本文關(guān)鍵詞： 棗 葉脈序 葉功能性狀 環(huán)境響應 氣候特征　出處：《西北農(nóng)林科技大學》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學位論文

【摘要】：葉脈序具有運輸水分、養(yǎng)分和礦物質(zhì),以及支撐和保護葉片等重要的生物功能,它與葉片功能性狀共同反映了植物對環(huán)境的適應性,在生態(tài)適應策略方面具有指示作用。棗(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)是原產(chǎn)我國的特有果樹,在我國分布廣泛。近年來,隨著棗栽培區(qū)的不斷變遷,尤其是“東棗西移”沙漠、戈壁棗區(qū)后,高光熱資源和低降雨生境下,棗的生存環(huán)境發(fā)生了較大的變化。面向我國北方棗區(qū),采集223份樣品(其中棗品種188個、酸棗類型28個、過渡型7個),利用LEAF GUI葉脈序分析技術(shù),測定了葉脈密度(VLA)、葉脈間距離(IVD)、環(huán)形結(jié)構(gòu)(VAA)和節(jié)點數(shù)(Nodes)等葉脈序特征,以及單位質(zhì)量最大凈光合速率(Am)和葉片氮濃度(Nm)等葉片功能性狀,建立了棗葉脈序—葉片功能性狀關(guān)系模型,在較大尺度上研究了棗(含酸棗及其過渡型)葉脈序及其功能性狀的變異,以及對不同棗區(qū)環(huán)境的響應和適應策略,對我國棗資源的利用以及遠距離的引種具有重要意義。主要研究結(jié)果如下:1.選用陜晉黃土高原丘陵(黃河峽谷)棗區(qū)的104個樣品,研究了棗、酸棗和過渡型葉脈序及其功能性狀之間的差異性。結(jié)果表明,與棗相比,酸棗有較高的葉脈密度、環(huán)形結(jié)構(gòu)、比葉重和葉壽命,說明具有較強的抗旱、耐瘠薄特性,以及較強的資源利用效率和保存能力。但酸棗需要更長的時間彌補其較高的建成消耗,并通過慢速的養(yǎng)分循環(huán)求得生存。與酸棗相比,棗有較高的單位質(zhì)量最大凈光合速率和葉片氮濃度,說明棗通過高效的光合速率在短時間內(nèi)合成足夠的有機物,具有較高的生物和經(jīng)濟產(chǎn)量。在葉片經(jīng)濟譜中,酸棗更趨向于比葉重高、氮含量低、光合能力弱、生長速度慢和葉壽命長的一端;而棗更趨向于比葉重低、氮含量高、光合能力強、生長速度快和葉壽命短的一端。棗和酸棗可以通過權(quán)衡葉脈序及其葉片功能性狀的關(guān)系,采取不同的適應策略。并且,酸棗的生態(tài)幅比棗寬,表現(xiàn)出對有限的環(huán)境資源充分利用的生存機制。2.利用北方7省32棗區(qū)縣的62年氣象資料,選用各棗區(qū)縣的代表品種共116個,研究了我國北方棗區(qū)氣候因子對棗葉脈序的影響。結(jié)果表明,棗葉脈序隨環(huán)境梯度變化。葉脈序指標與年均溫度和年均降雨量相關(guān)性最強,溫度和降水是影響棗葉脈序的主要氣候因子。其中,棗葉脈密度與年均降雨量和年均溫度呈負相關(guān),它與各氣候因子的相關(guān)性均高于其他葉脈序指標。棗葉脈密度對短期和長期的環(huán)境改變表現(xiàn)出不同的適應特征:一方面,棗葉脈密度對短期環(huán)境的改變不敏感,具有較高的遺傳性和較低的可塑性;另一方面,在長期的進化過程中,棗葉脈密度為了適應生長地的不同氣候條件,隨氣候因子發(fā)生梯度變化。說明棗的葉脈密度特征是對當?shù)貧夂蛞蜃娱L期適應的結(jié)果,對短期的環(huán)境改變不敏感。用8個棗葉脈序指標,采用主成分和聚類分析方法,把我國北方棗區(qū)的棗品種分為三大類群,其結(jié)果正好與3個北方棗栽培區(qū)(黃河、海河中下游河流沖擊土棗區(qū);黃土高原丘陵棗區(qū);甘肅、寧夏、新疆干旱地帶河谷丘陵棗區(qū))相一致。說明一個區(qū)域的棗葉脈序特征是棗品種對環(huán)境適應的結(jié)果,特別是葉脈密度和葉脈間距離,可做為指導棗品種引種的重要指標,即棗品種的葉脈序特征與引種地區(qū)原棗品種最接近時,更容易引種成功。3.同時,利用以上數(shù)據(jù),研究了我國北方棗區(qū)氣候因子(年均降雨量和年均溫度)對棗葉片功能性狀(比葉重、葉壽命、單位質(zhì)量最大凈光合速率和單位質(zhì)量葉片氮濃度)的影響。結(jié)果表明,年均降雨量、年均溫度和日照時數(shù)是影響葉片功能性狀的關(guān)鍵因子,隨著降雨量的減少和溫度的降低,以及日照時數(shù)和日照百分率的增加,棗品種具有較高比葉重和葉壽命,以及較低凈光合速率和葉片氮濃度。棗葉片功能性狀與環(huán)境的關(guān)系不是單一的,其通過功能性狀間的相互作用,共同決定棗品種對環(huán)境的適應性。棗品種葉片功能性狀的差異更是它們長期適應環(huán)境的結(jié)果。4.針對新疆3個主栽品種駿棗(山西)、灰棗(河南)和七月鮮(陜西),研究了它們的葉脈序及其功能對新疆棗區(qū)環(huán)境的響應。結(jié)果表明,與原產(chǎn)地相比,3個主栽品種在新疆棗區(qū)(高光熱資源、低降水)的葉脈密度顯著升高,也進一步說明了棗葉脈密度特征是對長期環(huán)境變化適應的結(jié)果。而其節(jié)點數(shù)和葉脈寬度變異小、對環(huán)境不敏感。同時,比葉重、葉壽命、單位面積碳、氮同化效率顯著提高。與原產(chǎn)地相比,3個棗品種平均單位面積最大凈光合速率提高了約13.5%,單位面積葉片氮濃度提高了約14.2%。因此,新疆棗區(qū)有更為充足的光合同化物在葉(源)中合成,更好的詮釋了同一品種果實在新疆棗區(qū)具有更高的產(chǎn)量和更好的品質(zhì)。同時,較高的比葉重和葉脈密度是棗品種對干旱少雨環(huán)境的響應和適應,進一步說明,棗是能夠適應沙漠環(huán)境的重要經(jīng)濟果樹。
[Abstract]:Leaf venation with transport of water, nutrients and minerals, as well as supporting and protecting the blade and other important biological functions, and it reflects the common leaf functional traits of plant adaptability to the environment, to adapt to the indicative strategy in ecology. Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is an endemic fruit tree in China, widely distributed in China. In recent years, with the continuous changes of jujube cultivation area, especially the "Dong Zao West desert, Gobi jujube region, high light and heat resources and low rainfall habitats, has changed the living environment for jujube jujube in northern China, collect 223 samples (including 188 varieties of jujube. Wild type 28, type 7), transition technology using LEAF GUI analysis of leaf venation, vein density determination (VLA), the distance between the veins (IVD), ring structure (VAA) and the number of nodes (Nodes) and venation characteristics, and quality of the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Am) and Leaf nitrogen concentration (Nm) and leaf functional traits, established jujube leaf venation, leaf functional traits of the relational model, in the larger scale of jujube (including jujube and transitional type) variation of leaf venation and function traits, and the response to environment of different jujube region and adaptive strategies, has important significance for jujube resources in the use and long introduction. The main results are as follows: 1. selection of Shaanxi and Shanxi Loess Plateau (the Yellow River Valley) in a sample of 104 jujube varieties of jujube, jujube, difference between leaf venation and transitional type and functional traits. The results showed that compared with jujube, jujube has higher leaf density, ring the structure, specific leaf weight and leaf longevity, that has strong drought resistance, barren resistance characteristics, and strong efficiency of resource utilization and preservation ability. But the jujube takes longer to make up for the high construction cost, and through the slow breeding The cyclic survive. Compared with wild jujube, jujube has higher maximum net photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen per unit mass concentration, indicating the photosynthetic rate of jujube by high efficient synthesis of sufficient organic matter in a short period of time, has high biological and economic yield. In leaf economic spectrum, jujube leaf tended to be more than Zhonggao, low nitrogen content, photosynthetic ability is weak, slow growing leaves and long life end; and jujube tends to low weight ratio of leaf nitrogen content, high photosynthetic capacity, fast growth and short service life. One end of the leaves of Chinese jujube and wild jujube can weigh the leaf venation and leaf functional traits. Take different strategies. Moreover, the ecological amplitude of jujube jujube than wide, showing.2. survival mechanism to make full use of the limited environmental resources by 7 northern provinces 32 counties jujube 62 years of meteorological data, the selection of various representative varieties of jujube county a total of 116 studies in North China The effects of climate factors on jujube jujube leaf venation. The results showed that the leaf venation varies with environmental gradients. The leaf venation index and the average annual temperature and annual rainfall strongest correlation, temperature and precipitation are the main climatic factors affecting jujube leaf venation. The average annual rainfall and density of jujube leaf and annual average temperature was negatively correlated its relationship with the climate factors were higher than the other leaf venation index. Jujube vein density of short-term and long-term environmental changes showed different adaptation characteristics: on the one hand, is not sensitive to changes of jujube vein density on short-term environment, has inherited high and low plasticity; on the other hand, in evolution during the long process of jujube vein density in order to adapt to different climatic conditions of growth, the gradient changes with climate factors. That is characteristic of jujube vein density of long-term adaptation to local climate factors on short-term results The environmental change is not sensitive. In 8 jujube leaf venation index, using principal component analysis and cluster analysis method, the jujube jujube varieties in northern China are divided into three groups, and the results coincided with the 3 northern jujube cultivation area (the Yellow River, the Haihe River downstream river alluvial soil hilly jujube jujube region; loess area; Gansu Ningxia, Xinjiang plateau, arid zone Valley and hilly area) consistent. Jujube jujube leaf venation characteristic of a region is the jujube varieties to adapt to the environment, especially the distance between the veins and vein density, can be used as an important indicator of Jujube Varieties Introduction, namely jujube varieties of leaf venation characteristics and introduction area the original date varieties most close, more successful introduction of.3. at the same time, using the above data, the North China jujube region of climatic factors (annual average rainfall and annual average temperature) traits of jujube leaf function (specific leaf weight, leaf lifespan, maximum net photosynthetic rate and light quality unit The quality of leaf nitrogen concentration) effect. The results show that the average annual rainfall, annual average temperature and sunshine duration is a key factor influencing leaf functional traits, decreased with the decrease of precipitation and temperature, and the increase of sunshine hours and the percentage of sunshine, jujube has a high leaf weight and leaf longevity, and low net the photosynthetic rate and leaf nitrogen concentration. The relationship between the function of jujube leaf traits and environment is not a single, through the interaction between functional traits, jointly determine the adaptability to the environment. Different varieties of jujube jujube leaf functional traits is more adapt to the environment and their long-term results of.4. in Xinjiang 3 cultivars of jujube (Shanxi), jujube (Henan) and July (Shaanxi), fresh research venation and their functions in response to the environment of Xinjiang jujube region. The results show that, compared with the origin, 3 cultivars of jujube in Xinjiang district (Gao Guangre Resources, low precipitation) the vein density increased significantly, to further explain the characteristics of jujube vein density is to adapt to the long-term environmental changes. And the number of nodes and leaf width variation, is not sensitive to the environment. At the same time, specific leaf weight, leaf lifespan, unit area carbon, nitrogen assimilation efficiency improved significantly. And the origin of compared with 3 cultivars per unit area of maximum net photosynthetic rate increased by about 13.5%, the leaf nitrogen concentration per unit area increased by about 14.2%. so there is Xinjiang jujube region more abundant photoassimilates in leaf (source) in synthesis, a better interpretation of the same fruit varieties with higher yield and better in Xinjiang jujube area quality. At the same time, higher specific leaf weight and leaf density of jujube varieties to drought and less rain in response to environment and to further illustrate, jujube is able to adapt to the desert environment of important fruit crops.

【學位授予單位】：西北農(nóng)林科技大學
【學位級別】：博士
【學位授予年份】：2016
【分類號】：S665.1;Q944
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本文編號：1454944