本文關(guān)鍵詞：隧道空間有限元地震波場(chǎng)模擬與逆時(shí)偏移成像　出處：《中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)》2017年博士論文　論文類型：學(xué)位論文

  更多相關(guān)文章： 隧道地震超前預(yù)報(bào) 三維有限元 波場(chǎng)模擬 邊界條件 彈性波逆時(shí)偏移

【摘要】：隧道工程作為交通建設(shè)的咽喉,其安全和高效地施工一直受到人們的重視。但隧道圍巖地質(zhì)情況復(fù)雜多變,施工過程中斷層破碎帶、巖溶等不良地質(zhì)體極易造成突水突泥、圍巖失穩(wěn)等地質(zhì)災(zāi)害。因此,開展隧道超前預(yù)報(bào)的工作,準(zhǔn)確掌握隧道掌子面前方的地質(zhì)情況,并提前做好預(yù)防工作,是隧道工程安全和高效施工的重要保障。隧道超前預(yù)報(bào)技術(shù)主要是從20世紀(jì)70年代開始興起的,其中地震反射波法超前預(yù)報(bào)技術(shù)以其精度高,探測(cè)距離遠(yuǎn),而備受工程界青睞。但隧道復(fù)雜的圍巖地質(zhì)情況使得地震波場(chǎng)異常復(fù)雜,難以識(shí)別有效波場(chǎng)和獲取較可靠的成像結(jié)果。目前,針對(duì)隧道超前預(yù)報(bào)的研究主要是從波場(chǎng)正演模擬與成像兩方面進(jìn)行的,但二者仍然在以下幾個(gè)方面值得進(jìn)一步的研究和探討:1)對(duì)于隧道正演模擬來說,通常采用的方法是有限差分,有限差分在處理隧道這種特殊的弧形自由邊界時(shí)往往比較困難,不利于獲得符合實(shí)際的隧道空間地震波場(chǎng)響應(yīng)特征;2)對(duì)于隧道超前預(yù)報(bào)偏移成像方法的研究大多是采用Kirchhoff偏移或是繞射掃描偏移,而對(duì)目前公認(rèn)的成像精度最高的逆時(shí)偏移也大多是基于二維空間,缺乏針對(duì)隧道地震超前預(yù)報(bào)三維逆時(shí)偏移成像的研究以及有利于成像的觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)討論;3)目前針對(duì)隧道地震超前預(yù)報(bào)中獲得的多分量地震資料,主要的處理流程是基于聲波偏移或是縱橫波分離式的標(biāo)量偏移。由于隧道地震資料的復(fù)雜性,往往很難通過對(duì)地震記錄進(jìn)行波場(chǎng)分離獲得純縱波或是純橫波資料,在偏移成像時(shí),殘留的能量容易對(duì)成像造成干擾。針對(duì)目前隧道超前預(yù)報(bào)研究中值得進(jìn)一步探討的問題,本文開展了基于有限元法的隧道三維空間彈性波波場(chǎng)模擬和基于彈性波逆時(shí)外推的隧道三維縱波逆時(shí)偏移成像研究。主要工作及成果如下:(1)基于二階位移彈性波波動(dòng)方程,利用虛功原理推導(dǎo)并建立了三維彈性波波場(chǎng)模擬的有限元方程,并介紹了具有二階精度的顯式Newmark差分算法的實(shí)現(xiàn)過程;對(duì)比分析了行壓縮存儲(chǔ)(CSR)以及一維變帶寬存儲(chǔ)對(duì)稀疏矩陣的存儲(chǔ)效率;在給出了非結(jié)構(gòu)網(wǎng)格下有限元爆炸震源的加載方式下,實(shí)現(xiàn)了三維有限元彈性波全波場(chǎng)模擬,為后文開展逆時(shí)偏移成像研究提供了基礎(chǔ)。(2)基于完美匹配層理論,詳細(xì)推導(dǎo)并建立了基于二階位移波動(dòng)方程的分裂完美匹配層(PML)邊界條件和非分裂卷積完美匹配層(CFS-UPML)邊界條件的有限元方程,通過與解析解對(duì)比驗(yàn)證了本文有限元模擬面波的正確性,對(duì)比分析了兩種邊界條件對(duì)面波、掠射角入射波和近地表高泊松比介質(zhì)下的吸收效果,以及長(zhǎng)時(shí)間計(jì)算的穩(wěn)定性情況;最后對(duì)有限元在三維傾斜自由表面模擬面波的正確性進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。研究結(jié)果表明:具有網(wǎng)格剖分靈活以及自動(dòng)滿足自由邊界條件等優(yōu)勢(shì)的有限元法能夠獲得較精確的面波記錄,并且適應(yīng)于復(fù)雜環(huán)境下的波場(chǎng)模擬;CFS-UPML邊界條件在對(duì)掠射角入射波的吸收效果以及高泊松比介質(zhì)中的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間穩(wěn)定性方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì),但計(jì)算效率要低于PML邊界。(3)基于隧道施工過程中常見的不良地質(zhì)體(巖性分界面、溶洞)的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn),構(gòu)建了三維隧道地質(zhì)地球物理模型,實(shí)現(xiàn)了隧道波場(chǎng)的三維彈性波全波場(chǎng)模擬,并進(jìn)行了隧道波場(chǎng)特征分析,增強(qiáng)了對(duì)隧道波場(chǎng)傳播特征的系統(tǒng)認(rèn)識(shí),為隧道地震反射信息的識(shí)別提供了理論依據(jù)。分析結(jié)果顯示:炮點(diǎn)位于隧道邊墻時(shí),巖性分界面產(chǎn)生的反射橫波能量相對(duì)來說要強(qiáng)于反射縱波;檢波器布置在靠近傾斜界面一側(cè)的隧道側(cè)壁上時(shí),獲得的反射縱波能量強(qiáng)于另外一側(cè),更有利于反射縱波成像;溶洞充填空氣時(shí),反射波的能量最強(qiáng),其次是充填水,而充填軟弱土產(chǎn)生的反射波能量最弱。(4)在分析了彈性波逆時(shí)偏移成像基本理論的基礎(chǔ)上,對(duì)逆時(shí)偏移成像中的關(guān)鍵步驟(波場(chǎng)分離、成像條件以及成像噪音壓制)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的分析和討論,并對(duì)其在隧道逆時(shí)偏移成像中的適用性進(jìn)行了驗(yàn)證。結(jié)果表明:采用基于Helmholtz分解的方法能夠有效的對(duì)隧道波場(chǎng)進(jìn)行縱橫波解耦,以及邊界存儲(chǔ)策略的互相關(guān)成像條件的實(shí)施方式,能夠有效解決三維逆時(shí)偏移的內(nèi)存消耗問題;基于Poynting矢量和Laplace濾波的方法能夠有效消除隧道逆時(shí)偏移成像中的低頻噪音干擾。通過上述討論,最終建立了基于多分量地震資料-彈性波波場(chǎng)外推-縱橫波分離-彈性縱波成像的隧道地震超前預(yù)報(bào)三維彈性縱波逆時(shí)偏移成像的流程。(5)在隧道有限元三維彈性波波場(chǎng)模擬以及彈性波逆時(shí)偏移成像的研究基礎(chǔ)上,實(shí)現(xiàn)了基于彈性波逆時(shí)外推的隧道三維縱波逆時(shí)偏移成像�；�60°傾斜界面模型,對(duì)影響隧道成像結(jié)果的主要因素(觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)以及噪音)進(jìn)行了討論,結(jié)果表明:基于彈性波逆時(shí)外推的三維彈性縱波成像能夠有效的進(jìn)行隧道成像;雙邊觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)更有利于傾斜界面的成像,理論記錄成像結(jié)果表明采用一條排列即可滿足成像精度要求。噪聲討論結(jié)果表明:當(dāng)噪音比例小于等于50%時(shí),獲得的成像剖面均較為可靠;隨著噪音比例的增加,成像結(jié)果中虛假同相軸的能量不斷增加,當(dāng)噪音比例大于70%時(shí),成像結(jié)果才會(huì)受到虛假成像同相軸的干擾,可見,本文采用的隧道逆時(shí)偏移成像流程具有較好的抗噪性。(6)基于上述三維彈性縱波逆時(shí)偏移成像的流程,開展了隧道典型不良地質(zhì)體的理論模型(與隧道軸線成90°夾角)成像研究。結(jié)果表明:本文采用的基于多分量地震資料和彈性波波場(chǎng)外推的三維彈性縱波逆時(shí)偏移成像方法能夠有效的對(duì)掌子面正前方不良地質(zhì)體理論模型進(jìn)行成像。通過與傾斜界面以及側(cè)面溶洞的成像結(jié)果對(duì)比可知,偏移剖面中與隧道軸線成90°夾角的地質(zhì)體成像能量相對(duì)較弱,因此,在高背景噪聲情況下,很難實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)與隧道軸線成90°夾角地質(zhì)體的精確成像。(7)基于本文討論的觀測(cè)系統(tǒng)以及三維彈性縱波成像方法進(jìn)行了實(shí)際隧道地震超前預(yù)報(bào)資料的成像研究,通過對(duì)含有噪音記錄的成像,說明了本文采用方法具有一定的抗噪性;與二維偏移成像結(jié)果的對(duì)比,驗(yàn)證了本文采用的成像方法的可行性和有效性。本文的創(chuàng)新性成果主要體現(xiàn)在:(1)基于二維分裂PML邊界條件,將其有效的擴(kuò)展到了三維空間,并實(shí)現(xiàn)了基于二階位移方程的分裂PML邊界條件和CFS-UPML邊界條件的有限元隧道地震全波場(chǎng)模擬;(2)有效實(shí)現(xiàn)了三維隧道縱波逆時(shí)偏移成像,并對(duì)影響成像精度的關(guān)鍵參數(shù)進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)討論與分析,建立了滿足成像精度要求的觀測(cè)系統(tǒng),形成了基于多分量地震資料-彈性波波場(chǎng)外推-縱橫波分離-噪聲壓制-彈性縱波成像的隧道地震超前預(yù)報(bào)三維彈性縱波逆時(shí)偏移成像的流程。
[Abstract]:As the throat of traffic construction, the safety and efficient construction of tunnel engineering has been paid much attention by people. But the geological condition of tunnel surrounding rock is complex and changeable. During construction process, such unfavorable geological bodies as interruption zone, fracture zone and karst are very likely to cause geological disasters such as water bursting, mud outburst and surrounding rock instability. Therefore, to carry out the tunnel prediction work, accurately grasp the geological conditions of the tunnel face, and advance the prevention work, is an important guarantee for the safe and efficient construction of tunnel engineering. The advanced prediction technology of tunnel is mainly started in 1970s. The advanced prediction technology of seismic reflection wave is favored by engineering circles because of its high accuracy and long detection distance. However, the complex geological condition of the tunnel makes the seismic wave field very complicated, and it is difficult to identify the effective wave field and obtain more reliable imaging results. At present, the research of tunnel prediction is mainly from the wave field forward modeling and imaging of the two aspects, but the two still in the following aspects worthy of further research and discussion: 1) for the simulation of tunnel, is a commonly used method of finite difference, finite difference in the tunnel special arc free boundary is often difficult to get in line with the actual seismic wave field response characteristics of tunnel space; 2) for the prediction of migration method in tunnel mostly uses the Kirchhoff offset or diffraction scan migration, and the currently accepted imaging the highest accuracy of reverse time migration was also based on two-dimensional space in view of the lack of tunnel seismic prediction, 3D reverse time migration imaging research and observation system for imaging the discussion; 3) for the tunnel seismic prediction for multi points The main processing flow of seismic data is based on the wave offset or the scalar offset of the longitudinal and transverse wave separation. Because of the complexity of tunnel seismic data, it is often difficult to get pure longitudinal wave or pure shear wave data by separating wave field from seismic records. When migration imaging, residual energy can easily cause interference to imaging. Aiming at the problems that should be further explored in the study of tunnel advanced prediction, this paper develops three-dimensional elastic wave field simulation based on finite element method and 3D longitudinal wave reverse time migration imaging based on elastic wave inverse time extrapolation. The main work and results are as follows: (1) two order displacement based on the elastic wave equation is derived by using the principle of virtual work, and established a 3D elastic wave field simulation of finite element equations, and introduces explicit Newmark with two order accuracy difference algorithm implementation process; comparative analysis of the compressed storage (CSR) and one dimension variable bandwidth of sparse matrix storage efficiency; finite element is given under unstructured explosive source loading method, the three-dimensional finite element full elastic wave field simulation, for the development of reverse time migration imaging research provides a basis for. (2) based on the theory of perfectly matched layer, is derived and the matching layer two order displacement wave equation based on perfect splitting (PML) boundary conditions and non dividing convolutional perfectly matched layer (CFS-UPML) boundary conditions of finite element equations, by comparison with analytic solutions and verify the correctness of the finite element simulation of surface waves. Comparative analysis of two kinds of boundary conditions of surface wave, the grazing angle of incident wave and near surface absorption of medium high Poisson's ratio, and the stability of long time calculation; finally the finite element simulation of free surface in three-dimensional inclined surface wave are verified. The results show that: with the finite element method and flexible mesh automatically satisfy the free boundary conditions and other advantages can obtain more accurate records of surface wave, wave field simulation and adapt to the complex environment; CFS-UPML boundary conditions on the grazing angle of the incident wave absorption effect and high Poisson's ratio of long time stability of medium the advantages, but the computational efficiency is lower than the PML boundary. (3) common adverse geological tunnel construction process based on (lithologic interface, cave) structure characteristics, build the three-dimensional tunnel geological geophysical model, the 3D elastic wave tunnel wave field full wave field simulation, and analyzed the tunnel wave field characteristics, and enhance the understanding of wave propagation in tunnel the characteristics of the system, provides a theoretical basis for the identification of tunnel seismic reflection information. The analysis results show that the shot point is located in the tunnel wall, shear wave reflection energy generated by lithologic interface relatively stronger than the reflection wave; detector disposed near the tunnel sidewall tilt interface on one side, the other side is stronger than the P-wave reflection energy, more conducive to reflection wave imaging; cave filling the air, the strongest energy reflection wave, followed by water filling, filling and reflection of soft soil produced by wave energy. (4) in the analysis of the basic theory of elastic wave reverse time migration, the key steps in the reverse time migration imaging (wave field separation, imaging conditions and imaging noise suppression) are analyzed and discussed in detail, and the applicability of the offset in the tunnel in reverse time imaging is verified. The results show that the method based on Helmholtz decomposition of effective tunnel wave field wave decoupling, implementation method and boundary storage strategy of cross-correlation imaging condition, can effectively solve the problem of offset memory consumption inverse method; Poynting vector and Laplace filter can effectively eliminate the low-frequency noise migration in tunnel based on the inverse. Based on the above discussions, a three-dimensional elastic longitudinal wave reverse time migration imaging process based on multi-component seismic data elastic wave field extrapolation longitudinal and transverse wave separation elastic longitudinal wave imaging is finally established. (5) on the basis of the study of the three-dimensional elastic wave field simulation and the inverse time migration imaging of the elastic wave in the tunnel finite element, the tunnel based on the extrapolation of the elastic wave inverse time is realized.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：中國(guó)地質(zhì)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：U452.11;P631.4

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