本文選題：鄭汴一體化 + 尺度��； 參考：《河南大學(xué)》2016年博士論文

【摘要】：近幾十年來,城市化進(jìn)程在全球快速推進(jìn),城市用地不斷向外圍拓展。城市化的發(fā)展推進(jìn)了社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,但也帶來了一系列環(huán)境問題,城市化區(qū)域已經(jīng)成為生態(tài)脆弱區(qū)。研究區(qū)屬于中國城市化發(fā)展的代表區(qū)域,位于河南省鄭州市和開封市的城市對(duì)接區(qū)域,是鄭汴一體化的核心區(qū)域。近十幾年來研究區(qū)的景觀格局發(fā)生了很大變化,但景觀格局的具體變化程度(是否與規(guī)劃目標(biāo)相吻合),對(duì)區(qū)域環(huán)境(生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù))的影響怎樣,是當(dāng)?shù)卣腿罕娯酱私獾膯栴}。本文采用景觀生態(tài)學(xué)為主,多學(xué)科融合的方法,探討研究區(qū)2000～2015年間的景觀格局變化以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的響應(yīng)問題,嘗試為國家政策實(shí)施提供檢驗(yàn),為解決中國當(dāng)代城市化發(fā)展中的環(huán)境問題提供決策參考。主要研究結(jié)論如下:(1)鄭汴一體化的核心區(qū)域的景觀格局的最佳研究尺度為20m×20m,而梯度分析的最佳尺度為半徑1000m左右的幅度。(2)選取適合研究區(qū)的景觀格局指數(shù)斑塊個(gè)數(shù)(NP)、總邊界長度(TE)、最大斑塊所占景觀面積的比例(LPI)、多樣性指數(shù)(SHDI)、周長面積分維數(shù)(PAFRAC)、景觀類型面積百分比(PLAND)對(duì)研究區(qū)不同時(shí)期的景觀格局進(jìn)行分析:景觀水平上:2005～2015年,研究區(qū)景觀破碎化程度加大,斑塊數(shù)量增加了32.38%,2010到2015年是景觀破碎化程度加大的主要時(shí)期,破碎化對(duì)這一時(shí)期的農(nóng)田影響較大。從梯度上分析,研究區(qū)東西兩端景觀變化比中央快;西部(靠近鄭州段)的景觀變化大于東部(靠近開封段)景觀變化;西部景觀變化表現(xiàn)在斑塊數(shù)量、斑塊形狀等,東部在景觀要素類型變化上比西部快。類型水平上:水域在整個(gè)研究區(qū)不屬于優(yōu)勢景觀要素,在整個(gè)研究期所占的面積百分比為3.68%～5.37%。2005～2015年,水域的總面積和平均面積都逐漸增大,斑塊個(gè)數(shù)逐漸降低。水域變化受人為影響比較大,主要是在城市化進(jìn)程中,小的坑塘逐漸消失,同時(shí)出現(xiàn)了一些人工湖泊,其中2005～2010年最為顯著;農(nóng)田在整個(gè)研究時(shí)期屬于優(yōu)勢景觀要素,也是變化最大的景觀要素。農(nóng)田面積從2005年占總面積的79.01%降為2015年的60.01%。農(nóng)田受人為影響較大,具體表現(xiàn)在其邊界復(fù)雜化程度持續(xù)降低和景觀破碎化的程度加大;林地的斑塊數(shù)量和總體面積處于上升趨勢,林地的形狀相對(duì)規(guī)整,規(guī)劃中人工林的大量種植是其景觀格局變化的主要原因;建設(shè)用地屬于研究區(qū)次優(yōu)勢的景觀要素,在短短的十年間,建設(shè)用地的面積從占總面積的9.20%上升到23.84%。從景觀格局指數(shù)上分析,建設(shè)用地幾乎沒有受到景觀破碎化的影響,其形狀也最為規(guī)整;未利用地在整個(gè)研究期總面積均比較小,但其面積和斑塊數(shù)量逐時(shí)期降低,說明土地利用強(qiáng)度持續(xù)增大。研究區(qū)在2005到2010年間出現(xiàn)大的未利用地斑塊,主要是由于這一時(shí)期處于建設(shè)的初期,拆遷工程較多,形成很多拆遷廢棄地,本研究將其劃為未利用地。(3)研究區(qū)建設(shè)用地的增加絕大部分來自農(nóng)田的轉(zhuǎn)化,未利用地也主要轉(zhuǎn)化為建設(shè)用地,林地和水域面積的增加主要來自于農(nóng)田。從驅(qū)動(dòng)力角度分析,人文因素是研究區(qū)2005～2015年景觀格局變化的主要驅(qū)動(dòng)力,其中2005年到2010年的人文影響較大。(4)采用優(yōu)化后的馬爾科夫數(shù)學(xué)模型對(duì)2020年的景觀格局進(jìn)行了預(yù)測,發(fā)現(xiàn)目前研究區(qū)的景觀變化進(jìn)度略低于預(yù)期目標(biāo),即政府為實(shí)現(xiàn)研究期2020年的目標(biāo),需要加快建設(shè)進(jìn)度。(5)采用Invest模型等方法對(duì)研究區(qū)調(diào)節(jié)服務(wù)(碳儲(chǔ)量)、供給服務(wù)(小麥產(chǎn)量)、支持服務(wù)(生境質(zhì)量)、文化服務(wù)(景觀美學(xué))四類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)進(jìn)行研究。結(jié)果表明:研究區(qū)四類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)在2005～2015年均處于下降的趨勢;隨后結(jié)合生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的量化方法,對(duì)四類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)提出了切實(shí)可行的管理建議,具體如下:①碳儲(chǔ)量:從景觀要素層面,如提高研究區(qū)碳儲(chǔ)量,應(yīng)優(yōu)先增加林地面積,其次是增加水域和農(nóng)田面積,而建設(shè)用地和未利用地面積變化對(duì)碳儲(chǔ)量影響不大。從碳儲(chǔ)量載體層面,一種方式是通過加大種植密度,豐富種植層次,甚至更換碳儲(chǔ)量高的樹種等方式來提高生物量碳儲(chǔ)量,另一種方式是采取適當(dāng)?shù)霓r(nóng)耕、灌溉等措施通過提高土壤碳儲(chǔ)量的方法來提高研究區(qū)碳儲(chǔ)量。②生境質(zhì)量:對(duì)研究區(qū)生境質(zhì)量保護(hù),首先應(yīng)優(yōu)先保護(hù)生境稀缺性程度高的區(qū)域。農(nóng)田在整個(gè)研究區(qū)所占面積最大,是研究區(qū)生態(tài)環(huán)境的基礎(chǔ),在研究期受破壞程度最大,生境稀缺性最高,因此在制定土地利用政策應(yīng)該優(yōu)先保護(hù)農(nóng)田,其次是保護(hù)研究區(qū)的水域(坑塘和水渠)和林地,而建設(shè)用地和未利用地的升值稀缺性較低;如提高生境質(zhì)量可以優(yōu)先提高生境質(zhì)量高的景觀類型面積,如水域和林地,其次是農(nóng)田,最后是未利用和建設(shè)用地。③美學(xué)價(jià)值:增加美學(xué)價(jià)值,應(yīng)優(yōu)先提高水域和林地的面積,其次是農(nóng)田,在沒有特色建筑的情況下,建設(shè)用地面積越小,美學(xué)價(jià)值越高。④小麥產(chǎn)量:提高小麥產(chǎn)量,第一是增加種植面積,限制研究區(qū)大面積的農(nóng)田轉(zhuǎn)化為非農(nóng)業(yè)用地;第二是提高單位面積產(chǎn)量,即通過一些水肥管理、農(nóng)作措施等,提高單位面積產(chǎn)量。(6)對(duì)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)之間的關(guān)系進(jìn)行了重新分類。具體分為:權(quán)衡相關(guān)、協(xié)同相關(guān)、單向相關(guān),復(fù)合相關(guān)和變化相關(guān)五類。隨后采用生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)動(dòng)態(tài)的當(dāng)量因子法和本文研究的方法對(duì)研究區(qū)多種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)之間的相互關(guān)系進(jìn)行兩個(gè)時(shí)段的動(dòng)態(tài)對(duì)比評(píng)價(jià)。本文所研究的四類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù),只有協(xié)同服務(wù)類型,共兩種,屬于1 vs 1的類型,分別是固碳服務(wù)和美學(xué)景觀,它們變化趨勢相同,在兩個(gè)研究期都屬于先上升后下降;小麥生產(chǎn)和生境質(zhì)量,變化趨勢相同,兩個(gè)時(shí)期都處于下降狀態(tài)。(7)引入生物學(xué)上物種與環(huán)境的分析方法,在Canoco 4.5的平臺(tái)支持下,分析了研究區(qū)三類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)(碳儲(chǔ)量、景觀美學(xué)、小麥產(chǎn)量)對(duì)五種景觀格局指數(shù)(NP、TE、LPI、PAFRAC、SHDI)的變化響應(yīng)。結(jié)果表明,LPI與三類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)呈正相關(guān),其他四種景觀格局指數(shù)與三類生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)。本研究通過對(duì)鄭汴一體化區(qū)域的景觀格局變化以及生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)的響應(yīng)進(jìn)行研究,有助于理解城市化過程對(duì)區(qū)域環(huán)境的影響。同時(shí),本研究對(duì)景觀格局變化下的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)研究提供了新的思路,比如生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)關(guān)系的分類研究和生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)關(guān)系的多時(shí)段研究等;本文在生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)研究的基礎(chǔ)上也給出了研究區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)服務(wù)管理的具體建議,可以為相關(guān)研究和政策制定提供參考依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:In recent decades, the process of urbanization has been advancing rapidly in the world, and the urban land is expanding to the periphery continuously. The development of urbanization has promoted the development of social economy, but also brought a series of environmental problems. The urbanization area has become an ecological fragile area. The research area belongs to the representative area of China's urbanization development, which is located in Zhengzhou and open in Henan province. The city docking area of the city is the core area of the integration of Zhengzhou and Kaifeng. The landscape pattern of the research area has changed a lot in the last decade, but the extent of the change of the landscape pattern (whether it is consistent with the planning target) and the influence on the regional environment (ecosystem service) is an urgent problem for the local government and the masses. The landscape ecology and multidisciplinary integration method are used to discuss the landscape pattern changes and the response of ecosystem services in the 2000~2015 years of the study area, and try to provide a test for the implementation of the national policy. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Zheng Bian integration The best study scale of the landscape pattern in the core area is 20m x 20m, and the optimum scale of the gradient analysis is the radius of about 1000m. (2) the number of landscape index patches (NP), the total boundary length (TE), the proportion of the maximum patches (LPI), the diversity index (SHDI) and the circumference area fractal dimension (PAFRA) are selected for the study area. C), landscape type area percentage (PLAND) analysis of the landscape pattern of different period in the study area: landscape level: 2005~2015 years, the degree of landscape fragmentation in the study area increased, the number of patches increased by 32.38%, from 2010 to 2015 was the main period of increasing the degree of landscape fragmentation. The landscape changes at both ends of the study area are faster than that in the central area; the landscape changes in the West (near the Zhengzhou section) are greater than that in the East (near the Kaifeng section), and the changes in the western landscape are shown in the number of patches, the shape of patches and so on. The East is faster than the western part of the landscape element type. Landscape elements, the percentage of area occupied in the whole study period is 3.68% ~ 5.37%.2005 ~ 2015, the total area and average area of water area are increasing gradually, and the number of patches is gradually reduced. The change of water area is greatly influenced by human beings, mainly in the process of urbanization, small ponds gradually disappear, and some artificial lakes appear at the same time, of which 2005 of them are in the process of urbanization. The farmland is the dominant landscape element in the whole study period, and it is also the most important landscape element in the whole study period. The farmland area from 79.01% of the total area in 2005 to 2015 60.01%. farmland is greatly influenced by human beings. The number and total area of the patch are on the rise, the shape of the woodland is relatively regular, and the large number of plantation in the planned plantation is the main reason for the change of landscape pattern. The construction land belongs to the dominant landscape element in the study area. In the short ten years, the area of the construction land has risen from 9.20% of the total area to 23.84%. from the landscape pattern. The analysis shows that the construction land is almost unaffected by the landscape fragmentation and its shape is most regular; the total area of the unused land is small in the whole study period, but the area and the number of patches are reduced by a period, indicating that the land use intensity continues to increase. The major unused patches, mainly from 2005 to 2010, are mainly from the research area. At the beginning of the period of construction, there were many demolition projects and many demolition wasteland was formed, and this study was divided into unused land. (3) the increase of most of the construction land in the study area is from the transformation of farmland, the unused land is mainly converted into construction land, and the increase of the land and water area mainly comes from the farmland. From the angle of driving force Analysis, the human factors are the main driving force of the landscape pattern change in the 2005~2015 years of the study area, among which the humanistic influence from 2005 to 2010 is larger. (4) the landscape pattern of 2020 was predicted by the optimized Markoff mathematical model, and the landscape change progress of the present study area was slightly lower than the expected goal, that is, the government for the research. The goal of 2020 is to speed up the construction progress. (5) Invest model and other methods are used to study the research area regulation service (carbon reserves), supply service (wheat yield), support service (habitat quality), and cultural services (landscape aesthetics) four types of ecosystem services. The results show that the four types of ecosystem services in the study area are in the average of 2005~2015 years. It is in the downward trend, and then combined with the quantitative method of ecosystem services, it puts forward practical and feasible management suggestions for the four types of ecosystem services. The following is as follows: 1. From the landscape element level, for example, to increase the carbon reserves of the research area, the area of the forest land should be increased first, the second is to increase the area of water and farmland, and the construction land and the failure. The change of land area has little influence on carbon reserves. From the level of carbon storage carrier, one way is to increase the biomass carbon reserves by increasing planting density, enriching the planting level, and even changing the tree species with high carbon reserves. The other way is to improve the soil carbon reserves by means of appropriate farming and irrigation. The carbon reserves of the research area. 2. Habitat quality: to protect the habitat quality of the research area, first of all, we should give priority to protecting the area with high habitat scarcity. Farmland occupies the largest area in the whole research area. It is the basis of the ecological environment in the study area, the most damaged degree in the study period and the highest habitat scarcity, so the policy of land use should be given priority. The protection of farmland, followed by the protection of the waters of the research area (ponds and canals) and woodlands, and the low appreciation of construction land and unused land; for example, the improvement of habitat quality can give priority to improving the area of the landscape type with high habitat quality, such as water and woodland, followed by farmland, and finally the unused and construction land. To learn value, the area of water and woodland should be raised first, followed by farmland. In the absence of characteristic buildings, the smaller the area of the construction land is, the higher the aesthetic value is. (4) the yield of wheat: increase the yield of wheat, the first is to increase the planting area, and limit the large area of the agricultural field into non agricultural land, and the second is to increase the yield per unit area, That is, through some water and fertilizer management, farming measures, and so on, increase the output of unit area. (6) the relationship between ecosystem services is reclassified. It is divided into five categories: trade-offs, synergy, unidirectional correlation, complex correlation and change related. Then, the method of equivalent factor of ecosystem service dynamic and the method of this study are adopted. The relationship between the various ecosystem services in the study area is evaluated dynamically for two periods of time. The four types of ecosystem services studied in this paper are only the types of cooperative services, which belong to two types, which belong to 1 vs 1. They are carbon fixation services and aesthetic landscapes. They have the same trend of change, and they are all up and down in the two research period. The change trend of wheat production and habitat is the same, the two periods are in decline. (7) the analysis method of biological species and environment is introduced, and under the support of Canoco 4.5 platform, three kinds of ecosystem services (carbon storage, landscape aesthetics, wheat yield) in the study area are analyzed for five landscape pattern index (NP, TE, LPI, PAFRAC, SHDI). The results show that LPI has a positive correlation with the three types of ecosystem services, and the other four landscape patterns are negatively related to the three types of ecosystem services. This study is helpful to understand the urbanization process to the regional environment through the study of the landscape pattern changes and the response of the ecosystem services in the Zhengzhou and Kaifeng integrated region. At the same time, this study provides new ideas for the study of ecosystem services under the change of landscape pattern, such as the classification of the ecosystem services and the multi period study of the ecosystem service relationship. This paper also gives some specific suggestions on the management of ecosystem services in the research area on the basis of the Research of ecosystem services. It provides reference for related research and policy formulation.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：河南大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：P901

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