本文選題：底棲動物 + 淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)�。� 參考：《山東大學》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)在人類社會中扮演著非常重要的角色。由于城市生活用水和工農(nóng)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展,人為干擾嚴重影響了水質(zhì),淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)遭受了嚴重的破壞,引起生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的退化。對河流進行生態(tài)恢復和健康評估,是有效恢復淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)健康的前提和基礎,已成為近年來生態(tài)學的熱點研究。底棲動物在發(fā)達國家已經(jīng)作為一種常用的生物學評價手段,而我國學者也逐步開始利用大型底棲無脊椎動物作為評價水質(zhì)的指示生物,引進國外成熟的評估體系對我國各類淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)進行生物學評價。但目前大多評價體系對數(shù)據(jù)需求量大,需要大量基礎工作的累積,學術性、專業(yè)性強,建模要求高。我國自然環(huán)境多樣性高、人為擾動復雜,探究國內(nèi)影響底棲動物分布模式的因素,建立適用于我國的底棲動物評價體系有重要意義。徒駭河、馬頰河是流經(jīng)山東北部的兩條重要的河流。"十二五"期間,徒駭河、馬頰河流域開展了大規(guī)模污水治理與濕地修復工程,河流水質(zhì)逐步改善中。本文以徒駭河、馬頰河、趙牛河人工濕地為研究案例,在調(diào)查河流水系分布、水質(zhì)與底質(zhì)、生境要素等的基礎上,依據(jù)多年底棲動物群落特征的數(shù)據(jù),深入分析了徒駭河、馬頰河流域乃至全國湖泊的底棲動物群落對環(huán)境特征的響應:通過文獻調(diào)研與群落調(diào)查,依據(jù)徒駭河、馬頰河水文特征與底棲動物群落結構,建立以指示物種為主的河流健康評價體系,并對趙牛河人工濕地生態(tài)恢復作用進行了評估,同時從物種豐富度出發(fā),分析底棲動物群落與多種環(huán)境因素的關系,驗證橋梁建設對河流生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的健康具有重要影響�？紤]到河流與湖泊之間的相互影響,本文還拓展研究內(nèi)容,利用多年來中國范圍內(nèi)湖泊底棲動物研究的數(shù)據(jù),對中國的62個湖泊底棲動物的豐富度與多種湖泊環(huán)境因素進行皮爾遜相關性分析,揭示大尺度上湖泊底棲動物的種-流域面積分布模式。在研究過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)底棲動物研究存在采樣與計數(shù)工作量大,物種鑒別困難,稀有種去除具有爭議的現(xiàn)狀,因此本文利用2001-2015年已發(fā)表的相關文獻,建立全國范圍的底棲動物數(shù)據(jù)庫并構建假想模型,分析稀有種在生物學指數(shù)中的地位,驗證多種底棲動物指數(shù)對稀有種去除的響應機制。本文主要研究結果如下:流域調(diào)查結果顯示,徒駭河、馬頰河干流共收集到底棲動物16種,趙牛河人工濕地采集到18種,干流與人工濕群落物種組成差異較大,由于優(yōu)勢種不同,各樣點底棲動物群落多度、豐富度差異也很大。趙牛河人工濕地對底棲動物群落有明顯的恢復作用。盡管采取了多種生態(tài)系統(tǒng)恢復手段,但目前國際常用的評價體系不適用于徒駭河、馬頰河流域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)退化較嚴重的區(qū)域。為建立適用于徒駭河、馬頰河流域的底棲動物評價體系,通過人工濕地示范工程進行生態(tài)恢復前后的比較,依據(jù)當?shù)厮|(zhì)、水文學特征等因素,以趙牛河人工濕地為參照體系建立了適用于徒駭河、馬頰河的底棲動物指示物種的評價體系。對徒駭河、馬頰河干流橋梁附近的底棲動物群落與未受橋墩影響的群落進行對比的結果顯示,在已經(jīng)遭受人為干擾的徒駭河與馬頰河,橋墩引起的河岸淤積會進一步影響底棲動物的群落結構。橋下點與參照點群落結構有顯著相關性,其中密度、生物量豐富度、與香農(nóng)-威納多樣性指數(shù)相關性分別達到(0.961、0.931、0.930與0.603),并且橋下點與參照點底棲動物的群落在密度與生物量上的分配十分接近,但是底棲動物的豐富度與物種組成有顯著的差異。淤積引起的生境片段化會導致底棲動物群落結構的退化,因此為保證河流生態(tài)環(huán)境的健康,在橋梁建設過程中底棲動物生境的保護問題值得關注。通過對底棲動物多樣性與湖區(qū)面積、水容量、流域面積、平均水深、平均礦化度、平均氣溫與平均降雨量對國內(nèi)62個湖泊的環(huán)境與生物特征進行相關性分析。結果表明底棲動物與流域面積、湖區(qū)面積、水容量有顯著相關性,其中與流域面積的相關性最為顯著(R~2=0.380,p0.001)。僅有東部地區(qū)的湖泊的底棲動物豐富度與湖泊水量呈正相關(R~2=0.220,p0.001);東部、西部湖泊的湖區(qū)面積均與底棲動物豐富度呈正相關(R~2=0.280,p0.001;R~2=0.533,p=0.002),但西部未受干擾的地區(qū)相關性更顯著。底棲動物多樣性在人為擾動較少的湖泊,與湖泊面積的相關性更顯著;而在人為擾動較多的湖泊則與水容量相關性更顯著。這表明東部地區(qū)的湖泊的底棲動物群落的豐富度更易受到湖水容量變化帶來的影響,而處于自然狀態(tài)下的底棲動物群落則有可能對洪水與干旱產(chǎn)生的水量變化有一定的抵抗能力。此外,大尺度上底棲動物物種豐富度分布模式與經(jīng)典種面積曲線定義的分布規(guī)律不同,雖然底棲動物物種豐富度與湖泊面積和其流域面積均有顯著相關性,但總體來講,不論在東部、西部地區(qū)還是全國范圍內(nèi),流域面積的大小與物種豐富度的相關性更顯著,形成了種-流域面積的分布特征。底棲動物多樣性與環(huán)境因素的關系是研究底棲動物群落結構的重要視角,它能為底棲動物多樣性研究與保護工作的開展提供重要的理論支持。基于不同生物學指數(shù)對稀有種去除會產(chǎn)生不同響應的假設,本文利用15年已發(fā)表底棲動物的數(shù)據(jù)建立假想模型,對香農(nóng)-威納多樣性指數(shù)、辛普森多樣性指數(shù)、馬格列夫多樣性指數(shù)、均勻度、BMWP評分系統(tǒng)(Biological Monitoring Working Party)與ASPT(Average Score Per Taxon)評分系統(tǒng)進行假想模型的測試。假想模型的結果表明與其他生物學指數(shù)相比,常見種在辛普森多樣性指數(shù)占據(jù)極高的地位。僅考慮物種多樣性的馬格列夫與底棲動物專用的BMWP指標中有一定的比重,而在稀有種在經(jīng)典的香農(nóng)-威納多樣性指數(shù)占有較小的比重。經(jīng)典的多樣性指數(shù)更注重群落的均勻程度,在隨著稀有種去除,均勻程度會略微增加并超過真實值。而ASPT評分系統(tǒng)對稀有種去除沒有產(chǎn)生有規(guī)律的響應。在該研究的基礎上,利用南四湖5年的底棲動物群落結構數(shù)據(jù)對香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù)的響應進行驗證,結果表明在利用香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù)進行生物學評估時,適度的稀有種去除不會對香農(nóng)多樣性指數(shù)結果產(chǎn)生顯著影響。通過理論與實地研究結合所得出生物學指數(shù)對稀有種去除的響應,能有效的減少在物種采集、鑒定時的工作量,顯著提高工作效率,對改善當前中國眾多淡水生態(tài)系統(tǒng)缺乏底棲動物群落數(shù)據(jù)的局面有重要的作用。綜上所述,本文從人為擾動、環(huán)境因素、方法優(yōu)化等多方面對底棲動物進行了系統(tǒng)的研究。通過徒駭河、馬頰河流域的底棲動物群落的案例建立了適用于已退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的河流生態(tài)健康評價體系,成功對趙牛河人工濕地的恢復狀況進行了評估。對徒駭河、馬頰河干流的底棲動物群落進行分析,證實了橋墩對底棲動物群落的影響,認為橋梁建設的過程中對生物群落的干擾不容忽視。分析底棲動物大尺度的分布模式,提出底棲動物特有的種-流域面積分布規(guī)律。總結出多種生物學指數(shù)與稀有種的關系,依據(jù)實際情況采用合理的生物學指標與二次取樣方法,能有效地增加底棲動物采集鑒定時的效率與準確性,能為全國開展大規(guī)模底棲動物群落調(diào)查的方法改進提供科學依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:The freshwater ecosystem plays a very important role in the human society. Due to the rapid development of urban living water and industry and agriculture, human disturbance has seriously affected the water quality. The freshwater ecosystem has been severely damaged and caused the degradation of the ecosystem. The ecological restoration and health assessment of the river is an effective restoration of the freshwater ecosystem. The precondition and foundation of the general health have become a hot study of ecology in recent years. Benthic animals have been used as a common biological evaluation method in developed countries, and Chinese scholars have gradually begun to use large benthic invertebrates as indicator organisms to evaluate water quality, and introduced into foreign mature assessment systems for all kinds of freshwater in our country. The ecological system carries out biological evaluation. But at present, most of the evaluation systems have great demand for data. It needs a lot of accumulation of basic work, academic, professional, and high modeling requirements. The diversity of natural environment in China is high and the human disturbance is complex, and the factors affecting the distribution pattern of benthic animals in China are explored, and the assessment of benthic animal evaluation in China is established. The price system is of great significance. The river and the Ma cheek River are two important rivers flowing through northern Shandong. During the "12th Five-Year", a large-scale sewage treatment and wetland restoration project was carried out in the river basin and the MEK cheek River Basin. The water quality of the river was gradually improved. This article is a case study of the river, the horse cheek River and the artificial wetland of the Zhao cattle River. Based on the data of the characteristics of the benthic Zoobenthos Community, the response to environmental characteristics of the benthic Zoobenthos Community in the thuhh River, the Ma cheek River Basin and the whole country was analyzed on the basis of the data of the characteristics of the benthic Zoobenthos Community. The hydrological characteristics of the river, the horse cheek River and the benthic animal community were based on the literature survey and the community investigation. Establish a river health evaluation system based on indicator species, and evaluate the ecological restoration effect of the Zhao cattle River artificial wetland. At the same time, from the species richness, the relationship between the benthic animal community and various environmental factors is analyzed. It is proved that the bridge construction has an important influence on the health of the river ecosystem. In this paper, the research content is also expanded. Using the data of the study of benthic Zoobenthos in China for many years, the richness of benthic Zoobenthos in 62 lakes in China and the environmental factors of a variety of lakes are analyzed by Pearson. It is found that the study of benthic zoobenthos has a large amount of sampling and counting work, difficult species identification, and the current situation of rare species removal. Therefore, this paper uses relevant literature published in 2001-2015 years to establish a national zoobenthos database and construct a hypothetical model, analyzing the status of rare species in biological index, and verifying a variety of factors. The response mechanism of benthic animal index to rare species removal. The main results of this paper are as follows: the results of the basin survey showed that 16 species of arboreal animals were collected in the river and the main stream of the horse cheek River, 18 species were collected from the artificial wetland of the Zhao cattle River, and the species composition of the main stream and the artificial wet community was larger, and the benthic community was different because of the dominant species. There is a great difference in abundance and abundance. The artificial wetland of Zhao cow river has obvious restoration effect on the benthic Zoobenthos Community. Although a variety of ecosystem restoration methods have been adopted, the current international evaluation system is not applicable to the region of the thuhh River and the serious degradation of the ecosystem in the horse cheek River Basin. It is established for the apostasia River, the horse cheek River Basin. The evaluation system of benthic zoobenthos, through the comparison of the ecological restoration before and after the artificial wetland demonstration project, based on the local water quality and hydrology characteristics, established the evaluation system of the benthic animal indicator species suitable for the thuhh River and the Ma cheek River Based on the water quality and hydrology characteristics of the Zhao cattle River. The comparison between the benthic community and the community unaffected by the pier shows that the riverbank deposition caused by the pier in the river and the horse cheek River, which has been disturbed by human beings, will further affect the community structure of the benthic animals. The point of the bridge is significantly related to the structure of the reference point, including the density, the abundance of biomass, and the Shannon - Wei. The correlation of nano diversity index reached (0.961,0.931,0.930 and 0.603), and the community of benthic zoobenthos at the bottom of the bridge and the reference point was very close to the distribution of the density and biomass, but the abundance of the benthic animals was significantly different from the species composition. The fragmentation caused by the siltation would lead to the degradation of the community structure of the benthic animals. Therefore, in order to ensure the health of the ecological environment of the river, the protection of benthic habitat in the process of bridge construction should be paid attention to. The environmental and biologic characteristics of the 62 lakes in China are related to the diversity of benthic animals and the area of Lake area, water capacity, basin area, average depth of water, average salinity, average temperature and average rainfall. The results showed that there was a significant correlation between benthic zoobenthos and basin area, Lake area and water capacity, and the correlation with basin area was the most significant (R~2=0.380, p0.001). Only the abundance of benthic Zoobenthos in the eastern region was positively correlated with lake water (R~2= 0.220, p0.001); the lake area in the East and the Western lakes were all benthic There is a positive correlation between animal richness (R~2=0.280, p0.001; R~2=0.533, p=0.002), but the correlation of undisturbed areas in the west is more significant. The diversity of benthic species is more significant in lakes with less human disturbance, and the lake area is more significant in human disturbance. This shows the lakes in the Eastern region. The abundance of benthic Zoobenthos Community is more likely to be affected by the change of lake water capacity, while the benthic community in the natural state may have a certain resistance to the change of water quantity produced by floods and droughts. In addition, the distribution pattern of the species richness of the macrozoobenthos and the distribution of the classical species area curves in the large scale zoobenthos are defined. Although the regularity is different, although the species richness of benthic animals has a significant correlation with the area of lake and the area of its basin, in general, the correlation between the size of the basin area and the species richness is more significant in the eastern, Western and national areas, forming the distribution characteristics of the species and basin area. The diversity and environment of benthic animals The relationship between factors is an important perspective for the study of the community structure of benthic animals. It can provide important theoretical support for the research and protection of benthic diversity. Based on the different biological indices, the hypothesis of different responses will be produced by different biological indices. In this paper, a hypothetical model has been established by using the data of 15 years' benthic benthic animals to establish a hypothetical model. The Shannon Weiner diversity index, the Simpson diversity index, the Marg Lev diversity index, the evenness, the Biological Monitoring Working Party (Monitoring Working Party) and the ASPT (Average Score Per Taxon) scoring system were tested for a hypothetical model. The results of a hypothetical model showed that the common species was in Simpson, compared with other biological indices. The sample index occupies a very high position. There is a certain proportion of the species diversity of Marg Lev and benthic animal specific BMWP indicators, while the rare species occupies a small proportion in the classic Shannon Wiener diversity index. The classic diversity index pays more attention to the evenness of the community, with the removal of the rare species and the degree of uniformity. The ASPT scoring system does not produce a regular response to the rare species removal. On the basis of the study, the response to the Shannon diversity index is verified by the 5 year benthic community structure data of the Nanhu lake. The results show that the Shannon diversity index is appropriate for biological assessment. The rare species removal will not have a significant impact on the Shannon diversity index results. By combining the theoretical and field studies, the response of the biological index to the rare species removal can effectively reduce the workload of the species collection and identification, significantly improve the work efficiency, and the lack of benthic movement to many of the current freshwater ecosystems in China. In this paper, a systematic study of benthic animals was carried out in this paper from the aspects of human disturbance, environmental factors, and method optimization. A river ecological health evaluation system suitable for degraded biological systems was established through the case of the benthic Zoobenthos Community in the thuhh River and the Ma cheek River Basin. The restoration of the artificial wetland of the Zhao cattle River was evaluated. The benthic Zoobenthos Community of the river and the main stream of the horse cheek river was analyzed. The effect of the pier on the benthic community was confirmed, and the disturbance of the biological community should not be ignored during the construction of the bridge. The relationship between a variety of biological indices and rare species is summed up. A reasonable biological index and two sampling methods are adopted in accordance with the actual situation, which can effectively increase the efficiency and accuracy of the collection and identification of benthic animals, and provide a scientific basis for the improvement of the methods for the investigation of large scale amphibians in the whole country. According to it.

【學位授予單位】：山東大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2017
【分類號】：Q958.8

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