本文選題：南天山 + 庫(kù)車盆地　； 參考：《中國(guó)地震局地質(zhì)研究所》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：由于受到印度—?dú)W亞板塊碰撞遠(yuǎn)程作用的影響,天山自早-中中新世開始重新活動(dòng)并快速隆升。現(xiàn)代GPS數(shù)據(jù)顯示橫跨天山~80°E以西的地殼縮短速率為10-13mm/a,至東部降低為2-5mm/a。天山西部的地殼縮短速率是印度—?dú)W亞板塊匯聚速率45mm/a的四分之一。由于經(jīng)歷了強(qiáng)烈的構(gòu)造變形,天山成為了探索陸—陸碰撞造山機(jī)制和演化歷史的天然實(shí)驗(yàn)室。儀器和歷史記錄的綜合地震資料顯示天山地區(qū)的活動(dòng)變形主要集中在其南北兩側(cè)山麓地帶。然而,地質(zhì)時(shí)間尺度的天山山前地殼縮短速率由于欠佳的年代學(xué)約束而存在很多爭(zhēng)議。同時(shí),雖然由GPS所計(jì)算的現(xiàn)代縮短速率十分準(zhǔn)確,但因?yàn)閮煞矫嬖蚨荒芎?jiǎn)單地用來(lái)理解造山過(guò)程。一方面,GPS速率僅代表十分狹窄時(shí)間窗內(nèi)的縮短速率,因而必然會(huì)受到主要毗鄰斷層之上幕式滑動(dòng)事件相伴的彈性應(yīng)變釋放的顯著影響;另一方面,造山過(guò)程本質(zhì)上是非彈性的,但由GPS導(dǎo)出的應(yīng)變既包含非彈性部分又包含彈性部分。因此,我們?nèi)孕枰?jì)算一個(gè)準(zhǔn)確的、長(zhǎng)期的,并且獨(dú)立于大地變形速率的匯聚縮短速率。天山南緣的山麓地帶是典型的前陸褶皺逆沖帶,也是塔里木盆地的最北緣,在新近紀(jì)和第四紀(jì)持續(xù)沉降,同時(shí)也記錄了這一時(shí)期天山和塔里木盆地之間的相互作用。本文的研究區(qū)位于南天山山前的庫(kù)車盆地。堆積于庫(kù)車盆地內(nèi)部的巨厚新生代沉積物已遭受了強(qiáng)烈變形從而形成了一個(gè)復(fù)雜逆斷裂褶皺帶,也就是我們稱之為的庫(kù)車逆斷裂褶皺帶。在廣泛觀察的基礎(chǔ)上,我們通常認(rèn)為庫(kù)車逆沖推覆前緣是通過(guò)薄皮式逆斷裂褶皺帶向盆地方向遷移的。我們?cè)谝巴鈱?shí)際觀察中發(fā)現(xiàn)庫(kù)車盆地內(nèi)亞肯背斜帶、秋里塔格背斜帶和喀桑托開背斜帶在晚第四紀(jì)均是活動(dòng)的。隨著庫(kù)車盆地內(nèi)部石油勘探的不斷深入,其深部構(gòu)造信息不斷被揭露,尤其是其深部的隱伏斷層。庫(kù)車逆斷裂褶皺帶下部存在一個(gè)低角度的主滑脫逆沖斷層,其上存在大量復(fù)合及對(duì)沖斷層。這些斷層有些是活動(dòng)的,并且吸納了天山—塔里木盆地邊緣現(xiàn)今的地殼縮短;另外一些則是不活動(dòng)斷層。目前僅僅憑借地震反射剖面,我們很難判斷這些斷層的活動(dòng)性。通過(guò)利用二維簡(jiǎn)單斷層位錯(cuò)模型擬合晚第四紀(jì)地表變形速率來(lái)確定深部斷層活動(dòng)性及滑脫面上的滑動(dòng)速率分布。其中,晚第四紀(jì)地表變形數(shù)據(jù)基于構(gòu)造地貌制圖和宇宙成因核素10Be測(cè)年。本文所取得的結(jié)論總結(jié)如下:(1)在庫(kù)車逆斷裂褶皺帶中,地表變形通過(guò)對(duì)已變形的地貌面進(jìn)行絕對(duì)定年來(lái)定量化。在地表沒(méi)有風(fēng)化侵蝕的前提假設(shè)下,我們得到所有被測(cè)地貌面的最小暴露年齡。所有年齡結(jié)果分布在3個(gè)區(qū)間內(nèi),分別為:125.4~140ka、43.9~79.9ka和18.9~26.2ka。我們將其與晚第四紀(jì)溫度曲線進(jìn)行對(duì)比,發(fā)現(xiàn)并不是所有的年齡結(jié)果都有幕式氣候波動(dòng)相對(duì)應(yīng)。同時(shí),我們不能忽略區(qū)域構(gòu)造作用的影響,它在地貌面保留上起到了非常關(guān)鍵的作用。(2)通過(guò)一步一步不斷推進(jìn)的模擬顯示,在一階近似中,在前陸沉積楔中的變形總體上來(lái)說(shuō)是因?yàn)橹骰搶由舷蛏喜粩鄿p小滑動(dòng)速率產(chǎn)生的,并且促進(jìn)了老斷層的重新活動(dòng)。亞肯背斜僅是由低角度滑脫斷層的終端效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生的,它的變形幅度與斷層前沿的滑動(dòng)速率呈正比。滑脫面向下伸展段幾乎并不對(duì)亞肯背斜地表變形產(chǎn)生任何影響。與之毗鄰的秋里塔格背斜是由位于主滑脫面上的斷坡和向上減小的滑動(dòng)速率共同作用產(chǎn)生的。在深入天山內(nèi)部的滑脫面北端的斷坪—斷坡—斷坪構(gòu)造造成了喀桑托開背斜帶內(nèi)的構(gòu)造隆升和輕微掀斜。模擬曲線還顯示更北地區(qū)的靠近天山山前和天山內(nèi)部幾乎沒(méi)有地殼隆升。但是這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)仍需要更多的地質(zhì)證據(jù)加以約束。(3)不斷推進(jìn)的反演模擬同時(shí)給出了晚第四紀(jì)橫跨天山的地殼縮短速率。通過(guò)與秋里塔格背斜T2和T1,3地貌面變形擬合所計(jì)算的縮短速率分別為11.54~12.96mm/a和10.92~12.11mm/a。但是值得注意的是,因?yàn)榛诘乇砹闱治g假設(shè)所計(jì)算的地貌面年齡為最小暴露年齡,計(jì)算所得的均為最大地殼縮短速率。(4)研究區(qū)內(nèi)大部分晚第四紀(jì)地表變形均是由深部隱伏滑脫斷層產(chǎn)生的。但是,之前的研究成果報(bào)道在秋里塔格背斜帶和喀桑托開背斜帶南北翼發(fā)育大量斷續(xù)、短跡線的活動(dòng)斷層斷錯(cuò)了晚第四紀(jì)地貌面。我們認(rèn)為這些地表斷層都是主滑脫斷層的次級(jí)斷層。
[Abstract]:Due to the impact of the long-range impact of the India Eurasian plate collision, the Tianshan mountains began to reactivate and quickly uplifted from the early Middle Miocene to the middle Miocene. Modern GPS data showed that the crustal shortening rate across the west of the Tianshan ~80 E was 10-13mm/a, and the crustal shortening rate in the eastern part of the eastern 2-5mm/a. Tianshan Mountains was the convergence rate of the India Eurasian plate 45mm/. 1/4 of a. Due to the strong tectonic deformation, Tianshan has become a natural laboratory for exploring the land land collision orogenic mechanism and evolution history. The comprehensive seismic data of instrument and historical records show that the activity deformation of Tianshan area is mainly concentrated in the piedmont of the north and south sides. The rate of shell shortening has a lot of controversy due to the poor chronological constraints. While the modern shortening rate calculated by GPS is very accurate, it can not be simply used to understand the orogenic process for two reasons. On the one hand, the GPS rate represents only the shortening rate within a very narrow time window, so it is bound to be mainly adjacent to it. On the other hand, the orogenic process is essentially inelastic, but the strain derived by GPS includes both the inelastic and the elastic. Therefore, we still need to calculate an accurate, long-term, and independent convergence speed of the deformation rate. The piedmont area of the southern margin of the Tianshan Mountain is a typical foreland fold thrust belt and the northern margin of the Tarim Basin. It continues to settle in the Neogene and quaternary periods, and also records the interaction between the Tianshan and Tarim basins in this period. The study area is located in the Kuche basin in front of the South Tianshan Mountain. The huge Cenozoic sediments have been strongly deformed and formed a complex reverse fault fold belt, which is called the Kuche reverse fault fold belt. On the basis of extensive observation, we usually think that the front edge of the Kuche thrust nappe is migrated to the basin by a thin skin type reverse fault fold belt. It is found that the inner subken anticline belt in the Kuche basin, the kurintag anticline and the kharsanto open anticline are all active in the late Quaternary. With the deepening of the oil exploration in the Kuche basin, the deep tectonic information is constantly exposed, especially the hidden faults in the deep part of the basin. There is a low angle in the lower part of the Kuche reverse fault fold belt. There are a large number of complex and hedging faults on the main slip faults. Some of these faults are active and absorb today's crustal shortening at the edge of the Tianshan Tarim Basin; others are inactive faults. At present, only by the seismic reflection profile, we are very difficult to judge the activity of these faults. By using two-dimensional simple. The fault dislocation model fitted the late Quaternary surface deformation rate to determine the activity of deep faults and the sliding velocity distribution on the slippage surface. The late Quaternary surface deformation data were based on the tectonic geomorphology mapping and the cosmic genetic nuclide 10Be dating. The conclusions of this paper are summarized as follows: (1) the surface deformation in the Kuche reverse fault fold belt The deformed geomorphic surface is quantified by absolute dating. Under the assumption that the surface has no weathering erosion, we get the minimum exposure age for all the geomorphic surfaces. The results of all ages are distributed in 3 intervals: 125.4~140ka, 43.9~79.9ka and 18.9~ 26.2ka., which we do with the late Quaternary temperature curve. At the same time, we can not ignore the effect of episodic climate fluctuations. At the same time, we can not ignore the effect of regional tectonics, and it plays a very important role in the reservation of geomorphology. (2) through the step by step the simulation shows that in the first order near, the deformation in the foreland sedimentary wedge is generally speaking. Because the sliding rate of the main sliding layer is continuously reduced and the old fault is reactivated. The anacid anticline is produced only by the terminal effect of the low angle slip fault, and its deformation amplitude is proportional to the sliding rate of the fault front. The contiguous Chu tge anticline, which is adjacent to it, is produced by the joint action of the broken slope on the main slipping surface and the sliding speed decreasing upward. The tectonic uplift and slight tilting in the kashanto open anticline belt in the north end of the slipping surface inside the Tianshan Mountains resulted in the tectonic uplift and slight tilting in the kashanto open anticline zone. The simulation curve also shows the north. There is almost no crustal uplift in the area near the Tianshan Mountains and the Tianshan Mountains. But this view still needs more geological evidence to be constrained. (3) the continuous advances in the inversion simulation also give the crustal shortening rate of the late Quaternary across the Tianshan Mountains. The shortening rate calculated by fitting the T2 and T1,3 geomorphic surface deformation to the Kurtag anticline It is 11.54~12.96mm/a and 10.92~12.11mm/a., but it is worth noting that the maximum crustal shortening rate calculated by the calculated geomorphic age based on the surface zero erosion assumption is the maximum crustal shortening. (4) most of the late Quaternary surface deformation in the study area is produced by deep concealed slip faults. The previous research results reported that the north and South wings of the anticlinal anticline belt and the kaisao anticlinal belt were widely developed, and the active faults of the short traces had broken the late Quaternary geomorphic surface.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)地震局地質(zhì)研究所
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P542

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