本文選題：土壤跳蟲　切入點(diǎn)：白符跳　出處：《中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院(東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

【摘要】：濕地是生物圈中一個(gè)重要的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)類型,具有巨大的環(huán)境及生態(tài)價(jià)值。生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中生物多樣性的水平?jīng)Q定了生態(tài)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定性,濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的保護(hù)同樣離不開生物多樣性的維持。我國(guó)東北三江平原濕地一個(gè)重要的動(dòng)物資源庫(kù),對(duì)維持濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的穩(wěn)定性具有重要的意義。然而,隨著東北地區(qū)農(nóng)田化腳步的加快,大面積濕地遭到墾殖,濕地面積急速減少,濕地生物多樣性遭到了嚴(yán)重破壞。本文立足于三江平原濕地長(zhǎng)期淹水及冬季漫長(zhǎng)而寒冷的環(huán)境特點(diǎn),通過(guò)對(duì)大豆田及濕地中三類代表性土壤跳蟲種類——雙原棘跳(Protaphorura bicampata)、沼澤紅疣(Lobella sokamensis)及模式種類白符跳(Folsomia candida)的適應(yīng)性研究,反證農(nóng)田化后濕地環(huán)境變化在土壤跳蟲多樣性變化中的作用,從而為濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)生物多樣性保護(hù)提供理論依據(jù)。綜合濕地環(huán)境的特點(diǎn)及土壤跳蟲的生活特性,本文以土壤跳蟲的生物學(xué)、行為學(xué)及神經(jīng)生理學(xué)為研究方法,對(duì)動(dòng)物在濕地環(huán)境中的低溫、水濕及動(dòng)植物環(huán)境的適應(yīng)性機(jī)制進(jìn)行研究。溫度適應(yīng)性結(jié)果顯示,農(nóng)田中的優(yōu)勢(shì)種群,雙原棘跳(P.bicampata)的最適生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育溫度為25℃,屬于典型的溫帶適應(yīng)性物種。其適應(yīng)三江平原冬季低溫的主要策略為冬眠,主要通過(guò)成體越冬而非卵越冬。在土壤對(duì)環(huán)境低溫的緩沖作用下,冬季到來(lái)前雙原棘跳可能利用垂直遷移及種群聚集為冬眠做準(zhǔn)備。三江地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤溫度回升快于濕地土壤。以成體休眠為越冬策略的棘跳能夠在農(nóng)田中更快的結(jié)束休眠而進(jìn)入個(gè)體的生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育繁殖期,為夏季營(yíng)養(yǎng)及資源的爭(zhēng)奪贏得了時(shí)間。這可能是引起雙原棘跳種群在農(nóng)田中大爆發(fā)的原因之一。雙原棘跳顯示了真土生無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物被動(dòng)性地抵抗土壤低溫環(huán)境的能力。其優(yōu)勢(shì)分布可能是真土生種類滯留的結(jié)果。沼澤紅疣在水環(huán)境中的適應(yīng)性研究中,開展了棲息地選擇行為實(shí)驗(yàn)分析。動(dòng)物對(duì)水環(huán)境的反應(yīng)以斜坡實(shí)驗(yàn)為驗(yàn)證方法。研究結(jié)果顯示,濕地環(huán)境中特異性分布種類沼澤紅疣喜聚于干燥區(qū)域,并非依水性跳蟲種類。行為學(xué)角度而言,水并非決定其棲息地選擇的決定性因子。而沼澤紅疣對(duì)濕地苔蘚的選擇性行為實(shí)驗(yàn)顯示,動(dòng)物對(duì)苔蘚具有吸引行為,而且,其吸引行為的發(fā)生具有動(dòng)物種類特異性。同時(shí),暗箱實(shí)驗(yàn)、干苔蘚與水分離實(shí)驗(yàn)及林地苔蘚實(shí)驗(yàn)得到了相似的結(jié)果。結(jié)果表明,苔蘚對(duì)沼澤紅疣的吸引作用是由嗅覺(jué)信號(hào)決定的,普遍性地存在于苔蘚種類之中。由此可見,沼澤紅疣特異性分布決定于濕地苔蘚的分布,吸引行為是由嗅覺(jué)信號(hào)誘導(dǎo)而發(fā)生的。水面行為觀察發(fā)現(xiàn),沼澤紅疣具有水面僵直行為。根據(jù)僵直行為發(fā)生的特征,分析其可能與其他動(dòng)物中發(fā)現(xiàn)的假死行為同源但不同工,是沼澤紅疣高效的水面逃離行為。水環(huán)境適應(yīng)性研究結(jié)果說(shuō)明,沼澤紅疣在濕地中特異性的分布是長(zhǎng)期水環(huán)境適應(yīng)的結(jié)果。液態(tài)水環(huán)境的水平流動(dòng)及垂直波動(dòng)均能夠促進(jìn)動(dòng)物種群的擴(kuò)散。水和苔蘚在其生境選擇中起到了同樣重要的作用�？紤]到此類群動(dòng)物的嗅覺(jué)重要性,本文選擇模式跳蟲種類白符跳為研究材料,針對(duì)在種群構(gòu)建及群落結(jié)構(gòu)演變中具有重要意義的集群行為進(jìn)行神經(jīng)生理學(xué)及行為學(xué)研究。聚集行為研究設(shè)計(jì)了陷阱裝置用以檢驗(yàn)種內(nèi)吸引作用。裝置檢測(cè)到白符跳具有明顯的種內(nèi)吸引行為,是有效的行為檢驗(yàn)方法。白符跳(f.candida)嗅覺(jué)神經(jīng)生理學(xué)及化學(xué)生態(tài)研究結(jié)果顯示,跳蟲的化學(xué)感受部位主要位于觸角第三、四節(jié)。跳蟲觸角中的感器iii有三個(gè)神經(jīng)元細(xì)胞的電沖動(dòng)信號(hào),與其他科學(xué)家報(bào)道的解剖學(xué)研究結(jié)果一致。與跳蟲種內(nèi)集群吸引行為相關(guān)的化學(xué)物質(zhì)為其體表提取的脂肪酸混合成分。但脂肪酸并未誘導(dǎo)嗅覺(jué)感受器感器iii(organiii)的神經(jīng)生理信號(hào)反應(yīng)。感器iii(organiii)與聚集行為無(wú)關(guān),但檢測(cè)到苯乙醛(phenylacetaldhyde)、2-吡咯烷酮(2-pyrrolidinone)及苯甲醛(benzaldhyde)對(duì)感器iii(organiii)具有神經(jīng)電信號(hào)反應(yīng)及排斥行為,推測(cè)其可能是白符跳中的警戒性物質(zhì)。感器iii的形態(tài)學(xué)特征與昆蟲的錐形感器(coeloconicasensilla)相似,但功能不同。此結(jié)果可能意味低等無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物中存在新的嗅覺(jué)形成機(jī)制。綜合本論文研究結(jié)果,說(shuō)明季節(jié)性低溫是三江地區(qū)農(nóng)田化后土壤跳蟲結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生變化的重要因素之一,其中的真土生跳蟲(雙原棘跳,p.bicampata)更適應(yīng)農(nóng)田土壤環(huán)境而被選擇。濕地植物的保護(hù)使得很多特異性種類(沼澤紅疣,l.sokamensis)得以保存,直接影響濕地生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中無(wú)脊椎動(dòng)物的多樣性水平。三江平原濕地生物多樣性的保護(hù)應(yīng)充分考慮人類的農(nóng)業(yè)活動(dòng)和植物資源的破壞對(duì)動(dòng)物的影響,化學(xué)生態(tài)學(xué)是土壤生物多樣性研究中的有利工具。
[Abstract]:Wetland is an important ecosystem types in the biosphere, and the environment has great ecological value. Ecosystem biodiversity level determines the stability of the ecological environment, the protection of the wetland ecosystem also cannot do without maintaining biological diversity. Wetland in China northeast of the Sanjiang plain is an important animal resource. Is of great significance to maintain the stability of the wetland ecosystem. However, with the accelerated pace of northeast farmland, a large area of wetlands were reclaimed, wetland area decreased sharply, wetland biodiversity has been seriously damaged. This paper is based on the long-term flooding of wetlands in Sanjiang plain and long and cold winter environment characteristics, three types of soybean field and wetland in representative soil Collembola species -- double the original spine (Protaphorura bicampata), marsh jump (Lobella sokamensis) and red colobus model type white symbol jump (F Olsomia Candida) the study of adaptability, function of wetland environment changes in the changes of soil Collembola diversity in farmland contradiction, so as to provide theoretical basis for wetland biodiversity conservation. The life characteristics of comprehensive wetland environment and soil Collembola, based on biological soil Collembola, behavior and neurophysiology as research methods. The animal in the wetland environment in low temperature, humidity and water of animal and plant adaptation to environmental temperature adaptability mechanism. Results showed that the dominant species in the field, the original double spike jump (P.bicampata) the optimum growth temperature of 25 DEG C, belong to the temperate species typical. Its adaptability to the main strategy of low temperature in winter in Sanjiang plain for hibernation, mainly through adult winter rather than in soil buffering. Overwintering eggs on the environment under low temperature in winter, before the arrival of the original double jump may use the vertical migration of spine Shift and population aggregation prepare for hibernation. Sanjiang area soil temperature rise faster in the wetland soil. In adult dormant overwintering strategies for spike in the farmland can jump faster the end of dormancy into the individual growth and development of the breeding season, summer nutrition and resources to win the time. This may be one of the causes double the original population explosion in the spike jump in farmland. The original double spike showed the ability to jump really passive resistance to native invertebrate soil temperature environment. Its advantage is really native species distribution may be stranded results. Study on the adaptability of red colobus marsh in the aquatic environment, carried out the experimental analysis of behavior of animal habitat selection. The reaction to the water environment in the slope experiment to verify the method. The results showed that the distribution of specific types of red colobus swamp wetland environment in Xi Ju dry region, not in water for Collembola species. For terms, water is not the decisive factor of habitat selection. And selective behavior experiment of red colobus on moss swamp wetland, has attracted to animal behavior, and the behavior of the moss, attract specific animal species has occurred. At the same time, the black box experiment, dry moss and water separation experiments and Experimental Forest moss similar results. The results show that the attraction to Zhao Zehong moss wart is decided by olfactory signals, generally exist in the moss species. Thus, the distribution of Zhao Zehong distribution depends on the specific wart wetland moss, attracting behavior is induced by the olfactory signal occurred. The surface behavior observation found that the red colobus swamp the water has stiff behavior. According to the characteristics of rigid behavior, analysis of the behavior of suspended animation may find the homologous with other animal but different, is Zhao Zehong efficient wart The water escape behavior. The water environment adaptability study shows that the distribution of red colobus swamp in wetland specific long-term water environment adaptation results. Liquid water level and vertical flow fluctuations can accelerate the diffusion of animal populations. Water and moss play an equally important role in its habitat selection in consideration of. The importance of this group of animal smell, the white symbol jump type pattern of Collembola as research materials, the cluster behavior plays an important role in the construction of population and community structure in the evolution of neurophysiology and behavioral studies. Aggregation of the research and design of the trap device to test the intraspecific attraction. The device detects the white symbol with jump an obvious attraction behavior, behavior test methods. Bai Fu Hop (f.candida) olfactory neurophysiology and chemical ecology research results show that chemosensory springtails Located in the third, fourth antennal segment is III. The antenna springtails electrical impulses signal three neurons, and other scientists reported the anatomical research results are consistent. And within the cluster to attract springtails behavior of chemical substance related synthetic fatty acid extraction for the mixed surface. But did not induce fatty acid receptors the sensor III (organiii) neural physiological signal sensor response. III (organiii) has nothing to do with the aggregation behavior, but detected benzene acetaldehyde (phenylacetaldhyde), 2- pyrrolidone (2-pyrrolidinone) and benzaldehyde (benzaldhyde) on sensor III (organiii) with neural signal response and rejection behavior, suggesting that it may be is the white symbol jump in the cautionary material. Cone morphology and insect sensor III sensor (coeloconicasensilla) is similar, but different functions. This result may exist that no new low vertebrates. The smell of the formation mechanism of comprehensive research results of this thesis, described the seasonal low temperature is one of the important factors of soil Collembola structure of farmland in Sanjiang area, the true native springtails (double the original spike jump, p.bicampata) is more suitable for farmland soil environment is selected. The wet plant protection makes many of the specific species (the swamp red colobus, l.sokamensis) is preserved, directly affect the level of diversity of invertebrates in wetland ecosystem. To protect the diversity of Sanjiang plain wetland organisms should fully consider the influence of human agricultural activities and plant resources damage to the animal, chemical ecology is a favorable tool for soil biodiversity research.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)科學(xué)院研究生院(東北地理與農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)研究所)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：X171.1

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