本文選題：三峽庫(kù)區(qū)　切入點(diǎn)：營(yíng)林措施　出處：《中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院》2017年博士論文

【摘要】：森林地上部分和地下部分的群落結(jié)構(gòu)具有強(qiáng)烈交互作用,土壤微生物在生物地球化學(xué)循環(huán)中起著重要的作用。微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)特征是表征森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)物質(zhì)循環(huán)、健康狀況和生態(tài)服務(wù)功能的敏感指標(biāo)。而不科學(xué)的森林經(jīng)營(yíng)會(huì)導(dǎo)致森林生產(chǎn)力的降低、養(yǎng)分流失、生物多樣性降低。因此,本研究選取北亞熱帶典型馬尾松人工林為研究對(duì)象,于2013年9月份于湖北省秭歸縣九嶺頭的典型馬尾松人工林場(chǎng)進(jìn)行典型采伐,設(shè)置3種營(yíng)林措施和對(duì)照,每種營(yíng)林方式設(shè)置6個(gè)10m×10m的固定樣地,共24塊固定樣地,樣地間距50-300 m。3種營(yíng)林方式具體如下:除灌措施(SM)-對(duì)樣地內(nèi)灌叢地上部分全部清除;輕度采伐(LH)-對(duì)樣地內(nèi)胸徑≥4 cm非馬尾松(主要為光皮樺、漆樹(shù)、杉木)和部分高大灌木(木姜子、火棘等)清除,按胸高斷面積算強(qiáng)度為15%;重度采伐(HH)-對(duì)樣地內(nèi)胸徑≥17.9cm馬尾松清除,強(qiáng)度為70%。采伐樹(shù)木移出樣地,保留采伐的剩余物。本研究采用Illumina MiSeq高通量測(cè)序技術(shù)獲得土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)整體序列信息,通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)比對(duì)得到土壤微生物的群落組成、結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特征,結(jié)合環(huán)境因子、功能家族特征、網(wǎng)絡(luò)分子生態(tài)學(xué)模型和系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學(xué)特征,探究分析不同營(yíng)林措施下土壤微生群落結(jié)構(gòu)的穩(wěn)定性和響應(yīng)機(jī)制。主要研究結(jié)論如下:1)通過(guò)對(duì)土壤微生物生物量碳氮分析發(fā)現(xiàn):土壤微生物生物量碳氮對(duì)營(yíng)林干擾產(chǎn)生了顯著響應(yīng),微生物生物量碳氮在營(yíng)林干擾后顯著降低;同時(shí)真菌較細(xì)菌具有較高微生物生物量碳氮比,說(shuō)明真菌較細(xì)菌對(duì)營(yíng)林干擾更加敏感。2)通過(guò)高通量測(cè)序獲得微生物群落組成、結(jié)構(gòu)、多樣性特征表明:細(xì)菌和真菌的少數(shù)豐度較高的物種主導(dǎo)群落特征;在更細(xì)分類學(xué)水平上更能準(zhǔn)確地反映微生物響應(yīng)特征;營(yíng)林措施導(dǎo)致了物種(OTU)總數(shù)降低,除灌和重度采伐的獨(dú)有物種(OTU)百分比增高,而輕度采伐的獨(dú)有物種(OTU)百分比降低;營(yíng)林措施顯著的改變了微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)(p0.05),同時(shí)輕度采伐的細(xì)菌真菌alpha多樣性和豐度顯著下降(p0.05)。3)通過(guò)PICRUSt預(yù)測(cè)細(xì)菌的功能家族特征,FUNGuild預(yù)測(cè)真菌營(yíng)養(yǎng)功能特征,結(jié)果表明:營(yíng)林干擾后細(xì)菌的功能家族呈現(xiàn)下降趨勢(shì),只有細(xì)胞通信和敏感系統(tǒng)顯著下降(p0.05);真菌的功能團(tuán)呈顯著差異。結(jié)果同時(shí)說(shuō)明細(xì)菌具有一定功能冗余,因此響應(yīng)不顯著,而真菌具有生長(zhǎng)速率慢且宿主特異性,因此對(duì)營(yíng)林干擾響應(yīng)更靈敏。4)土壤微生物生物碳氮量、微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)與環(huán)境因子的多元逐步回歸分析表明:環(huán)境因子是驅(qū)動(dòng)土壤微生物的異質(zhì)性主控因子;生物和非生物環(huán)境因子驅(qū)動(dòng)微生物群落異質(zhì)性,其中生物因子(細(xì)根生物量和凋落物產(chǎn)量)和非生物因子(含水量、PH、穩(wěn)定和銨態(tài)氮)與微生物量碳顯著相關(guān),微生物量氮只和可溶性碳顯著相關(guān)。綜上表明環(huán)境對(duì)微生物群落特征起著決定作用,即符合生態(tài)位理論。5)通過(guò)微生物弱相互作用構(gòu)建的分子生態(tài)學(xué)網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型表明:營(yíng)林措施改變了微生物的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)特征,微生物類群通過(guò)協(xié)作應(yīng)對(duì)營(yíng)林干擾導(dǎo)致的環(huán)境變化;細(xì)菌模塊內(nèi)部的重要關(guān)鍵物種(模塊樞紐)顯著下降,細(xì)菌模塊之間的關(guān)鍵物種(連接者)也下降;同時(shí),真菌網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型模塊(生態(tài)位)數(shù)量下降,且模塊內(nèi)部物種增多。綜上可知:營(yíng)林干擾顯著降低了生態(tài)位的數(shù)量,相同生態(tài)位物種豐度增加,微生物群落內(nèi)部競(jìng)爭(zhēng)加劇,當(dāng)受到外界環(huán)境干擾時(shí),微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)不穩(wěn)定;在微生物網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型中環(huán)境因子起著關(guān)鍵作用,即符合生態(tài)位理論。6)通過(guò)微生物群落的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育特征進(jìn)行分析表明:微生物系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學(xué)指數(shù)NRI、NTI0,生態(tài)位理論在微生物群落構(gòu)建過(guò)程中起主導(dǎo)作用,環(huán)境是限制土壤微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)變化的主控因子;輕度采伐的生態(tài)位數(shù)量顯著降低,這歸因于輕度采伐導(dǎo)致微生物生存所需的養(yǎng)分和能量多樣性降低;但是重度采伐的環(huán)境確定性作用顯著降低,主要是因?yàn)橹囟炔煞槠渌锓N的更新提供了大量生態(tài)位,中性理論的隨機(jī)分布、擴(kuò)散加強(qiáng)。綜合上面主要研究結(jié)論發(fā)現(xiàn):土壤微生物是營(yíng)林干擾的敏感響應(yīng)因子;營(yíng)林措施不同程度改變了土壤微生物的群落特征;同時(shí),營(yíng)林干擾通過(guò)改變環(huán)境因子來(lái)改變土壤微生物的群落特征,環(huán)境因子是微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)變化的主控因子;營(yíng)林措施導(dǎo)致土壤微生物網(wǎng)絡(luò)模型發(fā)生了改變,土壤微生物的網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)穩(wěn)定性降低,微生物受到環(huán)境變化影響時(shí),微生物群落結(jié)構(gòu)就更加不穩(wěn)定;營(yíng)林措施導(dǎo)致土壤微生物的系統(tǒng)發(fā)育學(xué)特征發(fā)生改變,土壤微生物群落的生態(tài)位發(fā)生顯著變化。環(huán)境因子是微生物群落的主控因子,即生態(tài)位理論;輕度采伐導(dǎo)致微生物的生態(tài)位降低,重度采伐為灌草更新提供生態(tài)位,即重度采伐有趨向于隨機(jī)分布、擴(kuò)散的中性理論趨勢(shì)。
[Abstract]:Community structure and underground part of forest land has a strong interaction, soil microorganism plays an important role in the biogeochemical cycle. The microbial community structure is the material cycle of forest ecosystem characterization, sensitive indicators of health and ecological service function. Without scientific forest management will lead to reduced forest productivity the loss of nutrients, reducing biodiversity. Therefore, this study selected the typical tropical north of Masson pine plantation as the research object, the typical artificial Pinus massoniana forest farm in 2013 September in Hubei County of Zigui Province nine ridge head of typical logging, set up 3 kinds of silvicultural measures and control plots for each forest set 6 10m x 10m, a total of 24 fixed plots, 50-300 m.3 for afforestation plots as follows: in addition to irrigation interval (SM) - on the plots of shrub removal of light harvesting; (LH) - within the plot DBH over 4 cm non Masson (mainly for Betula luminifera, sumac, FIR) and some tall shrubs (Litsea, Pyracantha etc.) clear, according to the basal area of strength 15%; severe cutting (HH) - on the plots of Masson Pine DBH over 17.9cm removal the intensity of 70%. logging out plots, residue retention logging. This study used Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology to obtain the overall sequence of soil microbial community structure information through the database on soil microbial community by composition, structure and function characteristics, combining with the environmental factors, the function of family characteristics, characteristics of development model and system of molecular network analysis on the stability of soil microbial ecology, community structure under different silvicultural measures and response mechanism. The main conclusions are as follows: 1) based on the soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen analysis: soil microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen Have a significant response to forest disturbance, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen decreased significantly in the forest disturbance; and fungi than bacteria has higher microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen ratio, indicating fungi than bacteria are more sensitive to forest disturbance.2) by high-throughput sequencing to obtain microbial community composition, structure, shows that the diversity characteristics of bacteria and fungi a high abundance of species dominated community characteristics; in more subdivision level can accurately reflect the microbial response characteristics; silvicultural measures to reduce the total number of species (OTU), in addition to irrigation and harvesting of unique species of severe (OTU) and a higher percentage of light harvesting unique species (OTU) to reduce the percentage of silvicultural measures; significant changes in the microbial community structure (P0.05), and mild harvesting of bacterial and fungal diversity and abundance of alpha decreased significantly (P0.05).3) through the PICRUSt family of bacteria specific prediction function FUNGuild syndrome, predict fungal nutrition functional characteristics, the results show that the forest disturbance function family of bacteria showed a downward trend, only the cell communication and sensing system was significantly decreased (P0.05); functional groups of fungi showed significant differences. The results also show that bacteria have certain functional redundancy, so the response is not significant, but the growth rate is slow and the fungi have the host specificity, therefore more sensitive response to forest disturbance.4) microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen in soil, microbial community structure and environmental factors in the multivariate stepwise regression analysis showed that the environmental factor is the heterogeneity of the main control factors of driving soil microorganism; biological and non biological environmental factors driving microbial community heterogeneity, including biological factors (fine root the biomass and litter production) and non biological factors (water content, PH, and ammonium nitrogen) was significantly correlated with microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen and soluble carbon These results show that the environment significantly. It plays a decisive role on the microbial community characteristics, that is consistent with the theory of niche.5) through the weak interaction of microbial molecular ecology network model show that the silvicultural measures changed the network structure characteristics of microbial environment, microorganism change through cooperation to deal with interference in the forest; the key species of bacteria inside the module (hub module) decreased significantly, the key bacterial species between the modules (connected) also decreased; at the same time, fungal network model (niche) module and the module of a decline in the number of species increased. In summary: forest disturbance significantly reduced the number of niche, the same niche of species richness increased, microbial community internal competition when intensified, disturbance of environment, microbial community structure is not stable; in the network model of environmental microbial factor plays a key role in the match With the niche theory of.6) through the system of microbial community development characteristic analysis showed that: NRI index, the development of microbial system NTI0, niche theory plays a leading role in the process of building a microbial community environment is limited, soil microbial community structure change of main control factors; the number of mild ecological harvesting decreased significantly, this is due in the light harvesting cause microbial survival required nutrient and energy diversity decreased; but the environment uncertainty effects of severe harvesting decreased significantly, mainly because of severe cutting provides a lot of niche for other species update, random distribution, the neutral theory of diffusion strengthened. Conclusion above the main findings: soil microorganism is a sensitive response factor forest disturbance; different silvicultural measures changed soil microbial community characteristics; at the same time, by changing the environmental factors to forest disturbance Change of soil microbial community characteristics, environmental factors are the main control factors of the changes of microbial community structure; silvicultural measures due to the change of soil microbial network model, reduce network structure stability of soil microorganisms, microorganisms affected by climate change, microbial community structure is more stable; silvicultural measures lead to soil microbial system development characteristics change the niche of soil microbial community changed significantly. The environmental factors are main controlling factors of the microbial community, namely ecological niche theory; mild logging caused microbial reduction, severe harvesting for shrub and grass update provides a niche, which tend to have severe cutting random distribution theory of Neutral Trend diffusion.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)林業(yè)科學(xué)研究院
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：S714.3

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