發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-09-06 13:52

【摘要】：在發(fā)展中國家,如中國和巴基斯坦,大氣污染逐漸成為一個(gè)嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境問題。造成這種情況的原因主要有兩個(gè):工業(yè)的快速發(fā)展和污染物不受限制和規(guī)定的排放。毫無疑問,由各種天然或人為原因造成的大氣污染已經(jīng)影響到人們?nèi)粘Ｉ?并且日益加劇。本研究旨在分析監(jiān)控現(xiàn)階段中國大連市和巴基斯坦費(fèi)薩爾巴德市的大氣污染水平。木論文收集的數(shù)據(jù)代表了來自不同國家的兩個(gè)人口密集和工業(yè)化城市的空氣質(zhì)量。主要評(píng)價(jià)了其大氣中的懸浮顆粒物(pM_(2.5)和PM_(10))、二氧化硫(SO_2)、二氧化氮(NO_2)以及一氧化碳(CO)的濃度水平。評(píng)估了兩個(gè)城市在2013年的不同位點(diǎn)的污染物濃度水平。采用五種污染物參數(shù)(PM_(2.5)、NO_2、SO_2、CO和PM_(10))的濃度構(gòu)建了空氣質(zhì)量評(píng)價(jià)模型,并利用人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(ANNs)建立了預(yù)測(cè)模型。最后,分別采用四種不同區(qū)域的大氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(NEQS[巴基斯坦國家環(huán)境質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]、NAAQS[美國環(huán)境保護(hù)署國家環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]、CNAAQS[中國國家環(huán)境空氣質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)]和WHO[世界衛(wèi)生組織])評(píng)價(jià)和對(duì)比了兩個(gè)城市的空氣質(zhì)量。(1)本文收集評(píng)估了中國大連市和巴基斯坦費(fèi)薩爾巴德市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的濃度。費(fèi)薩爾巴德市PM_(2.5)濃度為22-49μg/m~3(平均36.5 μg/m~3),PM_(10)濃度為109-164.3μg/m~3(平均 148.3 μg/m~3)。大連市PM_(2.5)濃度為5.5-93.3 μg/m~3(平均29.1 μg/m~3),PM_(10)濃度為 10.5-101.1μg/m~3(平均45.9μg/m~3)。費(fèi)薩爾巴德市冬季PM_(2.5)比干燥的夏季高,但總體來講冬季夏季PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)都明顯不同;大連市污染物的濃度變化范圍比費(fèi)薩爾巴德市大。費(fèi)薩爾巴德市平均懸浮顆粒物濃度比大連市高(甚至高于NEQS和NAAQS可允許的最高濃度);此外,大連市的懸浮顆粒物濃度符合CNAAQS和WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(2)比較研究重估了兩個(gè)城市環(huán)境空氣中NO_2,SO_2以及CO的濃度。費(fèi)薩爾巴德市NO_2濃度為185-262μg/m~3,大連市為44-133 μg/m~3。費(fèi)薩爾巴德市和大連市的SO_2濃度分別為66-190 μg/m~3和56-128 μg/m~3,CO濃度分別為5.4-22.3 mg/m~3和0.3-2.8 mg/m~3。大連市三種氣態(tài)污染物的年平均濃度低于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值,而費(fèi)薩爾巴德市三種氣態(tài)污染物的年平均濃度則相當(dāng)高。(3)人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算費(fèi)薩爾巴德市NO_2,SO_2以及CO的濃度分別為80μg/m~3,120μg/m~3和 10mg/m~3,而觀察值分別為 76μg/m~3,116μg/m~3和 9.3mg/m~3。大連市 NO_2,SO_2以及CO的計(jì)算濃度分別為58 μg/m~3,108 μg/m~3和9.1 mg/m~3,而觀察值分別為52μg/m~3,102μg/m~3和8.8mg/m~3。人工神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)計(jì)算費(fèi)薩爾巴德市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的濃度分別為151.4 μg/m~3和53.6 μg/m~3,而觀察值分別為144 μg/m~3和48 μg/m~3。大連市PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的計(jì)算濃度分別為105.7 μg/m~3和45.4 μg/m~3,而觀察值分別為101.1 μg/m~3和44.4μg/m~3。費(fèi)薩爾巴德市PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)的年平均濃度高于NEQS和NAAQS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(35 μg/m~3和150μg/m~3),但符合CNAAQS和WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(75μg/m~3和150μg/m~3)。大連市顆粒物濃度均在允許濃度范圍內(nèi)。大連市NO_2,SO_2以及CO均在NEQS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(80μg/m~3,120μg/m~3和 10mg/m~3),NAAQS 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(100μg/m~3,120μg/m~3和 10mg/m~3)和 CNAAQS標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(80μg/m~3,150μg/m~3和10mg/m~3)的允許范圍內(nèi),但高于WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(40μg/m~3,20 μg/m~3和10 mg/m~3)。不論是ANNs模型預(yù)測(cè)還是實(shí)際檢測(cè),費(fèi)薩爾巴德市NO_2,SO_2,CO,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)的濃度均高于大連市。
[Abstract]:Air pollution is becoming a serious environmental problem in developing countries, such as China and Pakistan. There are two main reasons for this: the rapid development of industry and unrestricted and regulated emissions of pollutants. The purpose of this study is to analyze and monitor air pollution levels in Dalian, China, and Faisalbad, Pakistan at this stage. The data collected in this paper represent air quality in two densely populated and industrialized cities from different countries. Particulate matter (PM_ (2.5) and PM_ (10) in the atmosphere are mainly evaluated. Concentration levels of sulfur dioxide (SO_2), nitrogen dioxide (NO_2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were assessed at different sites in the two cities in 2013. Air quality assessment models were constructed using five pollutant parameters (PM_ (2.5), NO_2, SO_2, CO and PM_ (10)) and predicted using artificial neural networks (ANNs). Finally, the air quality of the two cities was evaluated and compared using four different regional air quality standards (NEQS, NAAQS, CNAAQS and WHO). Concentrations of PM_ (2.5) and PM_ (10) were assessed in Chinese and Pakistani cities of Dalian and Faisalbad. The concentrations of PM_ (2.5) and PM_ (10) in Faisalbad were 22-49 ug/m~3 (average 36.5 ug/m~3), 36.5 ug/m~3 (average 36.5 ug/m~3), 109-164.3 ug/m~3 (average 148.3 ug/m~3). PM_ (2.5) were 5.5-93.3 ug/m~3 (average 29.1 ug/m~3), PM_ (average 29.1 ug/m~3), PM_ (average 29.1 ug/m~3), PM_ (average 36.101 PM_ (2.5) in winter is higher than that in dry summer, but PM_ (2.5) and PM_ (10) are obviously different in winter and summer. The concentration range of pollutants in Dalian is larger than that in Faisalbad. The average suspended particulate concentration in Faisalbad is higher than that in Dalian (even higher than that of NEQS and NAAQS). The concentration of NO_2, SO_2 and CO in ambient air of Dalian and Faisalbad was 185-262 ug/m~3, and that of Dalian was 44-133 ug/m~3. The concentration of SO_2 in Faisalbad and Dalian was 66-190 ug/m~3, respectively. The annual average concentrations of three kinds of gaseous pollutants in Dalian are lower than the standard values, while the annual average concentrations of three kinds of gaseous pollutants in Faisalbad are quite high. (3) The concentrations of NO_2, SO_2 and CO in Faisalbad are 80 ug/m~3, 1.3-2.8 mg/m~3, respectively, calculated by artificial neural network. The calculated concentrations of NO_2, SO_2 and CO in Dalian were 58 ug/m~3, 108 ug/m~3 and 9.1 mg/m~3, respectively, while the observed values were 52 ug/m~3, 102 ug/m~3 and 8.8 mg/m~3, respectively. The concentrations of PM_ (10) and PM_ (2.5) in Faisalbad were 15 ug/m~3, 10 ug/m~3 and 8.8 mg/m~3, respectively. The calculated concentrations of PM_ (10) and PM_ (2.5) in Dalian City were 105.7 ug/m~3 and 45.4 ug/m~3 respectively, while the observed values were 101.1 ug/m~3 and 44.4 ug/m~3 respectively. The annual average concentrations of PM_ (2.5) and PM_ (10) in Faisalbad City were higher than those in NEQS and NAAQS Standards (35 ug/m~3 and 150 ug/m~3), respectively. The concentration of particulate matter in Dalian is within the allowable range. The concentration of NO_2, SO_2 and CO in Dalian is within the allowable range of NEQS standard (80 ug/m~3, 120 ug/m~3 and 10 m g/m~3), NAAQS standard (100 ug/m~3, 120 ug/m~3 and 10 m g/m~3) and CNAQS standard (80 ug/m~3, 150 ug/m~3 and 10 m g/m~3). The concentrations of NO_2, SO_2, CO, PM_ (10) and PM_ (2.5) in Faisalbad were higher than those in Dalian, regardless of ANNS model prediction or actual detection.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：大連理工大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：博士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X51

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本文編號(hào)：2226547