本文選題：牙形石 + 二疊紀(jì)—三疊紀(jì)　； 參考：《中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：二疊-三疊紀(jì)(P-T)之交全球發(fā)生了地質(zhì)歷史上規(guī)模最大的生物滅絕事件,而關(guān)于這次滅絕事件的模式和原因一直都是地質(zhì)學(xué)家爭論的熱點,牙形石作為P-T之交分布廣泛的海相微體化石,其生物地層經(jīng)過了詳細地研究,特別是華南地區(qū)建立了高精度的牙形石生物地層。岡瓦納地區(qū)是否存在連續(xù)的P-T地層記錄到目前還存在爭議,其牙形石研究是全球生物地層、事件地層及滅絕模式對比研究的基礎(chǔ)。為完善P-T之交牙形石生物地層的全球?qū)Ρ?本文在華南地區(qū)和岡瓦納地區(qū)選取4條剖面(湖南慈利高化剖面、貴州羅甸邊陽剖面、貴州關(guān)嶺下打翁剖面及西藏聶拉木色龍剖面)對P-T之交Hindeodus changxingensis帶到Isarcicella isarcica帶期間的牙形石展開對比研究。研究內(nèi)容包括高精度牙形石生物地層對比、不同古地理區(qū)域牙形石的屬種分布、牙形石的演化、滅絕及小型化事件等。此外,本研究還利用草莓狀黃鐵礦的粒徑分布重建華南地區(qū)的氧化還原條件,進而探討導(dǎo)致牙形石在P-T之交的變化原因。獲得的主要進展如下：1.通過對湖南慈利高化剖面,貴州邊陽剖面、下打翁剖面及藏南色龍剖面進行高精度大樣牙形石生物地層研究,在6000多枚牙形石標(biāo)本基礎(chǔ)上建立了以下牙形石帶：特提斯地區(qū)淺水碳酸鹽臺地相早三疊世H. parvus帶和I. isarcica帶；臺地邊緣斜坡相H. changxingensis帶和H. parvus帶；岡瓦納地區(qū)P-T之交Vjalovognathus carinatus sp. nov.帶和H. parvus帶。本研究中將岡瓦納地區(qū)V.carinatus sp. nov.帶作為該地區(qū)二疊紀(jì)最年輕的牙形石帶與華南地區(qū)長興階晚期H.changxingensis帶進行對比,早三疊世一致以H. parvus的首現(xiàn)作為底界。另外在慈利高化剖面微生物巖底部發(fā)現(xiàn)了H. parvus,因此將其全部劃入早三疊世,糾正了前人認(rèn)為此層位沉積于晚二疊世的認(rèn)識。2.對所獲得的牙形石進行屬級豐度統(tǒng)計,得出了P-T之交牙形石的古地理分布特征：即Hindeodus屬,Isarcicella屬及Clarkina屬在全球廣泛分布,晚二疊世期間,岡瓦納地區(qū)牙形石以Mesogondolella屬和Vjalovognathus屬為主要特征并混有少量的Clarkina;華南地區(qū)較深水區(qū)以Clarkina的繁盛為特征,而淺水區(qū)僅發(fā)現(xiàn)少量Hindeodus分子。早三疊世底部Hindeodus突然大量涌入,尤其是在特提斯華南地區(qū)的H. parvus帶中占絕對主導(dǎo)；但在高緯度的色龍剖面則不同：雖然早三疊世涌現(xiàn)出大量的Hindeodus屬牙形石,但占絕對主導(dǎo)的卻是Clarkina屬(79%),而Mesogondolella和Vjalovognathus伴隨P-T生物大滅絕事件在地層記錄中徹底消失。3.通過對Hindeodus屬牙形石側(cè)面積統(tǒng)計,首次在色龍地區(qū)發(fā)現(xiàn)了早三疊世牙形石的小型化事件。色龍剖面Hindeodus的平均面積在H. parvus帶下部為1.34mm2,而在H. parvus帶的上部明顯減小為0.88 mm2,這也是古高緯度地區(qū)早三疊世牙形石小型化事件的首次報道。4.本文對P-T之交牙形石的演化和滅絕,特別是針對只分布于岡瓦納地區(qū)的冷水型牙形石-Vjalovognathus屬的演化進行了研究,本屬牙形石以其細齒發(fā)育截頂飾(頂端被磨蝕切平)為特征。建立了牙形石Vjalovognathus屬最年輕的二疊紀(jì)新種V. carinatus sp. nov.,在此基礎(chǔ)上完善了Vjalovognathus在二疊紀(jì)的演化序列。V.carinatus sp. nov.在色龍地區(qū)長興階的發(fā)現(xiàn)為岡瓦納地區(qū)的對比提供扎實可靠的證據(jù),可以將色龍地區(qū)色龍組上部與克什米爾的Zewan組進行直接對比。5.本研究在湖南慈利高化剖面和貴州關(guān)嶺地區(qū)的下打翁剖面在高精度牙形石生物地層的基礎(chǔ)上利用草莓狀黃鐵礦重建P-T之交氧化還原條件,結(jié)果顯示以微生物巖為代表的淺水區(qū)為貧氧環(huán)境,而略深水的下打翁大冶組為缺氧環(huán)境,但中間夾有貧氧和氧化間斷。微生物巖中的草莓狀黃鐵礦平均粒徑在7.7-9.1μm之間,總體顯示為貧氧環(huán)境,鮞�；�?guī)r缺少草莓狀黃鐵礦表明其沉積于氧化環(huán)境中。下打翁地區(qū)二疊紀(jì)長興組含有非常豐富的生物化石,包括腕足、苔蘚蟲、海綿、海百合莖、雙殼、三葉蟲甚至植物化石,但到了以H. parvus記錄的下三疊大冶組,幾乎所有生物化石都不復(fù)存在,只發(fā)現(xiàn)有少量的牙形石和以Claraia sp.為代表的雙殼類,水平紋層更為發(fā)育。草莓狀黃鐵礦粒徑為4.7μm-8.5μm之間,H. parvus帶下部缺氧與貧氧環(huán)境交替出現(xiàn),中間夾有氧化間隔,而貧氧和缺氧沉積中部分草莓狀黃鐵礦被氧化成氧化鐵。通過對岡瓦納地區(qū)與華南地區(qū)P-T之交牙形石和氧化還原環(huán)境對比可知,牙形石在這次事件中經(jīng)歷了重創(chuàng),但其與所處的海洋氧化還原條件沒有一一對應(yīng)關(guān)系,但與全球快速升溫事件同時發(fā)生。一直生存于古高緯度岡瓦納北緣冷水區(qū)的Mesogondolella和Vjalovognathus滅絕于晚二疊世,結(jié)束了其在地球上長達40 Myr的生存記錄,隨后Hindodus屬在早三疊世突然涌入赤道地區(qū),晚二疊世在赤道地區(qū)非常繁盛的Clarkina在早三疊世遷徙到高緯地區(qū)；另外,牙形石小型化事件在華南地區(qū)和岡瓦納地區(qū)都有出現(xiàn)。雖然同時期的華南地區(qū)缺氧環(huán)境廣泛蔓延,氧化或貧氧不斷波動,但色龍沉積環(huán)境顯示為完全氧化條件。因此,本研究表明P-T之交牙形石的分布與變化受古-中生代之交的全球快速升溫事件影響,與缺氧與否無關(guān)。
[Abstract]:The two superposition of the Triassic (P-T) occurred the world's largest geological history of the world's largest biological extinction event, and the pattern and cause of the extinction event has always been the hot spot of the geologists. As a marine microbody with extensive distribution of P-T, the biostratigraphy has been studied in detail, especially in the Southern China region. A high precision dentate biostratigraphy has been established. There are still disputes over whether there is a continuous P-T record in Gondwana. The study of ODONTOS is the basis for a comparative study of global biostratigraphy, event stratigraphy and extinction patterns. In order to improve the total sphere comparison of the biocertists of P-T, this article is in Southern China and Gondwana region. 4 sections (Hunan Cili Gao Hua section, Guizhou Luodian edge Yang section, Guizhou Guanling Xia yweng section and Tibet Nielamu salad section) were used to compare the odontoid rocks between Hindeodus changxingensis zone and Isarcicella isarcica zone at the turn of the P-T. The distribution of the genus odontostite, the evolution of the odontoid, the extinction and miniaturization, and so on. In addition, the redox conditions of the Southern China region were rebuilt by the size distribution of the strawberry pyrite, and the causes of the changes in the intersection of P-T were discussed. The main progress was as follows: 1. through the Cili high profile in Hunan, The biologic stratigraphic study of high precision large dentin is carried out in the Guizhou Bian Yang section, the lower yoneng section and the Zangnan salad section. On the basis of more than 6000 dentate specimens, the following dentate belt is established: the early three fold H. parvus belt and the I. isarcica belt in the Tethys shallow water carbonate platform; the H. changxingensis belt and H of the platform edge slope facies and H The parvus band, the Vjalovognathus carinatus sp. Nov. belt and the H. parvus band in the Gondwana region, and the V.carinatus sp. Nov. zone in the Gondwana region as the youngest Permian dentate belt in the area and the late Changxin order H.changxingensis belt in the Southern China region. In addition, H. parvus was found at the bottom of the microorganism rock in Cili Gao Hua section. Therefore, all of them were divided into the early three fold world, which corrected the statistics of the genera abundances of the conodonts obtained by the previous understanding that this layer was deposited in the Late Permian, and obtained the palaeogeographic characteristics of the P-T conodonts: Hindeodus, Isarcicel. La and Clarkina genera are widely distributed throughout the world. During the Late Permian, the conodont in the Gondwana region was characterized by Mesogondolella and Vjalovognathus and mixed with a small amount of Clarkina; the deepwater area in Southern China was characterized by the prosperity of Clarkina, while a small number of Hindeodus molecules were found in the shallow water. The lower Hindeodus of the early three fold was suddenly large. The influx, especially in the H. parvus belt in the Southern China area of Tethys, is dominant; but at high latitudes the color dragon section is different: Although a large number of Hindeodus genera are emerging in the early three fold, the dominant one is the Clarkina (79%), and Mesogondolella and Vjalovognathus are associated with the P-T biological extinction event in the stratigraphic record. Through the total disappearance of.3., the miniaturization of the early three fold conodont was found in the salad area for the first time. The average area of Hindeodus in the salad section was 1.34mm2 at the lower part of the H. parvus zone and 0.88 mm2 in the upper part of the H. parvus belt, which was also the early three fold teeth in the ancient high latitudes. The first report on the miniaturized events of the.4. is the evolution and extinction of the conodont of P-T, especially the evolution of the cold water type -Vjalovognathus in the Gondwana region, which is characterized by its fine tooth development (the tip eroded Qie Ping). The conodont Vjalovognathus has been established. The youngest Permian new species, V. carinatus sp. Nov., is based on which the discovery of the Vjalovognathus evolution sequence of the Permian.V.carinatus sp. Nov. in the Changxin order in the chrolong region provides solid and reliable evidence for the contrast of the Gondwana region, which can direct the upper part of the chrolong area and the Zewan group in Kashmir. On the basis of the Hunan Cili Gao Hua section and the Xia Yate section of Guanling area of Guizhou, Hunan, the redox conditions of P-T with strawberry like pyrite were rebuilt on the basis of high precision dentate stratigraphy. The results showed that the shallow water area represented by microorganism was the oxygen poor environment, while the lower dionaweng Daye group was a hypoxic ring in the shallow water. The average particle size of the strawberry like pyrite in the microorganism rock is between 7.7-9.1 and m, and the overall show is a poor oxygen environment. The lack of strawberry like pyrite in the Oolitic Limestone indicates that it is deposited in the oxidizing environment. The Permian Changxin formation in the lower Weng area contains unusually abundant biological fossils, including brachiopod and bryophyte. Sponges, lilies, bivalves, tribos and even fossil plants, but to the next three cascade Daye groups recorded in H. parvus, almost all biological fossils are absent. Only a small number of conodont and Claraia sp. are found in the double shell, the horizontal lamina is more developed. The raspberry pyrite particle size is between 4.7 Mu m-8.5 and m, H. parvus band The lower anoxia and oxygen poor environment alternately appear in the middle, and there is an oxidizing interval in the middle, while some strawberry like pyrite in oxygen poor and anoxic deposits is oxidized to iron oxide. By comparing the conodont and redox environment of P-T in the Gondwana region and Southern China area, it is known that the ODONTOS have been damaged in this event, but they are with the marine oxygen. There is no one-to-one correspondence between the reduction conditions and the global rapid warming events. The Mesogondolella and Vjalovognathus of the cold water region of the northern margin of Gondwana in the ancient high latitudes were extinct in the Late Permian, ending its 40 Myr survival record on the earth, and then the Hindodus was suddenly flooded into the equatorial region in the early three fold world, In the Late Permian, the very prosperous Clarkina in the equatorial region migrated to the high latitude area in the early three fold. In addition, the miniaturization of the conodont occurred in Southern China and Gondwana. Although the anoxic environment in the same period of Southern China spread widely, oxidation or oxygen poor fluctuated, the depositional environment of the color dragon showed complete oxidation condition. Therefore, this study shows that the distribution and variation of conodont at the intersection of P-T is affected by the global rapid warming event at the Paleozoic Mesozoic era, and has nothing to do with hypoxia.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：Q915

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