本文關(guān)鍵詞： 隨機噪聲 高斯性 平穩(wěn)性 功率譜密度 相似性 線性　出處：《吉林大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：陸地地震勘探是資源勘探的重要手段。面對復雜的地表和近地表地質(zhì)條件、越來越深以及空間越來越復雜的勘探目標,給地震勘探提出更高的要求。在陸地地震勘探的整個過程(采集、處理、解釋)中,地震資料處理是至關(guān)重要一環(huán),特別是處理過程中隨機噪聲的壓制效果直接影響著后續(xù)一系列處理,包括速度分析,偏移成像以及反演等。然而,野外采集地震數(shù)據(jù)時,檢波器接收到的地震記錄中含有大量隨機噪聲信息,特別是勘探目標比較復雜時,信號很弱而噪聲很強,記錄整體信噪比較低,如何在低信噪比條件下有效壓制隨機噪聲對地震勘探而言就顯得尤為重要。由于信噪比較低,信號能量較弱,為了能有效的壓制隨機噪聲就需要對地震勘探隨機噪聲的時空特性有較系統(tǒng)的認識和研究,從而指導隨機噪聲壓制方法選擇、改進以及壓制策略。目前,對于隨機噪聲特性還未進行過科學系統(tǒng)的研究,這直接影響地震記錄信噪比的有效提高以及隨機噪聲消減技術(shù)的發(fā)展。有效的改進隨機噪聲消減技術(shù)是建立在對地震勘探隨機噪聲特性準確認識的基礎(chǔ)上。因此,關(guān)于地震勘探隨機噪聲特性的研究具有重要的實際意義。本文主要針對陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲,對其時域、空間域以及時空域特性進行詳細系統(tǒng)的研究。主要對隨機噪聲的高斯性、平穩(wěn)性、線性特性、功率譜特性和相似性進行綜合分析。對比不同采集環(huán)境(草原、沙漠、山地、林帶)下,隨機噪聲時空分布特性的差異,分析采集環(huán)境與隨機噪聲時空特性的關(guān)系。研究中,分析采集環(huán)境復雜程度和噪聲時長等因素對于隨機噪聲特性的影響。最后,結(jié)合隨機噪聲生成機制和采集環(huán)境的特點,對研究結(jié)果的合理性進行綜合論證。具體研究成果如下:將高階統(tǒng)計量同Shapiro-Wilk檢驗法相結(jié)合來判斷地震勘探隨機噪聲的高斯性。首先對地震勘探隨機噪聲的峰度值和偏度值高階統(tǒng)計量的特性進行分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)隨機噪聲在高階統(tǒng)計量分布方面同高斯隨機過程之間存在明顯差異。在此基礎(chǔ)上,應用Shapiro-Wilk檢驗法對隨機噪聲的高斯性進行準確的判斷。結(jié)果表明,隨機噪聲的高斯性受到采集環(huán)境特點的影響。采集環(huán)境越簡單,隨機噪聲的非高斯性越明顯;采集環(huán)境越復雜,隨機噪聲的非高斯性越弱。通過對不同地區(qū)隨機噪聲記錄的高斯性檢驗結(jié)果進行對比分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)非高斯隨機噪聲記錄占比普遍很高。因此,陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲應該被認為是非高斯隨機過程。本文首次將基于時頻分析和替代數(shù)據(jù)的平穩(wěn)性檢驗方法引入到陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲的平穩(wěn)性判斷中,并對不同時長隨機噪聲的平穩(wěn)性進行判斷。檢驗方法的基本思想是通過比較隨機噪聲序列同替代數(shù)據(jù)在時頻特性上的差異,從而對隨機噪聲序列的平穩(wěn)性進行判斷分析。通過對不同地區(qū)隨機噪聲的平穩(wěn)性進行統(tǒng)計分析,研究結(jié)果表明,陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲不是平穩(wěn)隨機過程,其特性隨著隨機噪聲時長和采集環(huán)境特點發(fā)生變化。復雜環(huán)境中的隨機噪聲非平穩(wěn)性較強,而簡單環(huán)境中的隨機噪聲平穩(wěn)性較好。同時,對短時長和長時長隨機噪聲的平穩(wěn)性進行對比分析,結(jié)果顯示,短時長隨機噪聲的平穩(wěn)性要好于長時長隨機噪聲的平穩(wěn)性。后續(xù)實驗結(jié)果與陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲平穩(wěn)性結(jié)論相一致。選用Thomson譜估計方法對陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲的功率譜特性進行研究。傳統(tǒng)上,通常認為陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲在時空域是滿足白噪特性的。研究結(jié)果表明,陸地地震勘探從功率譜特性上看并不是白噪過程。隨機噪聲的功率譜特性隨著采集環(huán)境特點的不同而發(fā)生變化,對于沙漠地區(qū)、草原地區(qū)等簡單的地理環(huán)境而言,陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲的能量主要集中在低頻處,可以認為是低頻、窄帶色噪聲;對于林帶地區(qū)、山地地區(qū)等復雜的地理環(huán)境而言,隨機噪聲中高頻成分相對豐富,頻帶較寬,可以近似認為是寬頻色噪聲。同時,對陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲的時空相似性進行科學分析。研究結(jié)果表明,陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲的相似性主要受采集環(huán)境特點的影響。對于簡單采集環(huán)境而言,隨機噪聲表現(xiàn)出一定的相似性;而對于復雜采集環(huán)境而言,隨機噪聲的時空相似性較差。在此基礎(chǔ)上,本文結(jié)合采集環(huán)境特點和隨機噪聲平穩(wěn)性研究結(jié)論,對隨機噪聲相似性統(tǒng)計結(jié)果的合理性進行必要的論證。采用延時矢量方差法和量化延時矢量方差方法,對陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲的線性特性進行研究,并對不同地區(qū)隨機噪聲的線性特性進行綜合判斷。研究結(jié)果表明,隨機噪聲不能簡單的歸為線性或非線性隨機過程。隨機噪聲的線性特性同采集環(huán)境的特點密切相關(guān)。當采集環(huán)境相對簡單時,隨機噪聲的線性特性較好,可以近似認為是線性隨機過程;當采集環(huán)境復雜時,隨機噪聲中有非線性成分存在,簡單的線性模型已經(jīng)無法表征出隨機噪聲的特性,這時隨機噪聲應該被認為是非線性隨機過程的產(chǎn)物。本文對陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲的高斯性、平穩(wěn)性、線性、功率譜特性和相似性進行科學系統(tǒng)的研究。在研究中,對不同典型地理環(huán)境下采集到的隨機噪聲的特性進行判斷,同時對不同地區(qū)隨機噪聲在特性方面的差異進行對比分析,得到關(guān)于陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲特性的總體認識。研究結(jié)果表明,傳統(tǒng)上對于隨機噪聲特性的認識有一定的片面性,存在一定的局限性。隨機噪聲的特性是同采集環(huán)境密切相關(guān)的,不同時長隨機噪聲在特性方面也存在一定的差異。在此基礎(chǔ)上,通過一系列的理論分析和正演實驗,論證本文研究結(jié)果的正確性和可靠性。綜上,本文的研究成果是對陸地地震勘探隨機噪聲特性的一種新認識,是對傳統(tǒng)理論的一種有益的補充,為改進隨機噪聲消減技術(shù)和隨機噪聲建模領(lǐng)域的研究提供理論依據(jù),具有較好的實際意義和應用前景。
[Abstract]:Land seismic exploration is an important means of resource exploration. In the face of complex surface and near surface geological conditions, more and more deep space and increasingly complex exploration targets for seismic exploration and put forward higher requirements. In the whole process of land seismic exploration (acquisition, processing, interpretation), seismic data processing is the most important link in particular, the random noise in the process of suppression effect directly affects a series of processing, including velocity analysis, migration imaging and inversion. However, the field acquisition of seismic data, with a large number of random noise information detector received seismic records, especially the exploration target is complicated, and the noise signal is very weak the record is very strong, the overall low SNR, how in the condition of low SNR effectively suppress random noise of seismic exploration is very important. Because of low SNR signals The amount is weak, in order to effectively suppress random noise of seismic exploration requires the spatial and temporal characteristics of random noise recognition and a systematic study, so as to guide the random noise suppression methods, and improved suppression strategy. At present, the random noise characteristics has been done on the science of system, which directly affect the signal-to-noise of seismic records the ratio of effective improvement and development of random noise reduction technology. The improved random noise reduction technology effectively is based on the random noise characteristics of an accurate understanding of the seismic exploration. Therefore, study on seismic random noise characteristics has important practical significance. This paper focuses on the land seismic random noise, the time domain, research with the system in spatial domain and space-time domain. The main characteristics of the random noise of Gauss, stability, linear characteristics, spectrum characteristics and similarity Comprehensive analysis. Comparison of different acquisition environment (grassland, desert, mountain, forest), differences in the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of random noise, analysis of the relationship between acquisition environment and random noise. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the study, analysis of the influence of acquisition environment complexity and noise factors such as long to random noise characteristics. Finally, combined with the characteristics of random noise generation mechanism and acquisition environment, the rationality of the results of the comprehensive discussion. The specific research results are as follows: high order statistics with the Shapiro-Wilk test method to determine the combination of Gauss seismic random noise. Firstly, seismic random noise value and kurtosis skewness characteristics of high order statistics analysis, found the random noise in high order statistic distribution of significant differences between the same Gauss stochastic process. On this basis, use the Shapiro-Wilk test for random noise The accurate judgment of Gauss Gauss. The results show that the random noise is affected by the acquisition environment characteristics. Acquisition environment is simple, non Gauss random noise is more obvious; acquisition environment more complex, non Gauss random noise is weak. Through the analysis and comparison of the results of Gauss test for different regions of random noise the record, Gauss found that non random noise recorded very high proportion of common land. Therefore, seismic random noise should be considered non Gauss random process. In this paper, for the first time based on the stationary test side frequency analysis and surrogate data method is introduced to determine the stability of the land seismic random noise, and judge of long stationary random noise. The basic idea of different test methods are compared with the data in the random noise sequence instead of time-frequency characteristics of the differences of random noise sequence We can analyze the stationarity. Through statistical analysis of stationary random noise in different regions, the results show that the land seismic random noise is a stationary stochastic process, the characteristics of random noise with long time and collecting environmental characteristics change. The random noise in complex environment nonstationarity and stationarity, simple random noise the environment is good. At the same time, the comparative analysis of stationary random noise, long short long and long time results show that stationary stationary random noise in a short time is long long of random noise is consistent with the experimental results. The subsequent land seismic random noise stationarity. Conclusion using Thomson spectrum estimation spectrum the characteristics of power of a terrestrial seismic random noise is studied. Traditionally, usually think land seismic random noise in time-space domain is to meet the characteristics of white noise The research results show that the power spectral characteristics of land seismic exploration from the point of view is not white noise. The random noise power spectrum characteristics of different features with the collection of environmental changes, the desert area, simple geographical environment of grassland areas such as land, seismic random noise energy is mainly concentrated in the low frequency, can that is the low frequency, narrow band noise; for forest area, mountainous area and complex geographical environment, relatively rich in high frequency random noise, wide frequency band, can be considered as the broadband noise. At the same time, the spatio-temporal land seismic random noise similarity was analyzed. The results show that similarity land seismic random noise is mainly affected by the acquisition environment characteristics. For the simple acquisition environment, random noise showed some similarities; and for the acquisition of complex Environment, time and space of random noise similarity is poor. On this basis, combining with the conclusion acquisition environment characteristics and random noise stability research, the rationality of the similarity of the statistical result of random noise. The necessary arguments by delay vector variance method and quantified delay vector variance method, to study the characteristics of linear random land seismic exploration the noise characteristics of different regions, and the linear random noise comprehensive judgment. The results show that the random noise can not be simply classified as linear or nonlinear stochastic process. Closely related to characteristics of linear characteristics of random noise with the acquisition environment. When the acquisition environment is relatively simple, good linear characteristics of random noise, can be regarded as the is a linear stochastic process; when the acquisition environment is complex, there are nonlinear random noise, a simple linear model has been unable to represent The characteristics of random noise, the random noise should be considered to be the result of nonlinear stochastic process. In this paper, Gauss, on the land of seismic random noise stationarity, linearity, power spectral characteristics and research of the scientific system of similarity. In the study, characteristics of the random noise of different typical physical environment to the acquisition of at the same time to judge, on different areas of random noise in the characteristics of the comparative analysis, have overall understanding about the land seismic random noise characteristics. The results show that the traditional understanding of the characteristics of random noise has certain one sidedness and limitations. The property of random noise is the same acquisition environment the same random noise also exist certain differences in characteristics. On this basis, through a series of theoretical analysis and experimental demonstration of this research forward. The correctness and reliability of the results. In conclusion, the research results of this paper is a kind of new understanding of land seismic random noise characteristics, is a useful supplement to the traditional theory, for the improvement of random noise and random noise reduction technology in the field of modeling provides a theoretical basis, practical significance and good application prospect.

【學位授予單位】：吉林大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：P631.4

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