合前人文獻(xiàn)和本人碩士期間對研究區(qū)做過的堵河滑坡年代數(shù)據(jù),以及區(qū)域構(gòu)造背景和晚更新世古氣候資料,本文統(tǒng)計(jì)分析認(rèn)為研究區(qū)晚更新以來巨型滑坡主要集中在5個(gè)時(shí)期發(fā)育,分別對應(yīng)于深海氧同位素五階段、八萬年左右、三階段、冰消期和全新世。除去八萬年時(shí)期的巨型滑坡與青藏高原東北緣8萬年構(gòu)造期有關(guān),其他階段時(shí)期發(fā)育的滑坡在區(qū)域構(gòu)造背景下都應(yīng)與暖濕氣候有關(guān)。發(fā)育于深海氧同位素五階段、三階段和全新世的巨型滑坡群主要與高原季風(fēng)增強(qiáng)帶來的強(qiáng)降水有關(guān),冰消期發(fā)育的滑坡應(yīng)與冰雪融水以及高原季風(fēng)增強(qiáng)有關(guān)。(3)在綜合滑坡發(fā)生年代和階地堆積形成年代基礎(chǔ)上,分析了在地層和時(shí)間序列上階地、滑坡和堰塞湖受氣候控制的作用:研究區(qū)集中發(fā)育在間冰期/間冰階的巨型滑坡都緊隨階地堆積形成之后發(fā)育,并且滑坡體堆積物或堰塞湖湖相沉積大部分都覆蓋在冰期/冰期-間冰期過渡時(shí)期堆積形成的階地之上�；潞碗A地主要受晚更新世冰期-間冰階旋回和高原季風(fēng)強(qiáng)度的控制。但其中也有個(gè)別時(shí)期的滑坡和階地可能受區(qū)域構(gòu)造的控制,比如8萬年時(shí)期的滑坡和階地。本文認(rèn)為滑坡堵河、堰塞湖潰壩形成階地、新一輪滑坡再堵河這一地質(zhì)演化過程受氣候影響具有周期性。(4)探討了巨型堵河滑坡/古堰塞湖形成與河谷沉積之間的地貌關(guān)系,主要表現(xiàn)為:滑坡發(fā)生后改變河道上下游的縱坡降比、河岸形態(tài),甚至迫使水系改道;潰壩后流水強(qiáng)烈下切誘發(fā)老滑坡復(fù)活;河谷的侵蝕堆積歷史對滑坡的發(fā)育表現(xiàn)出空間分帶性和時(shí)間階段性;堰塞湖形成導(dǎo)致其上下游的沉積侵蝕環(huán)境發(fā)生變化以及其對下游文明帶來的潛在威脅等。
[Abstract]:Located in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, Longyangxia - Liujiaxia, the Yellow River, is located in the transition zone between the uplift of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the relatively uplifting Loess Plateau. The tectonic area is located in the junction of the West Qinling Mountains and South Qilian blocks, with complex regional structures, and at the same time the intersection of the East Asian monsoon, the southwest monsoon and the west wind zone. This unique geographical location makes the upper reaches of the Yellow River highly sensitive to the uplift of the plateau and the global climate change. In this special regional structure and the intersection of the three large airflow systems, the giant landslides (more than 1 x 108 m3) in the the Yellow River Valley in the study area since the late Pleistocene have been densely developed, and most of the landslides have blocked the the Yellow River river shape. The huge landslides in the Yellow River Valley, which block the Yellow River, have large scale, high density, long time of blocking the Yellow River and long retention of the slide body, which threaten the people's life and property, and have a huge geomorphic effect on the upper reaches of the Yellow River. The deposit of the weir Lake in a certain range of the dam is formed in a certain range. The local sedimentary environment that is unique to the whole the Yellow River basin has not been systematically studied so far. Therefore, on the basis of the geomorphological study and dating of the the Yellow River terrace in the Longyangxia Liujiaxia section of the study area, especially the geomorphic (low) terrace related to the giant landslides or the dammed lakes, the paper is on the Xunhua basin. The landslides landslide, the Jianzha basin's de Heng Long and the lock son landslide, the the Yellow River tributary of the Guide basin, the Ashe Gong landslide of the riverside slope of the Guide basin, the landslide characteristics, the formation mechanism, the relationship between the scale of the barrier lake and the landform of the the Yellow River terrace, and the relationship between the huge landslides and the evolution of the the Yellow River The achievements are as follows: (1) combining with the existing research foundation, the paper summarizes the history of the tectonic movement of the the Yellow River River Valley and its corresponding tug of war in the study area. The paper also studies the stratigraphic study and the chronological study of the 16 light release light samples of 12 terrace sections in the three basins, especially the terrace sections that have a pregnant relationship with the barrier lake. This work will fill in the blanks of a number of low terrace data in the Jianzha and Xunhua basins, especially in the Jianzha and Xunhua basins, and preliminarily summarize the characteristics of the development of the river valley slope in the upper reaches of the the Yellow River. Therefore, the accumulation of all lower terraces in the study area is mainly controlled by climate, but it also actively responds to the regional structure, which is mainly reflected in the average cutting rate of the terrace and the GPS tectonic uplift rate. (2) the paper has conducted field geological investigations on 5 typical giant landslides in the study area, and collected 12 light release patterns. The article carries out the chronological study, and calculates the flood peak flow of the barrier lake area and the dam break, combined with the previous literature and the data of the landslide age of the river plugging in the study area, and the regional tectonic setting and the late Pleistocene paleoclimate data. The statistical analysis shows that the giant landslides since the late renewal of the study area are mainly concentrated in 5. The development of the period is corresponding to the five stage of deep sea oxygen isotope, eighty thousand years or so, the three stage, the glacial period and the Holocene. It is related to the 80 thousand year tectonic period of the northeast margin of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau by the eighty thousand years. The other stages of the landslides developed in the other stages should be related to the warm and wet climate in the regional tectonic setting. The massive landslides in the three stage and the Holocene are mainly related to the strong precipitation caused by the enhancement of the plateau monsoon. The landslides developed during the deglaciation period should be related to the ice and snow melt water and the enhancement of the plateau monsoon. (3) on the basis of the age and terrace accumulation age of the comprehensive landslides, the terraces, landslides and weirs on the strata and time series are analyzed. The effect of the lake is controlled by the climate: the giant landslides in the interglacial / interglacial stages developed in the study area after the accumulation of terraces, and the landslides and lacustrine lacustrine deposits mostly covered the stage of the glacial / Glacial interglacial transition period. The landslides and terraces were mainly in the late Pleistocene. The interglacial interglacial cycle and the intensity of the plateau monsoon are controlled, but there are also some landslides and terraces that may be controlled by regional structures, such as landslides and terraces in the 80 thousand year period. In this paper, we think that the landslide and the dam break the river, the dam break the terrace, and the new landslides and then the river plugging the river, the geological evolution process is periodically influenced by the climate. (4) the geomorphologic relation between the formation of the giant plugging River landslides / the ancient barrier lake formation and the valley deposition is discussed, mainly as follows: after the landslide occurs, the longitudinal gradient ratio of the upper and lower reaches of the river is changed, the riverbank form and even the water system are forced to change. After the dam break, the flowing water is strongly cut down to induce the resurrection of the old landslides, and the erosion accumulation history of the Valley shows the space for the development of the landslide. The formation of barrier lake leads to the change of sedimentary environment and its potential threat to downstream civilization.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：長安大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：P642.22

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