【摘要】：格子Boltzmann方法(LBM)作為一種介觀方法,憑借天然并行性、邊界條件處理簡(jiǎn)單、程序易于實(shí)施等自身獨(dú)特的優(yōu)勢(shì),廣泛應(yīng)用于微尺度流動(dòng)和傳熱、多孔介質(zhì)、生物流體、磁流體、納米流體、多相流、燃料電池等眾多領(lǐng)域,為多種復(fù)雜現(xiàn)象的機(jī)理研究提供了新的研究思路。但是目前在層流受限沖擊射流、隨機(jī)多孔介質(zhì)的流動(dòng)和換熱應(yīng)用上,LBM存在不足和空白之處,有待于進(jìn)一步的完善和拓展。因此,本文采用LBM對(duì)上述兩方面做了有益的嘗試,為深刻認(rèn)識(shí)這些問(wèn)題提供了新的啟示,同時(shí)為后續(xù)研究工作打下了良好的基礎(chǔ)。概括來(lái)說(shuō),本文的工作主要包括:(1)基于LBM方法模擬計(jì)算了正形和菱形排布的四圓柱繞流問(wèn)題,揭示了Re數(shù)和間距比L/D對(duì)流動(dòng)形態(tài)、阻力系數(shù)、升力系數(shù)和Nu數(shù)的影響規(guī)律。通過(guò)對(duì)四圓柱繞流的流動(dòng)特性和受力特性的數(shù)值模擬研究,結(jié)果表明:不同Re數(shù)下流動(dòng)模式發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí)對(duì)應(yīng)的臨界L/D不同;流動(dòng)模式發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變時(shí),平均阻力系數(shù)、平均升力系數(shù)發(fā)生突變,這些結(jié)論與已知的研究結(jié)果一致。基于此,文中對(duì)目前報(bào)道較少的四圓柱繞流換熱問(wèn)題進(jìn)行了深入探討,結(jié)果表明:圓柱表面Nu數(shù)隨Re數(shù)增大快速增大;隨著L/D的增大流動(dòng)模式發(fā)生改變時(shí),Nu數(shù)大幅度增加;對(duì)于同一流動(dòng)模式,Nu數(shù)隨著L/D的增加幾乎不變。這部分研究成果為隨機(jī)多孔介質(zhì)流動(dòng)和換熱問(wèn)題的研究提供了基礎(chǔ)。(2)對(duì)沖擊射流的研究,本文模擬計(jì)算了平面和曲面沖擊射流,揭示了Re數(shù)、無(wú)量綱沖擊距離H/W對(duì)層流受限沖擊射流流動(dòng)特性、溫度分布特性的影響規(guī)律。不同于傳統(tǒng)沖擊射流模擬結(jié)果對(duì)選取的湍流模型具有巨大依賴性,本文采用LBM這種新興的數(shù)值模擬方法,避免了經(jīng)驗(yàn)參數(shù)的確定。數(shù)值仿真結(jié)果表明:隨著Re數(shù)增大,流動(dòng)從穩(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)榉欠�(wěn)定結(jié)構(gòu),H/W越大,流動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)變對(duì)應(yīng)的臨界Re數(shù)越小。滯止點(diǎn)處Nu數(shù)隨Re數(shù)增加而增加,隨H/W增加而減小。在這兩個(gè)參數(shù)中,Re數(shù)對(duì)換熱特性有著更顯著的影響。對(duì)射流沖擊曲面換熱問(wèn)題的研究結(jié)果表明:圓柱表面Nu數(shù)隨角度0變化較大,當(dāng)θ從0°增加到90°時(shí),Nu數(shù)逐漸減小,并且在90°達(dá)到最小值;隨著0從90°增加到135°,Nu數(shù)逐漸增大。這部分工作驗(yàn)證了LBM能夠?qū)?qiáng)旋流動(dòng)進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確地?cái)?shù)值模擬。(3)對(duì)于隨機(jī)多孔介質(zhì),重點(diǎn)研究了多孔結(jié)構(gòu)隨機(jī)性、粒徑分布和顆粒形狀對(duì)流動(dòng)和換熱特性的影響。(a)通過(guò)查閱大量文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),不同學(xué)者提出的多孔介質(zhì)滲透率與孔隙率關(guān)系式存在著巨大的差異,充分證明了多孔介質(zhì)復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)的影響。本文采用基于過(guò)程的重構(gòu)技術(shù)生成隨機(jī)多孔介質(zhì),對(duì)孔隙內(nèi)流場(chǎng)進(jìn)行了深入的探討。結(jié)果表明,構(gòu)成多孔介質(zhì)的顆粒粒徑和數(shù)量不變,隨機(jī)生成的不同多孔結(jié)構(gòu)的無(wú)量綱滲透率K相差很大,內(nèi)部多孔結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)流動(dòng)有著不可忽視的影響。對(duì)于二維結(jié)構(gòu),提出了適用于直徑符合高斯分布的圓柱形成的多孔介質(zhì)的滲透率K計(jì)算式。在此基礎(chǔ),上,給出了用于Forchheimer方程的一個(gè)新的b'Den計(jì)算式。對(duì)于三維結(jié)構(gòu),重點(diǎn)考察了粒徑分布規(guī)律和顆粒形狀的影響。當(dāng)不同粒徑顆粒種類不大于5時(shí),滲透率隨顆粒種類增加而增大。球形顆粒的無(wú)量綱滲透率大于立方體顆粒。同時(shí),本文將立方體的研究結(jié)果拓展到長(zhǎng)方體長(zhǎng)度(a)小于高度(b)的情況,隨著a/b增大,滲透率K減小。(b)通過(guò)查閱大量文獻(xiàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),不同形式多孔介質(zhì)換熱系數(shù)關(guān)聯(lián)式相差很大,甚至存在一些矛盾的結(jié)論。基于此,本文針對(duì)隨機(jī)多孔介質(zhì)內(nèi)部的換熱特性展開(kāi)了研究。結(jié)果表明,構(gòu)成多孔介質(zhì)的顆粒粒徑和數(shù)量不變,隨機(jī)生成的不同多孔結(jié)構(gòu)的Nu數(shù)相差很大,內(nèi)部多孔結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)換熱有著不可忽視的影響。對(duì)于二維結(jié)構(gòu),給出了考慮孔隙率影響的Nu數(shù)表達(dá)式。對(duì)于三維結(jié)構(gòu),重點(diǎn)考察了粒徑分布規(guī)律和顆粒形狀的影響。當(dāng)不同粒徑顆粒種類不大于5時(shí),Nu數(shù)隨顆粒種類增加而減小。對(duì)于形狀相同粒徑分布不同的顆粒,等直徑顆粒組成的多孔介質(zhì)孔隙率對(duì)Nu數(shù)的影響作用最顯著;對(duì)于粒徑種類相同形狀不同的顆粒,立方體顆粒組成的多孔介質(zhì)孔隙率對(duì)Nu數(shù)的影響作用遠(yuǎn)大于球形顆粒�？傊�,本文的研究工作對(duì)深入認(rèn)識(shí)微尺度沖擊射流、隨機(jī)多孔介質(zhì)的流動(dòng)和換熱特性具有指導(dǎo)意義。這些研究不但具有重要的工程應(yīng)用價(jià)值,而且拓展了LBM在這些領(lǐng)域的研究范圍。
[Abstract]:The lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), as a mesoscopic method, is widely used in micro-scale flow and heat transfer, porous media, biological fluid, magnetic fluid, nano-fluid, multi-phase flow, In many fields, such as fuel cell, this paper provides a new approach to the mechanism of many complex phenomena. However, in the application of the laminar flow limited impact jet, the flow of the random porous medium and the heat transfer application, the LBM has insufficient and empty space, which is to be further improved and expanded. Therefore, this paper makes a useful attempt to the above-mentioned two aspects by using the LBM, and provides a new inspiration for the deep understanding of these problems, and lays a good foundation for the follow-up research work. In general, the work of this paper mainly includes: (1) the problem of four-cylinder flow around the regular and diamond-shaped arrangement is simulated based on the LBM method, and the influence of the number of Re and the spacing ratio L/ D on the flow pattern, the drag coefficient, the lift coefficient and the Nu number is revealed. The numerical simulation of the flow characteristics and the force characteristics of the four-cylinder flow around the cylinder shows that the critical L/ D is different when the flow pattern is changed under different Re number, and the average drag coefficient and the average lift coefficient change when the flow pattern is changed. These conclusions are consistent with the known study results. The results show that the number of Nu in the cylindrical surface increases rapidly with the increase of the number of Re, and the number of Nu increases with the increase of L/ D, and for the same flow pattern, The number of Nu increases with the increase of L/ D. The results of this study provide the basis for the study of the flow and heat transfer of the porous media. (2) In order to study the impact jet, this paper simulates the impact jet of plane and surface, and reveals the influence of the Reynolds number, the dimensionless impact distance H/ W on the flow characteristics and the temperature distribution characteristics of the laminar flow limited impact jet. In this paper, a new numerical simulation method of LBM is used to avoid the determination of the empirical parameters. The numerical simulation results show that, with the increase of the number of Re, the transition from the stable structure to the non-stable structure, the larger the H/ W, the smaller the critical Re number corresponding to the transition of the flow structure. The number of Nu at the stagnation point increases with the increase of the number of Re, and decreases with the increase of H/ W. In these two parameters, the Re number has a more significant effect on the heat transfer characteristics. The results of the study on the heat transfer of the jet impingement surface show that the number of Nu of the cylindrical surface increases with the angle of 0, and the number of Nu decreases gradually when the angle increases from 0 擄 to 90 擄, and the minimum value is reached at 90 擄, and the number of Nu increases with the increase of 0 from 90 擄 to 135 擄. This part of the work verifies that the LBM can accurately simulate the strong spin flow. (3) For the random porous media, the influence of the randomness of the porous structure, the particle size distribution and the particle shape on the flow and heat transfer characteristics is studied. (a) It is found that the relationship between the permeability of the porous media and the porosity of the porous media has a great difference, and the influence of the complex internal structure of the porous media is well demonstrated. In this paper, a process-based reconstruction technique is used to generate a random porous medium, and the flow field in the pore is discussed in-depth. The results show that the particle size and quantity of the porous media are the same, the dimensionless permeability K of the randomly generated porous structure is very different, and the internal porous structure has a non-negligible effect on the flow. For the two-dimensional structure, a formula for permeability K of a porous medium, which is suitable for cylindrical formation with a Gaussian distribution, is proposed. On this basis, a new b 'Den calculation formula for the Forschheimer equation is given. The effect of particle size distribution and particle shape on the three-dimensional structure is studied. When the particle size of the different particle sizes is not more than 5, the permeability increases with the increase of the particle type. The non-dimensional permeability of the spherical particles is greater than the cubic particles. At the same time, the research result of the cube is extended to the case where the length (a) of the cuboid is less than the height (b), and the permeability K decreases as a/ b increases. (b) According to a large number of literature, the correlation formula of the heat transfer coefficient of different forms of porous media is different, and even some contradictory conclusions are present. Based on this, this paper studies the heat transfer characteristics of the interior of the porous media. The results show that the size and quantity of the particles that make up the porous medium are the same, and the number of the Nu of the randomly generated porous structure is very different, and the internal porous structure has a non-negligible effect on the heat transfer. For the two-dimensional structure, the Nu number expression considering the influence of porosity is given. The effect of particle size distribution and particle shape on the three-dimensional structure is studied. When the particle size of the different particle size is not more than 5, the number of Nu decreases with the increase of the particle size. The effect of the porosity on the number of Nu is most significant for the porous media with the same particle size distribution, and the effect of the porosity on the number of the Nu is much larger than that of the spherical particles for the particles with the same particle size. In conclusion, the research work in this paper is of great significance to the in-depth understanding of the micro-scale impact jet and the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the random porous media. The research not only has important engineering application value, but also extends the research scope of the LBM in these fields.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京科技大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：TK124

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