本文關(guān)鍵詞：鄂爾多斯高原湖泊動態(tài)及其生態(tài)系統(tǒng)功能研究　出處：《內(nèi)蒙古大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 湖泊動態(tài) 氣候變化 土地利用 景觀格局 浮游植物 熵

【摘要】：湖泊是地球表層各級系統(tǒng)、各級圈層相互作用的聯(lián)結(jié)點(diǎn),是地球水圈不可缺少的重要環(huán)節(jié)。湖泊具有調(diào)節(jié)區(qū)域氣候、記錄區(qū)域環(huán)境變化、維持區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)平衡和繁衍生物多樣性的特殊功能。鹽堿湖泊是湖泊發(fā)育的后期階段,約占地球湖泊總數(shù)的一半,特別是干旱-半干旱地區(qū),鹽堿湖泊數(shù)量較多,對維持區(qū)域生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)力有著決定性作用。鄂爾多斯地區(qū)是我國兩大鹽堿湖泊群分布區(qū)之一,該地區(qū)是一敏感、特殊的生態(tài)過渡帶,是我國干旱-半干旱區(qū)相對獨(dú)立的自然單元。本課題選取鄂爾多斯地區(qū)鹽堿湖泊群為研究對象,進(jìn)行了湖泊動態(tài)及其驅(qū)動因子的研究,研究分析了湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,并且應(yīng)用熵理論分析了鹽堿湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的脆弱性。首先運(yùn)用遙感數(shù)據(jù)(RS)結(jié)合地理信息系統(tǒng)(GIS),研究分析了鄂爾多斯地區(qū)湖泊動態(tài)變化特征；其次,在生態(tài)學(xué)、景觀生態(tài)學(xué)、氣候?qū)W、生物統(tǒng)計(jì)等學(xué)科理論的具體指導(dǎo)下,分析研究了氣候變化和人類活動對湖泊動態(tài)變化的影響；第三,研究分析了鄂爾多斯地區(qū)典型湖泊水體中的浮游植物物種構(gòu)成、密度和群落結(jié)構(gòu),深入分析了浮游植物功能群動態(tài)以及與環(huán)境因子的相關(guān)性；第四,引用熵理論分析評價鹽堿湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的脆弱性。研究得出如下結(jié)論：1、鄂爾多斯鹽堿湖泊群動態(tài)變化特征：湖泊面積和數(shù)量變化的總趨勢是減少的,在研究時間序列范圍內(nèi),從1980年～2012年,湖泊面積大于1 Km2湖泊數(shù)量由83個減少到57個,湖泊消失或干涸共26個,損失率達(dá)31.33%；湖泊水域面積由334.52 Km2減少到234 Km2,湖泊面積損失100.52Km2,損失率達(dá)30%。從1980年～1995年,湖泊數(shù)量由83個增加為93個,新增湖泊數(shù)量為10個；湖泊面積由334.52 Km2增加到372.13 Km2,增加面積37.61 Km2。從1995年～2012年,湖泊數(shù)量由93個減少到57個,湖泊消失數(shù)量為36個；湖泊面積由372.13Km2減少為234 Km2,減少量為38.13 Km2。湖泊這種動態(tài)特征是氣候變化和人類活動干擾兩大因素的共同作用的結(jié)果。2、分析湖泊動態(tài)的主要驅(qū)動因子之一氣候驅(qū)動因子,研究課題選取了1960-2012年鄂爾多斯地區(qū)的氣候數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,得到結(jié)論為鄂爾多斯區(qū)域氣候總趨勢趨向變暖,研究區(qū)域氣溫動態(tài)變化幅度增幅范圍在0.45℃/10a～0.6℃/10a之間,明顯高于全國平均水平的0.208℃/10a；降水量總體趨勢呈減少趨勢,在1960s降水量波動較大,從1968年～2012年的時間序列上,降水量的整個趨勢的線性擬合遞減率值為4.16mm/10a�；叶汝P(guān)聯(lián)分析,降水量、氣溫與湖泊面積變化具有較高的關(guān)聯(lián)度值。3、人類活動干擾是湖泊動態(tài)變化的主要驅(qū)動因子之一,土地是人類生存的基礎(chǔ)資源,所以土地利用動態(tài)能夠充分揭示出人類活動干擾的強(qiáng)度。通過對鄂爾多斯地區(qū)土地利用動態(tài)的研究,得出結(jié)論：在1980-2012年鄂爾多斯地區(qū)增加的土地覆蓋類型主要為草地、林地、建設(shè)用地,增加的數(shù)量分別為：1367.03 Km2、424.96 Km2、204.46 Km2,減少的土地覆蓋類型為未利用土地和耕地,減少的數(shù)量分別為1991.57Km2、156.291Km2;面積變化顯著的土地覆蓋類型是草地和未利用土地,在33年的時間序列上,草地面積增加了1367.03 Km2,未利用土地類型減少了1991.57Km2。其中湖泊面積呈減少趨勢,通過不同時間序列上土地動態(tài)度分析,湖泊動態(tài)變化主要在1995-2012年時間序列上,動態(tài)度為3.3%。4、景觀格局分析可以較好地在區(qū)域尺度上揭示鄂爾多斯地區(qū)湖泊的動態(tài)特征。通過景觀格局分析得出：鄂爾多斯地區(qū)以草地和沙地為主要景觀構(gòu)成,其次為耕地、林地,總體上是以草地和沙地兩大類型構(gòu)成的基質(zhì),輔以耕地和林地的交錯景觀格局,其他景觀類型所占比例很小,構(gòu)成形似補(bǔ)丁狀或帶狀散布于其中。鄂爾多斯地區(qū)景觀結(jié)構(gòu)主要是草地、沙地、平原區(qū)的耕地、鹽堿地為主,其景觀功能以此結(jié)構(gòu)類型為基礎(chǔ)的；其中湖泊景觀比例值很小分別為0.0044(1980年)、0.005(1995年)、0.0041(2012年),三期的鄂爾多斯地區(qū)湖泊景觀破碎度最小值為1.1(1995年),平均斑塊面積最大值為0.91Km2(1995年)。5、在區(qū)域尺度上研究鄂爾多斯地區(qū)鹽堿湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng),選取了六個典型湖泊,通過分析湖泊水體中的浮游植物群落來揭示湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能過程。通過對采集水樣在實(shí)驗(yàn)室鏡檢,共鑒定出水體中浮游植物種類為5門28屬40種,其中藍(lán)藻門8屬11種,綠藻門11屬16種,硅藻門7屬9種,裸藻門1屬3種,甲藻門1屬1種；浮游植物優(yōu)勢種是廣生性種類,六個樣湖浮游植物種類分布依次為：浩通音查干淖爾5門20屬25種,紅堿淖5門19屬24種,其和淖爾4門15屬16種,察汗淖爾3門8屬10種,哈日芒乃淖爾2門3屬4種,巴嘎淖爾2門2屬3種。湖泊水體pH為浮游植物密度的主要限制因子,湖泊水體鹽度是浮游植物物種多樣性的主要限制因子。6、研究鄂爾多斯地區(qū)鹽堿湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能,選取紅堿淖和浩通音查干淖為研究對象,采用野外實(shí)驗(yàn)生態(tài)調(diào)查方法,結(jié)合浮游植物功能群和典范對應(yīng)分析方法,進(jìn)行了浮游植物群落季節(jié)動態(tài)分析以及與環(huán)境因子的關(guān)系。研究結(jié)果為其中紅堿淖浮游植物種群按照浮游植物功能群劃分方法,共劃分為14個功能群：x1/x2/w1/TD/C/J/M/G/Wo/MP/H1/P/S2/Tc,季節(jié)變化動態(tài)為：J/X1/x2/W1/P/TD/C/M(夏季)→G/P/X1/W1/Wo/MP/H1/TD/S2/Tc(秋季)；浩通音查干淖爾浮游植物劃分為8個功能群：X1/F/P/D/W1/Wo/J/Tc,其中季節(jié)動態(tài)為X1/Tc/J/P/W1/F/D(夏季)→X1/Tc/J/P/W1/F/D/Wo(秋季)。紅堿淖和浩通音查干淖爾浮游植物功能群主要是受到pH、總離子度(Tds)、電導(dǎo)率(CON)升高的脅迫,其中pH是影響浮游植物功能群分布的主要因子。7、湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)是多因素相互作用的復(fù)雜系統(tǒng),系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)中各組成成分的相互作用是非線性的,其動態(tài)是一個由信息流驅(qū)動下各組成成分與環(huán)境耦合在一起的自組織過程,熵是復(fù)雜系統(tǒng)正確分析中的主要理論工具。為了科學(xué)地分析鹽堿湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)狀況,所以在評價鄂爾多斯鹽堿湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)脆弱性中引用熵函數(shù)理論分析是科學(xué)的,通過構(gòu)建評價指標(biāo)體系,運(yùn)用綜合信息熵模型,得到結(jié)論為：鄂爾多斯典型湖泊綜合信息熵值依次為HT(浩通音查干淖爾)BG(巴嘎淖爾)HJ(紅堿淖爾)QH(其和淖爾)HR(哈日芒乃淖爾)=CH(察汗淖爾),即生態(tài)系統(tǒng)脆弱性程度的比較順序。根據(jù)關(guān)注因子不同,分別作了關(guān)注多個因子和不同因子給予不同權(quán)重時的綜合信息熵分析,結(jié)果顯示為：當(dāng)考慮浮游植物和湖泊面積兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)時,熵值大小順序?yàn)椋篞HCHHRHTBGHJ, HJ(紅堿淖)熵值最大。通過比較鄂爾多斯地區(qū)1980年、1995年、2012年土地利用類型結(jié)構(gòu)的信息熵,依次為1980年(2.74)、2012年(2.71)、1995年(2.54),年際之間的熵值差值很小,說明了該地區(qū)土地利用多樣性程度近33年里是相似的,但是根據(jù)信息熵計(jì)算其土地利用均勻度為：1980年(0.598)、1995年(0.56)、2012年(0.6),數(shù)值較大,說明土地利用類型有較大的波動,人類活動加強(qiáng)了該區(qū)域湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)脆弱性程度。鄂爾多斯地區(qū)鹽堿湖泊動態(tài)變化主要是氣候變化和人類活動干擾的結(jié)果,其變化導(dǎo)致湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)和功能的變化,尤其人類活動干擾增加了湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)脆弱性,鑒于湖泊對于該地區(qū)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的無可替代的重要性,應(yīng)加強(qiáng)湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)和保護(hù)。通過本研究更加系統(tǒng)地掌握內(nèi)陸干旱區(qū)鹽堿湖泊的變化與驅(qū)動機(jī)制,為干旱-半干旱區(qū)內(nèi)陸鹽堿湖泊生態(tài)系統(tǒng)理論作出重要補(bǔ)充,加強(qiáng)了物理學(xué)、生物學(xué)、生態(tài)學(xué)、遙感、地理信息系統(tǒng)、景觀生態(tài)學(xué)等諸多學(xué)科理論在生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的綜合應(yīng)用,為干旱-半干旱區(qū)湖泊的科學(xué)研究提供了新的思路,以期為干旱——半干旱區(qū)生態(tài)文明建設(shè)提供科學(xué)數(shù)據(jù)支持。
[Abstract]:The lake is at the connection point of the earth surface system, at all levels of layered interaction, is an important part of the earth's hydrosphere indispensable. Lakes have regulating regional climate, regional environmental change records, maintain the special function of regional ecosystem balance and reproduction of biodiversity. Saline lakes is late stage of Lake development, accounting for about half of the total number of lakes on earth especially, in arid and semi arid areas, a large number of saline lakes, plays a decisive role in maintaining the structure and productivity of regional ecological system. Ordos area is the two largest salt lakes of China group distribution area, the area is a sensitive, special ecological transition zone, is a natural element in arid and semi-arid regions of China independently. The selected saline lakes Ordos area as the research object, the dynamics and driving factors of the lake, the lake ecological research and analysis The system structure and function, and the application of entropy theory to analyze the vulnerability of saline lake ecosystem. Firstly, using remote sensing data (RS) combined with geographic information system (GIS), the research analyzed the change characteristics of the dynamic Ordos Lake area; secondly, in ecology, landscape ecology, climatology, biological statistics and other discipline specific guidance theory. And the effects of climate change and human activities on the dynamic change of Lake; third, research and analysis of the typical water in Lake phytoplankton species Erdos area, density and community structure, in-depth analysis of the phytoplankton functional groups and correlation with environmental factors; fourth, citation analysis of vulnerability assessment of salt lake ecosystem entropy theory. The main conclusions are as follows: 1, Erdos saline lakes dynamic characteristics: the total trend of change of Lake area and the number of The potential is reduced, in the study of time series range from 1980 to 2012, the lake area is greater than the number of 1 Km2 Lake decreased from 83 to 57, a total of 26 lakes disappeared or dry, the loss rate of 31.33%; lake water area decreased from 334.52 Km2 to 234 Km2, the lake area loss of 100.52Km2, loss rate 30%. from 1980 to 1995, the number of lakes increased from 83 to 93, the number of 10 new lake; Lake area increased from 334.52 Km2 to 372.13 Km2, increase the area of 37.61 Km2. from 1995 to 2012, the number of lakes was reduced from 93 to 57, the number of 36 lakes disappeared; the lake area by 372.13Km2 reduced to 234 Km2, reduce the amount of 38.13 Km2. this is Lake dynamic characteristics of climate change and human activities interfere with the interaction of the two factors the results of.2 analysis, one of the main driving factors of climate of Lake dynamic driving factors, research topic selection Take the Erdos area 1960-2012 climate data for statistical analysis, the conclusions for the general trend of warming trend Erdos regional climate research, the regional temperature change amplitude increases in the range of 0.45 DEG /10a to 0.6 DEG /10a, higher than the national average of 0.208 DEG /10a; the overall trend of precipitation decreased in 1960s precipitation fluctuate from time series from 1968 to 2012, the linear trend of precipitation decline analysis, 4.16mm/10a. gray correlation ratio of precipitation, air temperature and Lake area change has high correlation value.3, human disturbance is a major driving factor of dynamic change of lake, land is the basic resource of human to survive, so the land use dynamic can reveal the human disturbance intensity. By using the dynamic study of Ordos land area Conclusion: the increase in Erdos, 1980-2012 years of land cover types mainly grassland, forest land, construction land, increase the number of which was 1367.03 Km2424.96 Km2204.46 Km2, reduction of land cover types for unused land and arable land, reduce the number of 1991.57Km2156.291Km2 respectively; the area change of land cover types and grassland is significant unused land, in the 33 year time series, the grassland area increased by 1367.03 Km2, unused land types decreased 1991.57Km2. the lake area decreased by land dynamic degree analysis in different time sequences, dynamic change of lake mainly in 1995-2012 time series, the dynamic degree of 3.3%.4, the analysis of landscape pattern dynamic characteristics can better reveal the Ordos Lake area on a regional scale. Through landscape pattern analysis: in the Ordos Region Consisting of grass and sand as the main landscape, followed by farmland, woodland, is on the whole matrix formed by the two types of grassland and sandy land, cultivated land and woodland with staggered landscape pattern and other landscape types in the proportion is very small, the shape of patches or bands formed in its spread. The landscape structure is mainly Ordos area the grass, sand, plain area of arable land, saline land, the landscape function based on this structure type; the lake landscape is very small proportion were 0.0044 (1980), 0.005 (1995), 0.0041 (2012), broken Erdos stage three lake landscape area of the minimum value is 1.1 (1995). The average patch area maximum of 0.91Km2 (1995).5, study on saline lake ecosystem Erdos area on the regional scale, selected six typical lakes, to reveal the lake through the analysis of the phytoplankton community in lake water body 娉婄敓鎬佺郴緇熺粨鏋勫拰鍔熻兘榪囩▼.閫氳繃瀵歸噰闆嗘按鏍峰湪瀹為獙瀹ら暅媯，

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