發(fā)布時(shí)間：2018-06-22 22:35

  本文選題：大氣濕沉降 + 重金屬��； 參考：《山東大學(xué)》2017年碩士論文

【摘要】：近年來(lái),隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展,工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)規(guī)模日益擴(kuò)大、城市人口日漸密集、機(jī)動(dòng)車輛逐漸增多,導(dǎo)致重金屬向環(huán)境中的排放量不斷增加,大氣重金屬污染已然成為一個(gè)不容忽視的環(huán)境問(wèn)題。存在于大氣中的重金屬危害巨大,不僅污染大氣環(huán)境,而且會(huì)通過(guò)大氣沉降作用進(jìn)入地表環(huán)境污染水體及土壤,從而威脅到人類健康。濕沉降在重金屬的環(huán)境遷移過(guò)程中起著重要的作用,因此本文對(duì)濟(jì)南市大氣濕沉降中重金屬砷、鎘、鉻、鎳、鉛的污染情況進(jìn)行分析評(píng)價(jià),并以濕沉降中五種重金屬的環(huán)境濃度為基礎(chǔ)選取斑馬魚為受試生物,研究其對(duì)斑馬魚的生物毒性。本研究在實(shí)驗(yàn)過(guò)程中使用自主研發(fā)的濕沉降自動(dòng)采集裝置對(duì)濟(jì)南市2015年9月至2016年8月間的濕沉降進(jìn)行采集。通過(guò)對(duì)濟(jì)南市大氣濕沉降中砷、鎘、鉻、鎳、鉛污染特征的分析,結(jié)果表明濟(jì)南市濕沉降中五種重金屬的平均濃度具有明顯的季節(jié)變化特征且趨勢(shì)相似,整體表現(xiàn)為冬春季高于夏秋季,其中冬季最高。五種重金屬中Pb的季節(jié)及年沉降通量最高,接下來(lái)依次是Ni、Cr、As、Cd,而且夏季濕沉降通量明顯高于其他季節(jié)。降水量以及濕沉降pH值對(duì)重金屬濃度的影響均呈現(xiàn)負(fù)相關(guān)性。根據(jù)相關(guān)性分析、主成分分析和聚類分析的結(jié)果可以將濟(jì)南市濕沉降中五種重金屬按其來(lái)源的相似性大致分為三組,Cd和Pb可能主要來(lái)源于城市交通;Cr和Ni可能主要來(lái)源于工業(yè)活動(dòng);As主要來(lái)源于燃煤。與相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行對(duì)比得出濟(jì)南市濕沉降中五種重金屬濃度均低于地表水II類標(biāo)準(zhǔn),除鉛略高于生活飲用水衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)外,其余均低于該標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。通過(guò)潛在生態(tài)危害指數(shù)法對(duì)濟(jì)南市濕沉降中As、Cd、Cr、Pb進(jìn)行生態(tài)危害評(píng)價(jià),四種重金屬在四個(gè)季節(jié)的潛在生態(tài)危害指數(shù)為冬季春季秋季夏季,總的潛在生態(tài)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平處于輕微風(fēng)險(xiǎn)狀態(tài)。此外以研究期間各重金屬單次最高濃度為基礎(chǔ),對(duì)斑馬魚進(jìn)行單一及復(fù)合毒性試驗(yàn),研究結(jié)果表明復(fù)合暴露明顯提升了重金屬對(duì)斑馬魚的毒性效應(yīng),其中鎘在復(fù)合暴露引起的行為學(xué)毒性中起到主要作用,并且重金屬對(duì)斑馬魚毒性呈明顯的時(shí)間-效應(yīng)、濃度-效應(yīng)關(guān)系。單一暴露時(shí),As和Cr對(duì)斑馬魚的致死率較低,運(yùn)動(dòng)速度與對(duì)照組無(wú)顯著性差異;Cd、Ni和Pb在高濃度時(shí)斑馬魚死亡率明顯上升,對(duì)游動(dòng)速度呈明顯抑制作用。復(fù)合暴露濃度為環(huán)境濃度的6倍時(shí)顯著降低仔魚運(yùn)動(dòng)速度;10倍時(shí)在暴露6d后對(duì)斑馬魚死亡率出現(xiàn)較顯著的影響并且顯著抑制仔魚的運(yùn)動(dòng)速度;100倍和1000倍暴露時(shí)個(gè)體全部死亡。通過(guò)各種金屬環(huán)境濃度的單一暴露與復(fù)合暴露結(jié)果可以看出,環(huán)境濃度下并沒有對(duì)斑馬魚產(chǎn)生顯著的生物毒性,但當(dāng)暴露濃度提升至環(huán)境濃度的6倍時(shí)顯著地降低了仔魚的游動(dòng)速度。由于重金屬具有生物富集性,因此濟(jì)南市大氣濕沉降中砷、鎘、鉻、鎳、鉛五種重金屬仍然對(duì)水體環(huán)境安全性及人體健康存在潛在危害。
[Abstract]:In recent years, with the development of China's economy, the scale of industrial and agricultural production is increasing, urban population is becoming denser and the number of motor vehicles is increasing, which leads to the increasing emission of heavy metals to the environment. Heavy metal pollution in the atmosphere has become an environmental problem that can not be ignored. Air environment, and through atmospheric sedimentation, enters the surface environment to pollute the water and soil, which threatens human health. Wet settlement plays an important role in the environmental migration of heavy metals. Therefore, the pollution of heavy metals, as, cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead, in the air wet settlement of Ji'nan City, is analyzed and evaluated, and the wet settlement is made. The biological toxicity of zebrafish to zebrafish was studied based on the environmental concentration of the five kinds of heavy metals. In this study, the wet settlement of Ji'nan city from September 2015 to August 2016 was collected by the self developed wet settling automatic collection device, and through the arsenic, cadmium and chromium in the air wet settlement of Ji'nan. The analysis of the characteristics of nickel and lead pollution shows that the average concentration of five heavy metals in the wet settlement of Ji'nan has obvious seasonal variation characteristics and the trend is similar. The overall performance is that winter and spring are higher than summer and autumn, which is the highest in winter. The season and annual settlement flux of Pb in five kinds of heavy metals is the highest, followed by Ni, Cr, As, Cd, and summer wet. The settlement flux is obviously higher than that of other seasons. The effect of precipitation and pH on the concentration of heavy metals has a negative correlation. According to the correlation analysis, the results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis can be divided into three groups according to the similarity of the five heavy metals in the wet settlement of Ji'nan, and Cd and Pb may be mainly from the city. Traffic; Cr and Ni may mainly come from industrial activities; As mainly comes from coal burning. Compared with the related standards, the five heavy metals in the wet settlement of Ji'nan are lower than the II standard of surface water, and the other is lower than the standard of drinking water. The other is lower than the standard. The potential ecological hazard index method is used to sink the Ji'nan city. The ecological hazard assessment was carried out in As, Cd, Cr, and Pb. The potential ecological hazard index of four heavy metals in the four seasons was in winter spring autumn and summer, and the total potential ecological risk level was in a mild risk state. The results showed that compound exposure significantly enhanced the toxic effects of heavy metals on zebrafish, and cadmium played a major role in the behavioral toxicity of compound exposure, and the toxicity of heavy metals to zebrafish showed a significant time effect, concentration effect relationship. When single exposure, the mortality rate of As and Cr to zebrafish was lower, movement speed and control There was no significant difference in the group of Cd, Ni and Pb. The mortality of zebrafish increased significantly at high concentration, and obviously inhibited the speed of swimming. At the 6 times of the environmental concentration, the compound exposure concentration significantly reduced the speed of the fish movement; at the time of 10 times the exposure to 6D, the mortality of zebrafish was significantly affected and the speed of the larvae was significantly inhibited; 100 The single exposure and compound exposure of various metal environmental concentrations showed that the environmental concentration did not produce significant biological toxicity to zebrafish, but the swimming speed of the larvae was significantly reduced when the exposure concentration was raised to 6 times of the environmental concentration. As heavy metals were produced by heavy metals. Therefore, five heavy metals, such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead, still have potential hazards to water environmental safety and human health in Ji'nan's atmospheric wet deposition.
【學(xué)位授予單位】：山東大學(xué)
【學(xué)位級(jí)別】：碩士
【學(xué)位授予年份】：2017
【分類號(hào)】：X51;X171.5

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