本文關(guān)鍵詞：黃土高原森林次生演替過程中的群落構(gòu)建　出處：《西北大學(xué)》2016年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 群落構(gòu)建 功能性狀 譜系結(jié)構(gòu) 環(huán)境過濾 相似性限制

【摘要】：群落構(gòu)建過程對(duì)于解釋物種共存和物種多樣性的維持是至關(guān)重要的。大量研究已經(jīng)基于生態(tài)位理論(niche theory)和中性理論(neutral Theory)研究了不同生態(tài)系統(tǒng)群落的構(gòu)建機(jī)制,但是直到現(xiàn)在對(duì)群落構(gòu)建和生物多樣性的維持機(jī)理仍然沒有統(tǒng)一的認(rèn)識(shí)。演替是動(dòng)態(tài)中的群落構(gòu)建,提供了很好的機(jī)會(huì)來研究確定性過程和隨機(jī)過程在群落物種組成過程中的作用。探索次生演替過程中的群落構(gòu)建機(jī)制及其變化,分析環(huán)境因子對(duì)植物群落構(gòu)建的影響,不僅有重要的理論意義,對(duì)退化生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的恢復(fù)與重建也具有重要的實(shí)踐意義。本研究針對(duì)黃土高原森林區(qū)從一年生草本群落到頂極群落6個(gè)演替階段的完整演替系列群落,基于多個(gè)維度的功能性狀,結(jié)合群落屬性、物種多樣性、譜系多樣性、功能多樣性和環(huán)境因子的變異格局,通過構(gòu)建零模型、群落性狀梯度分析等方法,檢驗(yàn)確定性過程和隨機(jī)過程、以及環(huán)境過濾和相似性限制在各個(gè)演替階段群落構(gòu)建中的相對(duì)貢獻(xiàn),探討在群落水平上功能性狀對(duì)環(huán)境的響應(yīng),闡明環(huán)境因子對(duì)不同演替階段群落構(gòu)建過程的作用。結(jié)果表明,物種水平上擴(kuò)散限制和其他隨機(jī)過程在群落構(gòu)建中占主要優(yōu)勢(shì),而確定性過程(包括非生物環(huán)境過濾,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)相互作用)決定了哪些屬性、譜系組合出現(xiàn)在樣地中。主要結(jié)論如下：(1)在黃土高原植被演替的過程中植物的進(jìn)化歷史已經(jīng)在群落構(gòu)建過程中植入了長(zhǎng)期的進(jìn)化印記。演替后期的群落更加譜系匯聚,群落間譜系周轉(zhuǎn)較低；演替早期的群落譜系周轉(zhuǎn)高,譜系發(fā)散。灌木階段是譜系發(fā)散到匯聚的過渡階段。從灌木到頂極群落的演替過程中,木本植物和草本植物表現(xiàn)出了不同的構(gòu)建過程；木本植物的譜系結(jié)構(gòu)總體表現(xiàn)為譜系匯聚,而草本植物表現(xiàn)出了發(fā)散或者隨機(jī)。(2)黃土高原植被次生演替過程中群落屬性之間同樣存在資源投資上的權(quán)衡關(guān)系。演替早期的群落擁有快速獲取和利用資源的功能屬性,處在經(jīng)濟(jì)型譜的“快速投資-收益”端；隨著演替的進(jìn)行,后期群落的木本植物和常綠植物增加,植物把更多的資源投資在營(yíng)養(yǎng)的儲(chǔ)存和結(jié)構(gòu)防御上,減少了對(duì)呼吸作用等功能的資源投入,多數(shù)物種處在經(jīng)濟(jì)型譜的“緩慢投資-收益”端,使得整個(gè)群落表現(xiàn)出了資源保存型策略。這體現(xiàn)了不同演替階段群落根據(jù)其功能需求在群落內(nèi)物種功能性狀之間進(jìn)行的資源權(quán)衡配置。這些結(jié)果也為未來從葉片經(jīng)濟(jì)型譜上升到植株、群落水平經(jīng)濟(jì)型譜的研究提供了良好的基礎(chǔ)。(3)基于15種不同的功能屬性,黃土高原植物整體能構(gòu)成一個(gè)連續(xù)的植株經(jīng)濟(jì)型譜。這個(gè)經(jīng)濟(jì)型譜主要由各器官相關(guān)的結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)屬性共同確定,能有規(guī)律地反映植物資源權(quán)衡策略從緩慢投資收益型到快速投資收益型物種轉(zhuǎn)變的連續(xù)變化。而且,隨著演替的進(jìn)行,植物對(duì)最優(yōu)屬性組合的選擇不同,器官在資源權(quán)衡上的不同,導(dǎo)致了不同演替階段表現(xiàn)出不同的植株經(jīng)濟(jì)譜。(4)葉屬性和其他屬性間的依賴性在群落內(nèi)和群落間表現(xiàn)出了不同的模式。總體來講,群落間的依賴性要強(qiáng)于在群落內(nèi)的依賴性。因此,在黃土高原植被演替過程中,群落中確實(shí)存在非中性的、與資源和環(huán)境相關(guān)的生態(tài)學(xué)過程(生物過濾、生境過濾),這些過程影響著物種器官間和器官內(nèi)的功能權(quán)衡,從而影響群落的屬性結(jié)構(gòu)。(5)在黃土高原植被演替過程中,系統(tǒng)發(fā)育只控制了屬性的α部分(群落內(nèi)的變異),并不能控制屬性的β部分(群落間的變異),說明系統(tǒng)發(fā)育對(duì)群落內(nèi)物種屬性的組成有明顯的影響,而對(duì)群落間物種的周轉(zhuǎn)影響不明顯。屬性生態(tài)位寬度無譜系信號(hào)的結(jié)果也表明,系統(tǒng)發(fā)育并不能控制物種屬性在黃土高原的分布寬度。(6)在黃土高原森林的次生演替過程中,不同演替階段、不同的屬性表現(xiàn)出的構(gòu)建模式不同。對(duì)于化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)屬性(根、莖、葉的碳、氮、磷含量),沿著演替梯度會(huì)從演替早期群落屬性的發(fā)散轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楹笃趯傩缘膮R聚。說明隨著演替的進(jìn)行環(huán)境過濾對(duì)這些屬性的過濾作用增強(qiáng)。隨著演替年齡的增加,群落種子的屬性和植株高度都表現(xiàn)出屬性的發(fā)散,表明了競(jìng)爭(zhēng)排斥(相似性限制)作用的增加。冗余分析的結(jié)果也顯示,高的pH和硝態(tài)氮含量促進(jìn)了早期群落化學(xué)計(jì)量學(xué)含量的發(fā)散；而高的氨氮含量促進(jìn)了后期群落比葉面積、種子重量的發(fā)散�？傊�,在黃土高原森林的次生演替過程中,物種水平上擴(kuò)散限制和其他隨機(jī)過程在群落構(gòu)建中占主要優(yōu)勢(shì),而確定性過程(包括非生物環(huán)境過濾,競(jìng)爭(zhēng)相互作用)決定了哪些屬性、譜系組合出現(xiàn)在群落中。本研究有望提供暖溫帶森林演替過程中群落構(gòu)建機(jī)制變化的新證據(jù),對(duì)豐富群落構(gòu)建理論有重要的理論意義,同時(shí)也可為該區(qū)植被的恢復(fù)重建提供重要的理論依據(jù)。
[Abstract]:During the construction of community is crucial for maintaining interpretation of species coexistence and species diversity. A large number of studies have been based on Niche Theory and neutral theory (niche theory) (neutral Theory) was constructed to study the mechanism of different ecosystem community, but until now the community building and maintaining mechanism of biodiversity is still no unified understanding is a dynamic construction in succession. The community, provides a good opportunity to study the process of deterministic and stochastic process which function in the process of community species. Explore the mechanism and the change in the process of secondary succession in community construction, analysis of the effects of environmental factors on the construction of plant communities, not only has important theoretical significance, restoration and reconstruction the degraded ecosystem also has important practical significance. This research aimed at the loess plateau forest area from herb community to climax community succession 6 Complete succession stage, the functional traits of multiple dimensions based on the combination of community property, species diversity, phylogenetic diversity, functional diversity and variation pattern of environmental factors, through the construction of zero model, community character gradient analysis method, test process and deterministic stochastic process, as well as environmental filtering and similar restrictions the relative contribution in the construction of communities in different succession stages, to explore the functional traits at the community level response to environment, clarify the environmental factors during the construction of communities in different successional stages. The results showed that the species level diffusion limited and other stochastic process is dominant in the community construction, and deterministic process (including non biological environmental filtering, competitive interaction) determines which attributes, pedigree combinations in the plots. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) in the Loess Plateau Vegetation Succession in the process The evolution of history has been in the community in the process of constructing the implantation of the long-term evolution of late successional communities. Mark more spectrum aggregation, low turnover among communities lineages of early successional communities; lineage turnover high lineage divergence. The shrub stage is the transitional stage of lineage divergence to convergence. From shrubs to climax community succession process woody plants and herbaceous plants showed different construction process; hierarchical structure overall performance for woody plants and herbaceous plant lineages together, showing divergent or random. (2) have the same tradeoff between resource investment between the community property of Vegetation Secondary Succession in the Loess Plateau. The early successional community has the function of quick attribute access to and use of resources, in the economic spectrum "quick investment return"; with the succession, evergreen woody plants and plant communities in the late Increase investment in plants to put more resources and storage structure on defense to reduce nutrition, respiration and other functions of the resources, most species are in the economic spectrum "slow investment income", so that the whole community showed the resource conservation strategy. This reflects the communities in different successional stages according to its function demand in the community between species traits of resource allocation trade-offs. These results also for the future from the leaf economic spectrum up to the plant, provides a good foundation of community level economic spectrum. (3) 15 different functional properties based on the Loess Plateau, the whole plant can form a continuous plant economic spectrum. The economic spectrum is mainly composed of various organs related to the structure and chemical properties determined, can regularly reflect the plant resource balancing strategy investment return type from slow to fast return on investment The continuous variation of species change type. Moreover, with the succession, plant selection on the optimal combination of attributes of different organs in different resource trade-offs, resulting in different successional stages of economic plants showed different spectra. (4) the dependence of leaf attribute and other attributes between communities and between communities show different models. Generally speaking, the dependence between communities than in the communities dependent. Therefore, in the process of vegetation succession in the Loess Plateau, the existence of community non neutral, ecological processes associated with resources and environment (biological filtration, filtration process, these habitats) affect the species and organs the organ function balance, thus affecting the property structure of the community. (5) in the succession of vegetation in Loess Plateau, the system development can only control the properties of alpha part (variation in the community), and can not control the beta (part of community property The variation between), showing that there was a significant impact on the composition of species in the community property system development, and the effects on community species turnover is not obvious. The niche width of non pedigree signal attribute results show that the system can not control the development and distribution of species attributes in the width of the Loess Plateau (6) in the secondary succession. The process of loess plateau forest in different successional stages, different properties exhibit various construction models. The chemometrics (root, stem, leaf properties of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus), along the succession gradient will change from the divergence of early successional communities attribute for later attributes together. With the succession of environmental filtering filtering effect on these properties increased. With the increase of successional age, community seed attributes and plant height showed that the properties of the divergence of competitive exclusion (similar restrictions). The increase of action redundant points The analysis results also showed that high pH nitrate content and promote the early divergence community content and chemometrics; high ammonia nitrogen content to promote the late community specific leaf area, the divergence of the seed weight. In short, in the process of secondary succession forest in the Loess Plateau, the level of species diffusion restrictions and other stochastic processes accounted for the major the advantage in the community construction, and deterministic process (including non biological environmental filtering, competitive interactions) determines which attributes, pedigree combinations in the community. This study is expected to provide new evidence to construct the mechanism of changes of communities in warm temperate forest succession process, to enrich the community construction has an important theoretical significance in theory, provide a theoretical basis for the important also for the restoration and reconstruction of vegetation in this area.

【學(xué)位授予單位】：西北大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2016
【分類號(hào)】：Q948

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