英國(guó)空氣污染治理研究
發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-07-20 18:26
【摘要】：隨著社會(huì)與經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展,環(huán)境問題日益凸顯,空氣污染問題更是急待解決。作為世界上第一個(gè)進(jìn)入工業(yè)時(shí)代的國(guó)家英國(guó),在治理空氣污染問題上已經(jīng)經(jīng)歷了兩個(gè)多世紀(jì)的探索。本文旨在研究英國(guó)在治理空氣污染問題上多年以來(lái)(尤其是工業(yè)革命之后)的探索,探討英國(guó)在空氣污染治理上的立法、企業(yè)政策、科技和民眾環(huán)保意識(shí)等方面的發(fā)展,對(duì)各方面存在的問題進(jìn)行討論并對(duì)未來(lái)短期發(fā)展進(jìn)行預(yù)估。本文首先闡明了英國(guó)在加入歐盟之前與之后的空氣污染治理狀況,闡述了兩階段英國(guó)的空氣政策和立法。期間對(duì)相關(guān)重要立法的成效與執(zhí)法力度進(jìn)行了討論。作者認(rèn)為在20世紀(jì)初期,英國(guó)立法雖明令要求污染物排放需達(dá)到相應(yīng)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但因執(zhí)法力度不嚴(yán),英國(guó)早期針對(duì)空氣污染的立法沒有收到期待的成效。在英國(guó)加入歐盟后,隨著經(jīng)濟(jì)與社會(huì)的發(fā)展及民眾對(duì)空氣污染的認(rèn)識(shí)加深,更兼得歐盟在空氣污染方面的嚴(yán)格立法與審查標(biāo)準(zhǔn),英國(guó)空氣質(zhì)量隨之提升。然后本文分析了英國(guó)政府對(duì)企業(yè)及工廠的規(guī)定與政策。其中討論了這些政策對(duì)企業(yè)及工廠的利弊所在,以及英國(guó)政府對(duì)企業(yè)及工廠規(guī)定的變化。作者認(rèn)為英國(guó)政府在對(duì)企業(yè)和工廠并未做到嚴(yán)格要求,早期政策中的相關(guān)罰款也是隔靴搔癢,并未引起企業(yè)和工廠的足夠重視;此外,由英國(guó)政府對(duì)企業(yè)和工廠的早期政策可見,大多相關(guān)規(guī)定遵循的是先污染,后治理的策略。在1952年倫敦?zé)熿F事件后,才逐漸轉(zhuǎn)好。此后,論文探討了科技發(fā)展、放棄傳統(tǒng)能源并使用新能源為英國(guó)空氣質(zhì)量帶來(lái)的變化,以及在交通上英國(guó)作出的改變,以及民眾、環(huán)保團(tuán)體、和媒體在推動(dòng)空氣質(zhì)量?jī)?yōu)化上的作用。作者認(rèn)為,民眾參與、媒體監(jiān)督、科技發(fā)展與國(guó)家立法和相關(guān)政策環(huán)環(huán)相扣,相互協(xié)調(diào)與合作才推進(jìn)了英國(guó)空氣質(zhì)量改革的進(jìn)程。論文的最后探討了英國(guó)空氣治理的經(jīng)驗(yàn)給中國(guó)在空氣治理上帶來(lái)的思考。認(rèn)為中國(guó)因時(shí)代不同、背景不同,不可以全盤遵照英國(guó)治理空氣污染的政策,而是應(yīng)該在國(guó)情和現(xiàn)狀上,吸取英國(guó)的經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn),在空氣污染立法上嚴(yán)格立法,嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法,不再走先污染后治理的老路,應(yīng)以預(yù)防為主,建立更健全的空氣檢測(cè)系統(tǒng),鼓勵(lì)民眾與媒體積極參與、主動(dòng)監(jiān)督,一同維護(hù)空氣質(zhì)量。
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of society and economy, environmental problems become increasingly prominent, and air pollution problem needs to be solved urgently. As the first country in the world to enter the industrial age, Britain has experienced more than two centuries of exploration on the problem of air pollution. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of British legislation, corporate policy, science and technology, and environmental awareness on air pollution control, especially after the Industrial Revolution. Discuss the existing problems and predict the short-term development in the future. This paper first expounds the situation of air pollution control before and after Britain's accession to the European Union, and expounds the British air policy and legislation in two stages. During this period, the effectiveness and enforcement of relevant important legislation were discussed. The author thinks that in the early 20th century, although the British legislation required that the pollutant discharge should reach the corresponding standard, but because of the law enforcement is not strict, the early British air pollution legislation did not receive the expected results. After Britain joined the European Union, with the development of economy and society and people's understanding of air pollution, as well as the EU's strict legislation and standards on air pollution, the British air quality has been improved. Then this paper analyzes the British government's regulations and policies on enterprises and factories. It discusses the pros and cons of these policies for businesses and factories, and changes in the British government's regulations on enterprises and factories. The author believes that the British government does not have strict requirements on enterprises and factories, and that the fines imposed in the early policies are not enough attention to enterprises and factories. As can be seen from the British government's early policies on enterprises and factories, most of the regulations follow a strategy of pollution first and then governance. Only after the London smog of 1952 did it get better. Since then, the paper has looked at technological developments, the changes that have been brought about by the abandonment of traditional energy and the use of new sources of energy for British air quality, as well as changes in transport in the UK, as well as people, environmental groups, And the role of the media in promoting air quality optimization. The author believes that public participation, media supervision, scientific and technological development, national legislation and related policies, mutual coordination and cooperation to promote the British air quality reform process. Finally, the paper discusses the experience of British air treatment to China in the air management thinking. It is believed that because of different times and different backgrounds, China should not completely follow the British policy of controlling air pollution, but should draw lessons from the experience of the United Kingdom and strictly legislate and enforce the air pollution legislation in terms of the national conditions and the present situation. Instead of taking the old road of pollution first and then controlling, we should focus on prevention, establish a more perfect air detection system, encourage people and the media to participate actively, take the initiative to supervise and maintain air quality together.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X51
本文編號(hào)：2134374
[Abstract]:With the rapid development of society and economy, environmental problems become increasingly prominent, and air pollution problem needs to be solved urgently. As the first country in the world to enter the industrial age, Britain has experienced more than two centuries of exploration on the problem of air pollution. The purpose of this paper is to study the development of British legislation, corporate policy, science and technology, and environmental awareness on air pollution control, especially after the Industrial Revolution. Discuss the existing problems and predict the short-term development in the future. This paper first expounds the situation of air pollution control before and after Britain's accession to the European Union, and expounds the British air policy and legislation in two stages. During this period, the effectiveness and enforcement of relevant important legislation were discussed. The author thinks that in the early 20th century, although the British legislation required that the pollutant discharge should reach the corresponding standard, but because of the law enforcement is not strict, the early British air pollution legislation did not receive the expected results. After Britain joined the European Union, with the development of economy and society and people's understanding of air pollution, as well as the EU's strict legislation and standards on air pollution, the British air quality has been improved. Then this paper analyzes the British government's regulations and policies on enterprises and factories. It discusses the pros and cons of these policies for businesses and factories, and changes in the British government's regulations on enterprises and factories. The author believes that the British government does not have strict requirements on enterprises and factories, and that the fines imposed in the early policies are not enough attention to enterprises and factories. As can be seen from the British government's early policies on enterprises and factories, most of the regulations follow a strategy of pollution first and then governance. Only after the London smog of 1952 did it get better. Since then, the paper has looked at technological developments, the changes that have been brought about by the abandonment of traditional energy and the use of new sources of energy for British air quality, as well as changes in transport in the UK, as well as people, environmental groups, And the role of the media in promoting air quality optimization. The author believes that public participation, media supervision, scientific and technological development, national legislation and related policies, mutual coordination and cooperation to promote the British air quality reform process. Finally, the paper discusses the experience of British air treatment to China in the air management thinking. It is believed that because of different times and different backgrounds, China should not completely follow the British policy of controlling air pollution, but should draw lessons from the experience of the United Kingdom and strictly legislate and enforce the air pollution legislation in terms of the national conditions and the present situation. Instead of taking the old road of pollution first and then controlling, we should focus on prevention, establish a more perfect air detection system, encourage people and the media to participate actively, take the initiative to supervise and maintain air quality together.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X51
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，本文編號(hào)：2134374
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